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I MAZZAMURELLI A SANSEVERINO E ALTROVE NELLE MARCHE

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I MAZZAMURELLI A SANSEVERINO E ALTROVE NELLE MARCHE
Raoul Paciaroni
I MAZZAMURELLI A SANSEVERINO
E ALTROVE NELLE MARCHE
Città di San Severino Marche
RAOUL PACIARONI
I MAZZAMURELLI
A SANSEVERINO
E ALTROVE NELLE MARCHE
CITTÀ
DI
SAN SEVERINO MARCHE
2015
Pubblicazione a cura del Comune di San Severino Marche
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San Severino Marche, dicembre 2015
IL SINDACO
Cesare Martini
Particolare della tavoletta I.G.M. 1:25000, foglio Tolentino, 124 I S.O., con l'indicazione di casa Bruè, abitata nel 1937 dalle famiglie Biciuffi e Pavoni.
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