REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON CLIMATE  CHANGE AND URBAN FLOODING MANAGEMENT

REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN FLOODING
MANAGEMENT
19 – 20 March 2013
DAEGU, KOREA
KEY CHALLENGES IN URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT;
KNOWLEDGES, EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES
MOHD FAUZI MOHAMAD
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment (NRE)
KEY CHALLENGES IN URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT;KNOWLEDGES, EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES.
Country Profile & Overview
Flooding Scenarios
Flood Mitigation Programmes
& Related Studies
Flood Managements
Issues & Challenges
Country Profile & Overview
Malaysia – Land Area & Coastlines
Langkawi
Peninsular Malaysia = 131,574 km2 - land
2,031 km - coastlines
Sabah = 73,712 km2
1,743 km
South China Sea
Sarawak = 124,449 km2
1,035 km
Straits of
Malacca
Tg. Piai
TOTAL = 329,735 KM2
4,809 KM
189 River
Basins in
Malaysia
COUNTRY PROFILES
 Malaysia: consist of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and
Sarawak; total land area - 329,735 km2 & bounded by a
coastline 4,809km are divided into 189 major river basins
 Administratively - divided into 13 states and 3 Federal
Territories (Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya & Labuan); Consist
of State Government – under state assembly & Federal
Government – under parliamentary constituencies.
 Climate : characterized by uniform temperature, high
humidity and copious rainfall mainly due to maritime
influence
 Rainfall distribution: affected by the seasonal wind
flow pattern coupled with the local topographic features;
 Annual rainfall : 2,000mm to 4,000mm; much
influenced by two monsoon periods occur between
November-March and May-September;
 Annual rainfall volume: 320 billion m3 for Peninsular
Malaysia; 194 billion m3 for Sabah, and 476 billion m3 for
Sarawak;
 Main water supply: 97% sourced from rivers and
reservoirs
Increase in global
average temperature,
100-year linear trend
(1906 – 2005):
o
0.74 C [0.56 to 0.92]
MALAYSIA
 Rate of warming : 1969-2009
 1.1oC/50-yr - P. Malaysia
 0.6oC/50-yr - Sarawak
 1.2oC/50-yr - Sabah
Global Sea Level Rise
1961-2003:
1.8 mm per year
[1.3 to 2.3]
1993 – 2003:
3.1 mm per year
[2.4 to 3.8]
6
Malaysia Sea Level Rise
1984-2010 : 0.20 to 4.40mm per year
Source: IPCC, 2007: WG1-AR4
ANNUAL MAXIMUM RAINFALL INTENSITY
Duration
1970 – 1980
2000 - 2007
% Increased
1 -hr
96 mm/hr
112 mm/hr
+ 17 %
3 -hrs
111 mm/hr
133 mm/hr
+ 29 %
6 -hrs
111 mm/hr
145
mm/hr
7
+ 31 %
KEY CHALLENGES IN URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT; KNOWLEDGES, EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES
Country Profile & Overview
Flooding Scenarios
Flood Mitigation Programmes
& Related Studies
Flood Managements
Issues & Challenges
URBAN FLOODS




