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Map 54 Epirus-Acarnania - Princeton University Press
Map 54 Epirus-Acarnania Compiled by W.M. Murray, 1994 Introduction The first systematic investigations of north-west Greece were carried out during the nineteenth century by Leake (1835), Heuzey (1860), Lolling (1989, for work done in 1876-77), Oberhummer (1887), Partsch (1887; 1889; 1890), and Woodhouse (1897). Progressing slowly over the mountainous terrain on foot, these men recorded in detail many observations that still remain our best evidence for numerous sites throughout the region. In recent years, still more has been learned from the work of Hammond (1967), Dakaris (1971; 1972), Cabanes (1976; 1985; 1986; 1987), TIB Nikopolis, Murray (1982), Bommeljé (1987), Pritchett (1994; SAGT 7-8) and others, who often retraced the steps of the early travelers in their search for additional details. Through the combined results of these investigations, a reasonably clear picture has emerged which forms the basis of the map. Generally speaking, the region covered includes many small settlements (both fortified and unfortified) whose ancient names will never be known. My goal has been to include as many of these sites as possible in order to reflect more accurately the distribution of population, and to reduce the apparent significance of those small settlements whose names do happen to be preserved. In order to avoid overcrowding the map (and thus rendering it unintellgible), I have selected those sites that possess one or more of the following characteristics: a fortification wall sufficient to enclose at least 0.1 hectare; building foundations appropriate for a small settlement; and tombs in sufficient numbers to represent the cemetery of a settlement rather than, say, one family’s grave enclosure. The region also includes a great many fortresses and towers (cf. Plutarch, Aratus 50.7). As many as possible of these are marked, although a number of small signal towers and small open sites are omitted for the sake of clarity in a few areas of dense habitation. Likewise omitted for the same reason are several small bridges recorded by Dakaris (1972, 186-87) in Thesprotia. Throughout, the goal has been to reflect the sites reported in the fundamental accounts by Hammond (1967), Dakaris (1971; 1972) and TIB Nikopolis for Epirus; by Oberhummer (1887), Murray (1982) and Pritchett (1994; SAGT 7-8) for Acarnania; and by Woodhouse (1897) and Bommeljé (1987) for Aetolia. Because no comparable account yet exists for the islands, it has not proved possible to be quite so rigorous there. Homeric toponyms are omitted unless they are attested as actual place names by later ancient writers. Thus Nerikos and Same are marked, but not Scherie, which is never referred to as an historical place. It has sometimes been difficult to locate sites mentioned by early travelers, either because the remains have since disappeared, or because the nineteenth century names have changed–even more than once. In the northern regions of the map, the sites are less well documented, detailed