Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore

Agosto 2013
Salute intestinale in avicoltura
– Il mondo interiore
Dr. Richard A. Bailey, Poultry Health Scientist
Sommario
Introduzione
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Flora Intestinale
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Mantenere in equilibrio la salute intestinale
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An Aviagen Brand
Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
Introduzione
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Il cibo entra nel gozzo e
subisce la fermentazione
batterica
Contiene il maggior numero di specie
batteriche che metabolizzano il materiale
vegetale non digeribile
I lattobacilli sono la specie
batterica dominante
Il cieco viene svuotato ogni 24-48-ore e
successivamente riempito con materiale
proveniente dal colon
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ano Cloaca
Ileo
Gozzo
Vent
Duodenum
Colon
Zona con il minor assorbimento e
digestione
Proventriculus
Dopo aver abbandonato il colon il
pellet fecale entra nella cloaca,
dove si mischia all’acido urico e
viene espulso dall’ano
Digiuno
Proventricolo:in questo tratto le
pareti secernono acidi –qui
l’ambiente ha basso Ph
Intestino tenue
Il cibo digerito con la fermentazione si miscela a
sali biliari bile ed a enzimi digestivi nell’intestino
tenue. Qui avviene la digestione chimica e
l’assorbimento dei nutrimenti.
Stomaco muscolare
Zona con ampia suferficie per la presenza di villi
e microvilli.
Al suo interno il cibo viene
frantumato-Ambiente a basso Ph – Regola la
velocita di transito del materiale nel tubo
gastro-intestinale
(vedi figura 2).
Pellet duro o cereali macinati
grossolanamente richedono una
frantumazione più impegnativa con
conseguente rallentamento della
velocità di transito intestinale.
Mangime macinato finemente o pellet
di bassa qualità richiedono meno
frantumazione, quindi il transito del
materiale sarà più veloce
2
Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
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Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
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Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
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di un disturbo intestinale sulla crescita del pollo (e sull’indice di conversione del mangime)'RSRODVFKLXVDHGLO
FRQVHJXHQWHDFFHVVRDPDQJLPHHGDFTXDYHQJRQRLQQHVFDWHOHIDVLĺQDOLGLPDWXUD]LRQHGHOOpLQWHVWLQRUno sviluppo
ottimale dell’intestino si ottiene attraverso un’ottima gestione del pollo specialmente durante i periodi di maggior
rischio come vaccinazioni o cambiamenti al mangime, associata ad facile e veloce accesso a mangime ed acqua
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GLUHVLVWHQ]DFKHLYLOOLJL½EHQVYLOXSSDWLLQSDUWHQ]DSRVVLHGRQRFigura 4
5
Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
Figura 4: (IIHWWRGHOOHFRFFLGLRVLVXYLOOLLQWHVWLQDOLQRUPDOLHVXTXHOOLVFDUVDPHQWHVYLOXSSDWL
Ridotta capacità
di assorbire
i nutrienti
Infestazione
da coccidi
Ridotta funzionalità
intestinale
Ridotta funzionalità
intestinale
Minore incidenza
sulla capacità
di assorbire I
nutrienti
Infestazione
da coccidi
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corretto
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6
Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
Punti chiave di controllo
•
•
•
•
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Ricerche sulla salute intestinale
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Conclusioni
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9HGHUHLOGLDJUDPPDQHOODSDJLQDVHJXHQWHFattori da considerare per quanto riguarda la salute intestinale.
7
Ross Tech Note – Salute intestinale in avicoltura – Il mondo interiore, Agosto 2013
FATTORI DA CONSIDERARE PER QUANTO RIGUARDA LA SALUTE INTESTINALE
Ventilazione
• Per la salute degli animali occorre un buon
ricambio d’aria quindi un sistema di
Environment
ventilazione adeguato
• Una ventilazione insufficiente p
porta ad avere
aumento di anidride carbonica, di ammoniaca
e di umidità nella lettiera
• La lettiera si bagna se non viene eliminata
l’umidità dal pollaio.
• Questo può provocare danni all’intestino ed
erosioni ai cuscinetti plantari
Biosicurezza
• Una biosicurezza insufficiente è un rischio per
qualsiasi gruppo di polli
• Molti patogeni intestinali possono essere
introdotti accidentalmente nel capannone
Temperatura
• A questo si può ovviare con:
• Una temperature inadeguata può arrecare
stress ai soggetti.
- Cambio di calzature o soprascarpe passando
da un capannone all’altro
• Può influire sul consume di mangime
- Controllo dei vermi.
• Questo altera lo sviluppo intestinale
endo il contatto con I volatili selvat
- Inpedendo
selvatici ed
il loro accesso al mangime.
• Il risultato è una ridotta funzionalità intestinale
ed un alto indice di conversion durante la
crescita del pollo
- Conservando correttamente il mangime
• Limitando/prevenendo l’esposizione preventiva
ai microbi dei precedente gruppi
• Assicurando una corretta pulizia e disinfezione
• Assicurando la pulizia e disinfezione
dell’impianto dell’acqua e degli abbeveratoi
supplementari
• Tutto questo riduce le possibilità di un
contatto precoce con agenti patogeni
Salute intestinale precoce/pulcinaia
• L’aspetto fondamentale è favorire al massimo delle
possibilità lo sviluppo intestinale.
Mangime
• Ciò costituisce un investimento sulla capacità del
pollo di ottenere un’ottimo indice di conversione
• I cambi del tipo di mangime e delle materie
prime alterano l’equilibrio del microbiota
intestinale.
• Assicurarsi che gli animali siano correttamente
gestiti durante la fase di svezzamento/pulcinaia.
• Gestionii insufficienti compromettono lo svilupp
sviluppo
intestinale e del sistema immunitario
• La scarsa qualità del mangime aumenta
l’indice di conversione p
poichè il p
pollo sarà
maggiormente portato all’assunzione di cibo
per sopperire alle richieste metaboliche
• Il risultato è un intestino inefficiente e soggetto alle
malattie
• Un mangime troppo macinato avrà un transito
intestinale veloce ed un assorbimento ridotto,
con aumento dell’indice di conversione
• L’accesso rapido ad acqua e cibo è essenziale per
lo sviluppo intestinale.
• Ritardare questa pratica ritarda la maturazione dei
tessuti intestinali e lo sviluppo del microbiota
intestinale
o Le dimensioni e la qualità del pellet sono
importanti
Periodi di cambiamento
• Ci sono periodi durante l’allevamento del pollo
in cui I cambiamenti sono necessari
o Vaccinazioni
o Cambio di mangime
o Sfoltimenti
• Durante questi periodi I microbi intestinal
ipossono subire cambiamenti ed in alcuni casi
si può verificare la disbatteriosi
• In questo caso si dovrebbe intervenire con
prodotti ad azione probiotica per ridurre lo
stress intestinale e mantenere l’intestino in
salute
8
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