Urban floods are those in built-up areas such as in cities, townships, commercial and residential areas. Urban floods affect more people and properties per unit area compared to those in agriculture and rural areas.
The impact on traffic and services extends well beyond the physical location of the flood occurrence itself. The characteristics of urban flood can be more damaging and life threatening with roads becoming swift flowing channels, basements flooded and uncovered drains and bridges and crossings camouflaged by the flood waters.
Flood Scenario
The Graph shows that for 70
years (1910 – 1980s) mean
annual flood flow = 148m3/s.
From 1988 onwards increased
tremendously to 440m3/s.
This coincide with the period of
economic boom in Malaysia
where
tremendous
urban
development in catchment
upstream.
This is the general trend of all
urban areas in Malaysia.
……..biggest threat …floods occurrence…….
Kangar
PERLIS
PULAU
LANGKAWI
Alor Setar
THAILAND
S.Kelantan
Kota Bharu
KEDAH
Golok River
Rainfall Period:
Dec. 5-21,2007
Total Affected of Natural Disasters in Malaysia
(1965-2007)
1,146,450
S.Muda
George Town
S.Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
KELANTAN
Muda River
Rainfall Period: PERAK
Dec. 5-17,2007 Ipoh
TERENGGANU
S.Dungun
FLOOD
PULAU
PINANG
S.Cukai
S.Perak
Pahang River
S.Bernam
Rainfall Period:
Dec. 5-15,2007
SELANGOR
Evacuation:
>25,000 Shah Alam
Kuala
S.Klang Lumpur
PAHANG
Kuantan
S.Kuantan
S.Pahang
Natural Disasters in Malaysia (1965-2007)
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
S.Rompin
S.Endau
30
Seremban
S.Linggi
MELAKA
S.Melaka
Melaka
JOHOR
S.Muar
S.Batu Pahat
S.Benut
Johor
Bahru
S.Johor
SINGAPORE
Muar River
Rainfall Period:
Dec. 5-22,2007
FLOOD
2006
[1] 3 main
Rivers
[2] Evacuation:
>100,000
[3] Abnormal
Rainfall
Summary of flood condition in Malaysia as of year 2000
Peninsular
Malaysia
Sabah
Sarawak
Malaysia
131,574
73,712
124,449
329,735
Flood Affected Area (km2)
16,620
3,285
10,895
29,800
% of Flood Affected Area
11.9%
4.5%
8.8%
9%
17,670,100
2,519,900
2,012,600
22,202,600
3,688,600
652,175
478,490
4,819,265
21%
26%
24%
22%
616.5
141.0
157.5
915
39,470
42,920
14,460
30,700
Total Area (km2)
Total Population (nos.)
Population Living in Flood
Affected Area
% of Population Living in
Flood Affected Area
Annual Average Damage (RM
million)
AAD per sq. km. of Flood
Affected Area (RM)
Source: KTA Study (2003)
Floods - 2013
IOI Mall Puchong
Selangor (Feb)
Trunk Road
Terengganu (Feb)
Floods - 2012
Sg. Batu, Sg. Gombak &
Sg. Klang, Segambut (Oct)
Sg. Kuyuh, Serdang
(Sept)
Floods - 2011
Muar and Johor Bahru (January)
Floods - 2010
Perlis (November)
Kedah (November)
Sg. Damansara, Kg. Melayu
Subang (April)
Floods – 2009
Massive flood causes havoc in Kuala Lumpur
Hulu Langat (Mac)
Floods – 2007
Johor (January)
Floods – 2006
FLOOD ON 26 FEB 2006
Two hours of heavy rain of around 118 mm had
resulted in Sungai Damansara overflowing its
banks and inundated about 3,000 houses and
forced about 11,000 people to vacate the flooded
areas. At TTDI Jaya, the level of Sg. Damansara
rose to 8.35m elevation which is about 1.05 m
above the danger level. The worst affected areas
were Taman TTDI Jaya, Kampung Melayu Kebun
Bunga and Kampung Melayu Subang, Kampung
Baru Hicom and Batu Tiga. In many places,
floodwaters were about 1m deep while the deepest
was about 2.3m.
FLOOD ON 26 FEB 2006
Floods – 2005
Jalan K. Trengganu Besut
Jitra, Kedah
Floods – 2004
Kelantan (December)
Floods – 2003
P. Pinang & Kedah (Oct)
Climate Change?
30min. @ JPS AMPANG
45min. @ JPS AMPANG
90.0
100.0
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-2007
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-2007
90.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
Rainfall depth (mm)
Rainfall depth (mm)