maps are less easy to obtain, and much of the scholarship appears only in inaccessible Albanian journals. It is common to have two or more sites associated with an ancient name, because in most areas the number of sites greatly exceeds the number of preserved names. Question marks reflect such uncertainties. Although the strings of settlements reaching inland from the coast reveal that the region was originally criss-crossed by a net of foot- and bridle-paths, these are omitted. An attempt has been made, however, to indicate certain significant routes that passed through the region. Since the evidence seldom reveals their exact course over a long distance, many stretches are marked as approximate only. For details, consult the journeys of the early travelers mentioned above, Cabanes (1976) Map 2, and the discussions of Hammond (1967, 690-700), Axiote (1980) and Pritchett (1994, 179-241). Representation of the changing positions of coastlines and coastal lakes calls for an equally conservative approach. Good evidence exists to show that some regions have experienced a relative rise in sea level of almost 11 ft since antiquity (Murray 1982, 460-62; 1988). This encroachment by the sea (partly due to land subsidence) is not uniform across the entire region. In addition, near the rivers it has been offset to an unknown degree by the 804 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA deposition of alluvial sediments. Although a clear picture of the ancient coastline, based on geological evidence, has yet to be published, I have attempted to follow such evidence as exists (such as for the Achelous delta). Where it does not, certain changes attested by ancient authors are at least reflected. Where it is impossible to establish the exact degree of change, the modern coastline is left unaltered, but the main areas likely to have been affected are rendered as swamp, following the example of Dakaris in his studies of Thesprotia and Kassopia. My earlier determination of the broad outlines of the coastline’s progression past Oiniadai toward the Oxeiai islands (Murray 1985) now calls for modification in the light of Freitag (1994), which convincingly exploits the literary testimonia to demonstrate a more complex situation. As a result, I have now drawn the mouth of the R. Achelous with the help of J.C. Kraft, who relies on a study of sediment cores made by Villas (1984). Moreover, in recognition of the doubts raised by Freitag, the coastal lake Melite appears only as an Unlocated Toponym. Directory All place names are in Greece unless otherwise noted Abbreviations DioCaliph HNC 010 IG 2 TIB Nikopolis Dionysius Calliphontis filius, Anagraphe tes Hellados, in GGM I, 238-43 Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service, Hellenic Nautical Chart 010: “Kerkira I. Ipiros Coasts,” Athens, 1960 (corrected 1983) G. Klaffenbach, Inscriptiones Acarnaniae, 9.1, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1957 P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 3, Nikopolis und Kephallenia, DenkWien 150, 1981 Note: For commentary on Polybius references, see Walbank 1957. Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C4 D4 Acarnania Achelous fl. § Thoas fl. Acheron fl. Acherusia L. Actium Actium Pr. Agia Ag. Dimitrios CHRL ACHRL Akarnania Akheloos, formerly Aspropotamos Akheron Oberhummer 1887, 2-3 Oberhummer 1887, 14-18; NPauly CHR? C HR C?H? C?H? CH L L H CH C?H? C?H H C5 Ag. Georgios Ag. Ioannis Rodakis Ag. Kyriake Ag. Mina Ag. Panagia Ag. Pandeleimona Ag. Sophia Ag. Thomas Agora Agrai(i)s Agriliais Aidonia Aiginion § Stagos Ainos M. D2 C2 Aithikia Akropolis Passaron CH CHR C3 C3 C4 C4 B3 inset C3 C4 C3 C4 D2 D5 C4 C4 C3 D4 D3 C3 D2 ACHRL CHR ACHR ACHRL H L A?HR Aktion, formerly Punta Akra Akri near Lagopodon near Pramanda “Basilica E,” Nicopolis Nea Koutsouphliani? Ainos, formerly Megalo Vouno Gardiki hill RE 1 Hammond 1967, 69, 478 RE Aktion RE Aktion Dakaris 1972, 136 Lauffer 1989, 716; TIB Nikopolis 191-92 Lagopodon Dakaris 1971, 52, 80, 96 Dörpfeld 1927, 263-65 Dakaris 1972, 132, 199 Benton 1931, 233 Hammond 1967, 177 Murray 1982, 57-61 Vokotopoulos 1984, 129 TIB Nikopolis 270 Dakaris 1972, 138 Hammond 1967, 247 SAGT 8, 34-37 Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 Hakkert, Lex. 3 Partsch 1890, 88a (n.1) Hammond 1967, 477, 681 Hammond 1967, 181-82, 577 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 805 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C5 C3 C4 Al(al)komenai Alpokhori Alyz(e)ia § Alosum § Aiofus Ambracia Ambracius Sinus Ambracus Amphilochia Anactorium ACHR A?CHR CHRL Palaiokastro on Aëtos Lauffer 1989, 282 Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96 Murray 1982, 106-21; TIB Nikopolis 170-71 Kandeles C3 C4 C3 D3 C4 D4 C3 C3 B3 C1 C3 A2 C4 D3 ACHR ACHRL CHR? CHR ACHR C H HR? CHR? D4 Anapos? fl. Ano Kotsanopoulo Ano Rakhi Anthousa Aous fl. Aphas fl. Aphionas Apollo Leukatas, T. Arachthos fl. § Arat(h)thos fl. Argeia D4 Argos Amphilochikon? CHR C2 Arktanes Arsinoe = Konope Artemita? Pr. § Artemita? Ins. Artista Assos? Astakos Asteria Ins. CH D5 HR H HR? ACHR C Kandila Arta Ambracian Gulf Phidokastro Ag. Petros, near Nea Kamarina Gero Poros ALB / GRE Louros Arachthos region of Argos Amphilochikon Ag. Ioannes, near Neokhori Hammond 1967, 140, 822 RE Hammond 1967, 138-39 Thuc. 2.68.5; Hammond 1967, 247 RE Thuc. 2.82; Pritchett 1994, 227-28 Dakaris 1971, 81 Dakaris 1971, 81, 96 Dakaris 1972, 100, 136 See Map 49 Cabanes 1985, 518-19 Philippson 1956, 432 (no. 146) Dörpfeld 1927, 271-74 Oberhummer 1887, 19; RE Thuc. 2.80.8; Hammond 1967, 247 Hammond 1936, 128; SAGT 8, 13-20 Hammond 1967, 526-27, 532 HR C HL? HR? CHR HR Aristi Ag. Minyas near Assos Astakos Daskaleio Murray 1985, 104-105; Freitag 1994, 234-35 Hammond 1967, 269-70, 659 StByz ’Ασσός; Hammond 1967, 56-57, 708 RE 1 Partsch 1890, 58 (n. 2) Batiai § Bitia Berenike? ACH Kastri (near Lelovo) Hammond 1967, 55; Dakaris 1971, 183-88 CHR? Kastrosykia CHR HR ACHRL ALB Rogous D3 B2 Bestia Bodrishtë Bouchetion? § Bouchaition § Boucheta § Boucheton Bouga Bouthroton Hammond 1967, 49, 578-79; Dakaris 1971, 51, 78-79, 95 Dakaris 1971, 52, 80-81, 96 Hammond 1967, 204-205 Hammond 1967, 456-57, 475; Dakaris 1971, 177-83; TIB Nikopolis 252 Rogoi H ACHRL Butrinti ALB B5 D2 Cephallania Ins. Chalkis ACHRL C?H? Kephallenia Khaliki? D4 C3 Charadra fl. Charadros § Charadra Chaonia Chaunoi Cheimerion? Limen = Glykys? Limen Cheimerion? Pr. Corcyra Corcyra Ins. Crania M. = Hieron Oros Çuke C CHR Loutron Kastri at Palaia Philippias C2 C3 D4 C5 C3 C3 C3 B2 C3 B2 B2 B3 A2 A2 B2 Khounovina Hammond 1967, 151 Cabanes 1986, 120-24; TIB Nikopolis 132-34 RE Kephallenia; TIB Nikopolis 175-77 Philippson 1956, 171-72 (no. 152); Hammond 1967, 255, 708 SAGT 8, 27-29 Dakaris 1971, 52, 80; Cabanes 1985, 514-30 ALB See Map 49 Hammond 1967, 701 CHR ACHRL ACHRL Akra Trophale Kerkyra / Corfu Kerkyra / Corfu Gomme 1945, 180-81; Hammond 1967, 475 RE Korkyra; Lauffer 1989, 323-28 RE Korkyra; Lauffer 1989, 323-28 C?H? ALB Hammond 1967, 99 H 806 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B2 Çukë e Ajtojt ACHL ALB TIB Nikopolis 138 Çifliku; Islami 1982 D4 C?H? Skortou SAGT 8, 81-85 C?H? C?HRL? ALB Peratia Hammond 1967, 120 RE Leukas, col. 2234; Murray 1982, 190-92 ACHRL Dodone Hammond 1967, 168-72; TIB Nikopolis 143 B2 Derion? § Derieis? Dhrovian Dioryktos? § Perdioricto? Dodona § Dodone Doliane D5 D3 B2 D4 C3 D4 Dolicha? Ins. Dovroï Dramese Drymos Dryopis Duo Ekklesies HR C?H?R? H L A?R C?HL at Paliokklesi region of Ambracia near Stamna Hammond 1967, 86-87; Dakaris 1972, 112, 206 RE Echinades Hammond 1967, 251 Dakaris 1972, 147-48 TIB Nikopolis 148 DioCalliph 30; Hammond 1967, 425 Bommeljé 1987, 107 Stamna D5 CHR Echinades RE H C?H Vonitsa plain Cheimerion SAGT 8, 93-97 Dakaris 1972, 96 C3 D4 Echinades Inss. § Echinai Inss. Echinos Elaias Limen Elaias? Limen = Glykys? Limen Elaiatis Elaos? C H Thuc. 1.46.4; Hammond 1967, 446 Bommeljé 1987, 75; SAGT 7, 18-39 inset C3 Elatus M. Elat(r)eia? R ACHR region of Ephyra Kastro at Ag. Georgios (above Sideroporta) Vrakhionas Paliorophon C3 Elea CRL B3 Elimi CHR B3 Elina CHR B3 H B2 D3 C4 C3 Elinia § Elinoi Ellenika Elleniko Elleniko Elleniko Stathmo Ellenikouli Embesos Ephyra/ Kichyros Epirus Epitaphion Euripos? Euroia? C2 B2 C4 C2 C4 B3 C3 C4 C5 D2 D4 D3 C3 C?HR? Koutsilaris Khrysavgi, formerly Veliane near Koutsi, formerly Polynerion Dymokastro, formerly Elimokastro? H C?H? C?H? C?H? C?H? C?H?R? ACHR at Tsangari ACHRL C?H? H HRL Epeiros ALB / GRE Rouga Glyky Eurymenai? CHL Kastritsa B2 Gardiki H B2 Gitana § Titana CH between Gardiki and Plagia Gkoumani B3 Glykys?/ Elaias?/ Cheimerion? Limen Gourgiana HR/ CH/ C H D3 on Marathia near Koutsouphliani Mesopotamon near Ormos Ag. Ioannou Pliny, NH 4.53 Hammond 1967, 52, 477-78; Dakaris 1971, 171-75 Dakaris 1972, 37, 97-99, 201 Hammond 1967, 79-80; Dakaris 1972, 100-102, 144, 203 Hammond 1967, 678; Dakaris 1972, 102-104, 145-46, 203 StByz ῎Ελινοι; Hammond 1967, 678 Dakaris 1972, 95 Dörpfeld 1927, 260 Philippson 1956, 500 (no. 110) Hammond 1967, 260 SAGT 8, 33-34 Hammond 1967, 244-45 Hammond 1967, 64-65, 478; Dakaris 1972, 80, 95, 199-200 Hammond 1967, 3, 476, 828 Hammond 1967, 152 SAGT 8, 90-93; H.