60.0
50.0
40.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
100.00
Increasing
trends in short
duration rainfall
10.00
10.0
100.00
1.00
Exceedance Probability (%)
1hr. @ JPS AMPANG, SELANGOR
10.00
3hrs.@ JPS AMPANG, SELANGOR
150.0
130
1971-1980
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
1.00
Exceedance Probability (%)
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-2007
2001-2007
130.0
110
110.0
Rainfall depth (mm)
Rainfall depth (mm)
90
70
50
70.0
50.0
30.0
30
10
100.00
90.0
10.00
Exceedance Probability (%)
1.00
10.0
100.00
10.00
Exceedance Probability (%)
1.00
Rainfall Distribution 18-21 December 2006
Bil
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nama Stesen
Segamat
Air Panas
Labis
K.Penghulu Chaah
Ladang Chan Wing
Empangan Sembrong
Bandar Kluang
JPSLarkin
18/12/2006 19/12/2006 20/12/2006 21/12/2006
66
98
96
103
92
120
58
80
239
477
301
251
245
193
251
292
162
149
130
84
101
70
101
66
48
58
23
9
2
23
21
23
Jumlah hujan 4 Purata Jumlah Hujan Bagi
hari (mm)
Bulan Disember
515
782
550
447
440 3.8X
406
431
461
187
205
205
232
238
208
243
227
26
Rainfall Distribution
11-14 January 2007
Bil
Nama Stesen
Daerah
11/1/2007 12/1/2007 13/1/2007 14/01/2007
1 Air Panas Purata Jumlah Jumlah Hujan Hujan Bagi 4 hari (mm)
Bulan Januari
Segamat
81
204
129
17
431
164
Batu Pahat
85
237
88
52
462
191
3 SgBekokB77 Segamat
99
247
93
32
471
168
Ladang Chan Wing Segamat
110
240
100
19
469
168
5 Ulu Sebol Kota Tinggi
124
290
76
42
532
176
6 Bukit Besar Kota Tinggi
147
234
42
35
458
176
15
3.1X
423
143
2 Empangan Bekok 4
7 Bandar Kluang Kluang
121
182
105
27
View of flood at the NKVE on the 6th December 1999
Extreme Flood Events (2003-2012)
Year
Location
ARI
Sept 2012
Serdang, Selangor
>100 yr
Oct 2012
Segambut, KL
>100 yr
Jan 2011
Muar, Johor Bahru
>100 yr
Apr 2010
Kg. Melayu Subang (Sg. Damansara)
>50 yr
Mac 2009
Hulu Langat, Selangor >100 yr
Jan 2007
Johor
>100 yr
Dis 2006
Johor, Melaka, Pahang
>100 yr
Feb 2006
Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Shah Alam
>100 yr
Dis 2005
Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu
>100 yr
Dis 2004
Kelantan
>100 yr
Okt 2003
P.Pinang, Kedah
>100 yr
Causes of Flood
 Rapid development  Land clearing / unplanned development
 Poor drainage system
 Soil Erosion 
river shallow
 Rainfall  short duration & heavy
 prolonged  wide spread30
Related to Climate
Urbanization
31
Green Areas
Development Effects
Fast Development Runoff quantity, Q Increase
Water Velocity, V
Increase
32
KEY CHALLENGES IN URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT; KNOWLEDGES, EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES
Country Profile & Overview
Flooding Scenarios
Flood Mitigation Programmes
& Related Studies
Flood Managements
Issues & Challenges
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
STRUCTURAL MEASURES
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
SMART Project
SMART is an acronym for Stormwater Management and Road
Tunnel. It is an innovative project of the Government of Malaysia to
solve flooding problem in the City Centre of Kuala Lumpur.
Also serve to ease the traffic congestion problem between Kuala
Lumpur City Centre and Southern gateway
The Unique feature of SMART is the 3 km double-deck motorway
within the 9.7 km tunnel
Objectives;
Primary: To alleviate flooding problem at the Kuala Lumpur city
centre due to stormwater from the Klang-Ampang catchment.
Added benefit: To ease traffic congestion at the southern main
gateway (TUDM at Sungai Besi) to the city centre.
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
SMART Project
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
SMART Project
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
Batu, Jinjang Ponds & Related Diversions Project







Objective: To provide a Flood Mitigation scheme to protect the City area along Sungai Gombak and Sungai Batu in the event of 1 in 100 years return period flood. Strategy : To divert flood discharges from Sungai Gombak and Sungai Keroh into the Batu Detention Ponds respectively to reduce the river flows in the City during heavy downpour.
The works covers :
To construct a barrage across Sg. Gombak & Sg Keroh.
To upgrade and enlarge the existing Gombak Diversion channel .Batu & Jinjang Detention Pond.
To bund the Sri Segambut Pond as inlet regulation pond.
To construct associated structures such as trash screen, inlet and outlet gates. ogee weir, bridges, flood walls, local drainage works, control rooms, quaters, maintenance ramps, inspection chambers and etc.
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
Batu, Jinjang Ponds & Related Diversions Project
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
Bandaraya Kuching Flood Mitigation Project
The project comprises the following:
An 8 km long 250 m wide unlined earth flood bypass channel and bund to direct flood flows from the Sungai Sarawak, upstream of Kuching, to the sea

A tidal gate across the flood bypass channel to prevent tidal intrusion. This will comprise 15 bays; 14 bays each with a 12m tidal control gate and one bay with a 12m emergency navigation gate giving a total opening of 180m.

A gated barrage and lock structure across an approximately 1km long 80m wide channel. The barrage structure will comprise two radial gates of 25 m width each and a 25 m wide ship lock to give a total opening of 75 metres


Rockfill causeway river closure of the Sungai Sarawak.
Flood Mitigation Programmes;
Sarawak River Diversion – Main Features
Hydraulic and Floodplain Modelling
Studies
Objectives:
To look at the impact on increase of flood wall along Sg. Damansara to flood behaviour
The impact of bridges improvement to Kg Kebun Bunga
PERAK
Location
of the
Study Area
– TTDI
Jaya,
Selangor
PAHANG
SELANGOR
STUDY AREA
P ERLIS
P. LANGK AWI
KEDAH
NEGERI SEMBILAN
P .PIN ANG
KEL ANTAN
T ERENGGANU
PERA K
PAHAN G
SELA NGOR
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
MEL AKA
JOHOR
KEY PLAN
Topography
of Sg.
Damansara
Catchment
VIEWS OF THE RIVER
Sg. Damansara
Sg. Damansara
Sg Kayu Ara
Sg. Damansara
Sg Air Kuning
FLOOD ON 26 FEB 2006
Damages:
1506 resiential premises
104 comercial properties
Total damages
1506 x 20,000 = 30 mil
104 x 50,000 = 5 mil
Total = RM 35 Million
History of flooding
9th Feb 2000
26th Oct 2005
26th Feb 2006
9th Sep 2006
11th Nov 2006
Water level and Rainfall at TTDI Jaya on 26th February 2006
Sungai Damansara at TTDI Jaya (26/2/2006)
18.00
4
16.00
14
18
0.00
Water Level
10.00
12
20.00
31
40.00
9 hrs 17 min above danger level
37
10.00
50.00
Danger Level 7.30 m
8.00
60.00
6.00
Warning Level 6.70 m
10 hrs 40 min above warning level
70.00
4.00
Normal Level 4.00 m
80.00
Time 23.10
22.13
21.00
20.04
19.07
18.14
17.19
16.20
15.10
14.17
13.36
12.14
10.32
6.14
5.15
100.00
5.01
0.00
3.44
90.00
3.30
2.00
Rainfall (mm)
30.00
12.00
3.05
Water Level (m)
14.00
Rainfall
3D of Sg Damansara
Hydrodynamic model for TTDI Jaya
Effect of bridges to downstream area
Selection List: Custom Selection
Bridges upstream (improved)
Bridges upstream (existing)
Stage
>TTDI>Run Group>test 9.5 no bridge kb>100 yr Existing
>TTDI>Run Group>tes t 9.5 with bridge kb>100 yr Existing
Min
2.001
2.001
Max
7.152
5.911
Action By Government
Increased of flood wall
Bridge Improvements
Install telemetry and pumps
KEY CHALLENGES IN URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT; KNOWLEDGES, EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES
Country Profile & Overview
Flooding Scenarios
Flood Mitigation Programmes
& Related Studies
Flood Managements
Issues & Challenges Flood Management Strategies Framework
Strategies
Measures
Details of Measures
Prevention of
Inundation
Control of flooding
(maintenance of
facilities for flood
control)
Safe ways of living
Widening of rivers and adjustment of river flows using dams and retarding basins.
Administrative
Organisation
River management (national and state governments)
Restrictions and guidance on land usage
(urbanization control areas, hazard maps)
River management.
Local authorities.
Inhibiting increases in
flooding water
Development permits. Permits for rainwater
infiltration prevention activities.
State governments
Flood prevention
Activities
Repairs of emergency facilities and provision River management.
of precise information.
Flood prevention teams.
Responsive action to deal with scouring damage and leaking bunds.
Evacuation and
Rescue
Evacuation, rescue and provision of relief for Local authorities.
Residents
Organization of national and state governments, defence forces, etc.
Dissemination of information regarding
Local authorities.
evacuation assembly points and evacuation River management.
routes. Dissemination of information regarding
flood danger.
Systemisation of various implementations National and regional public
with assumption of flooding.
organizations.
Allocation of roles and clarification of
Designated organizations, etc.
responsibilities.
Disaster
limiting
activities in
cases of
flooding
(emergency
responses)
Responsive
action for
emergencies
Responses
Guidance and implemented instructions to during
Residents
normal
periods
Formulation of
disaster prevention
plans
Sustaining appropriate
functions of facilities
Management with consideration for changes River management.
in river beds.
State and local governments.
Maintenance of evacuation assembly points.
Flood Managements
Approaches
1. Focused on the urgent need to provide immediate flood relief
works as well as to implement major flood mitigation projects
(structural approach) to "catch-up" with the continuous and intense
urban development.
2. Non-structural measures under MSMA (Urban Storm Water
Management Manual). Compliance to this manual is mandatory
requirement for urban development projects since 2001.
3. Adopt the Integrated River Basin Development (IRBM) and the
Integrated Flood Management (IFM) approaches which will provide
a balanced approach between structural and non-structural
measures as well as higher levels of public participation.
Flood Managements
Flood Hazard Map
•A risk assessment tool
•To reduce the adverse impacts of flood disasters
•A basic step in the formulation and effective implementation of either structural or non-structural flood mitigation measures
Integrated Flood Management (IFM)
•An integrated approach for an effective and efficient flood mitigation management
•Maximise the efficient use of flood plain
•Minimise damage to properties and loss of life
Elements of Integrated Flood Management (IFM)
•Maximise the positive aspects of water cycle
•Integrate land and water management
•Adopts best mix of strategies
•Ensure participatory approach
•Adopts integrated hazards management
Flood Managements
IFM Principles
The IFM concept of ‘Living with
flood’ is based on the following
principles:
Employ a basin approach;


Treat floods as part of the
water cycle;
Integrate land and water

management;
Adopt a mix of strategies

based on risk management
approaches;

Enable cooperation between
different agencies; and

Ensure a participatory
approach
IFM Activities
Workshop on IFM in Malaysia (Participant: DID Top Management and Senior Engineer)
Venue:Seri Pacific, Kuala Lumpur
Seminar on IFM Living with Flood Risks
(Participant: DID and stakeholders)
Venue: PWTC
Community outreach programme
(organized by MKN)
Venue:Kg.Tungu, Lahad Datu
Flood Hazard and Evacuation Map
Emergency Goods
Floods
Contact in Emergency
Legend
Fire Station
Fire Station
Police Station
Community Hall
Police Station
Hospital
School
Mosque
Agency
Clinic
Road
Railway
Water body
Hospital
07-8831444
07-8831222 07-8831223 07-8836733
07-8831221
07-8831320
Disaster Operation Centre
Flood Command Centre
River
07-8893122
07-8893123
07-8893124 07-8893125
Disaster Coordinating Council
District Social Welfare Office
07-8835536
Ketua Kampung
Your Evacuation Centre
Sg. Johor
Kota Tinggi Bridge
In Case of 2007 Flood Event
EVACUATION MAP
(KOTA TINGGI TOWN)
Kajian Pelan Induk Tebatan
Banjir Bagi Lembangan Sungai
Johor, Johor
Public Infobanjir Website
KEY CHALLENGES IN URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT; KNOWLEDGES, EXPERIENCES AND POLICY IN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES
Country Profile & Overview
Flooding Scenarios
Flood Mitigation Programmes
& Related Studies
Flood Managements
Issues & Challenges
Flood Relief Machinery and Organization
Malaysian Government has established the Natural Disaster Relief Committee in
1972 with the task of coordinating flood relief operations at national, state and
district levels with a view to prevent loss of human lives and to reduce flood
damage. The committee comprises various Cabinet Ministers (Finance; Social
Welfare, Natural Resources and Environment; Science, Technology and
Innovation; Information) and senior Government officials (Chief Secretary, Army,
DID, MMD, MACRES, Social Welfare Department, Police Department and Fire
and Rescue Department).
The Government also formed the Permanent Flood Control Commission in
December 1971. The Commission is now chaired by the Minister of Natural
Resources and Environment with DID as its Secretariat.
The organization of flood relief and operation is based on the Operation
Procedure No.29 published by the National Security Council.
DID Circular No.2/2003 - "Guidelines for Management of Flood Disaster during
the Monsoon Season and Flash Floods" which is to coordinate the preparation of
flood operations at federal, state and district levels.
Malaysian Water Related Legislation
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Legislation
Water Act, 1920
Geological Survey Act, 1974
irrigation Areas Act, 1953
Streets, Drainage and Buildings Act, 1974
The Forest act, 1984
The National Code, 1985
The Incorporation (State Legislature Company) Act, 1962
The Drainage Works Act, 1985
The Fisheries Act, 1985
Environmental Quality Act, 1974
Land Conservation Act, 1960
Town and Conutry Planning Act, 1976
Local government Act, 1976
The Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 1952
The Port Authorities Act, 1963
The Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No.7, 1969
17
18
19
Selangor Water Supply Enactment, 1997
The Mining Enactment, 1929
Selangor Waters Management Authority Enactment, 1999
Differentiated Roles & Responsibilities On Implementation Federal Levels
The DID’s as a Federal Agencies Department scope of works for flood mitigation
as mandated in the Ministerial Function Act 1969 for the Minister of Natural
Resources and Environment covers the following:
• Providing advice to Local Authority on drainage plans submitted by developers
• Carrying out technical studies (e.g. Drainage Masterplan, Flood Mitigation Plan)
• Implementing flood mitigation, drainage works, irrigation works and river
conservancy;
• Carrying out O&M for river infrastructures;
• Collecting hydrological data, monitoring and information dissemination on
floods;
• Preparing guidelines for rivers, drainage system and hydraulic structures; and
• Conducting campaigns to improve public awareness for waterways (rivers and
drains).
Differentiated Roles & Responsibilities On Implementation Local Authorities (Local Governments)
With respect to flood mitigation, Local Authority functions as follows:
• Approves applications on drainage plans from developers;
• Inspects construction works by developers on components (including
drainage system) to be taken over by Local Authority;
• Approves licensing of commercial and trade activities;
• Regulates earthworks during construction to avoid excessive erosion and
sedimentation;
• Regulates construction works and other activities to ensure general
cleanliness and prevent threat to health;
• Implements environment awareness programs and environment improvement
projects;
• Regulates solid waste management carried out by service providers (e.g.
Alam Flora) and collection & disposal of solid waste for areas not covered by
the service providers;
• Maintains urban drainage facilities (tertiary drains);
• Develops and maintains riparian areas.
…..CHALLENGES…..
 Addressing Financing Gaps – Flood mitigation
projects are very costly and normally financed
by the Federal Government;
 Transfer of Appropriate Technology and
Technology Development – at state level
technical expertise are very limited;
 Enhancement of Human and Institutional
Capacity;
 Identification, prioritization, and balanced
financing for mitigation and adaptation;
 Enhancement of Research and Innovation;
 Education and Public Awareness, and,
…..CHALLENGES…..
•
•
•
•
•
A river basin is dynamic over time and space. There are a series of interactions between water, soil/sediment and pollutants/nutrients;
Population growth and economic activities exert pressure on the natural system;
Increased economic activities in floodplains increase vulnerability to flooding;
High level of investment in floodplains, and the lack of alternative land means that abandoning flood-prone areas cannot be a viable option for flood damage reduction;
Changes in land use across the basin affect runoff and the probability of a flood of a given magnitude;
…..CHALLENGES…..
Changes in the intensity and duration of rainfall patterns as a result of climate change could increase flash floods and seasonal floods;
• The likelihood that existing flood protection measures could fail and how such situations should be managed need to be considered;
• Riverine aquatic ecosystems provide many benefits such as clean drinking water, food, flood mitigation and recreational opportunities; and
• A trade-off between competing interests in a river basin is required to determine the magnitude and variability of the flow regime needed within a basin to maximise the benefits to society and maintain a healthy riverine ecosystem.
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…..CHALLENGES…..
 Addressing Financing Gaps – Study on the
Economics of Climate Change;
 Identification, prioritization, and balanced
financing for adaptation and mitigation;
 Enhancement of Research and Innovation;
 Transfer of Appropriate Technology and
Technology Development;
 Enhancement of Human and Institutional
Capacity;
 Education and Public Awareness, and,
 Effects of current Subsidy Structures.
THANK YOU
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