-J. Gehrke Dakaris 1972, 136-37, 200-201; TIB Nikopolis 158 Glyky Hammond 1967, 173, 527; TIB Nikopolis 158 Glyky, 173 Kastritsa Dakaris 1972, 158-59 Hammond 1967, 83-86, 693; Dakaris 1972, 150; Préka-Alexandri 1993, 103-106 Strabo 7.7.5; Hammond 1967, 475 Hammond 1967, 513-14, 547 Gomme 1945, 180-81 Hammond 1967, 152 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 807 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D5 D2 B3 Gouria Gradetsi Grika H C?H? H N Megali Gotista Bommeljé 1987, 84 Hammond 1967, 181 Dakaris 1972, 140 B2 Hadrianopolis § Adrianoupolis Hani Emin Aga Helikranon? HRL C3 C2 C?H? H Sofratikë near Libohovë ALB TIB Nikopolis 146-48; Cabanes 1986, 119 Hammond 1967, 157-58 Polyb. 2.6.2; Hammond 1967, 194, 596 Hellomenon Herakleia? Herakleia? Hieron Oros/ Crania M. Hieros Limen Herakleous Horreum = Orraon C H H HR Khrisorrakhi, formerly Zagoriani near Nydri near Strevina Thesis Lekka Valaora C?HR? Mytikas Ormos Murray 1982, 114-21 D3 D3 B2 C2 Idomene Maior Idomene Minor Igoumenitsa Ilion? C C R?L? R Palaiokoula Alonaki D3 C2 A3 B2 Inachos fl. Ioannina Ionium Mare Ioustinianoupolis L A2 A2 Istone? M. Istone? M. CHR CHR SAGT 8, 43-45 SAGT 8, 45-46 Dakaris 1972, 204 Philippson 1956, 667 (no. 90); Hammond 1967, 197, 696 See Map 55 TIB Nikopolis 165-67 See Map 1 Procop., Aed. 4.1.36; TIB Nikopolis 146-48 Dryinupolis RE Korkyra, cols. 1408-1409 RE Korkyra, cols. 1408-1409 C5 C5 D5 Ithaca Ithaca Ins. Ithoria ACHRL ACHRL CHR C4 D2 C3 B2 C2 C3 inset HR C?H? H? ACHR C?H? C?H? ACHR tower on Sklavaina road C4 B3 B2 A2 A2 Kakavoula Kalarritai Kalenzion Kalivo Kalokhori Kalogeritsa Kalogeros Kammania = Kestrine Karnos Ins. Karteri Kasnetsi Kassiope Kassiope Pr. CHR H RL HRL HR Kalamos Kassiopi Akra Kassope C3 Kassope ACHR Kamarina C3 C4 C3 Kassopia Kastellaki Kastri CH C?H C?H? near Mytikas near Derviziana D4 C4 C3 Kastri Kastri Lithies Kastrion C?H H ACH D3 C3 C3 Kastriotissa Kastriza Kastro C?H H A?CH C5 Kastro tou Sordatou C?H C4 C3 C4 D3 C4 Despotikon, formerly Kretsounista L at Bregu i Melanit, above Nepravishta ALB Pantokrator (N Kerkyra) Ag. Deka (central Kerkyra) Polis Ithake Ag. Ilias ALB E Kalokhori near Mytikas fortified settlement near Thesprotiko Partsch 1889, 21; W. Murray Cabanes 1985, 528 (but cf. 524) SAGT 8, 97-101 Hammond 1967, 140 RE Ithake, col. 2299; Lauffer 1989, 282-83 KlPauly Bommeljé 1987, 74 Ag. Ilias Murray 1982, 138-41 Hammond 1967, 178-79 Hammond 1967, 176 Hammond 1967, 98; Budina 1981, 7-8 Hammond 1967, 189 Hammond 1967, 158 Benton 1931, 213-17 RE 1 Dakaris 1972, 144 Dakaris 1972, 205 RE Korkyra, col. 1413; TIB Nikopolis 172 RE Korkyra, col. 1407; Elias 1997, 78 (=HNC 010) Dakaris 1971, 101-33; Lauffer 1989, 307-308 Demosthenes 7.32; StByz Κασσώπη Rhomaios 1930, 144 Philippson 1956, 106 (no. 78); Hammond 1967, 163-64 Murray 1982, 87-91 Murray 1982, 192-95 Hammond 1967, 67, 540; Dakaris 1971, 164-70 Hammond 1967, 149-50; SAGT 8, 41-47 Hammond 1967, 69; Dakaris 1972, 100, 135 Dakaris 1971, 52, 79-80 Partsch 1890, 73 808 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Grid Name Period inset B2 C3 C4 C2 D2 C3 B3 B2 B2 H?R? H H C?H? C?H? CH CH CH CH CH B2 D2 C3 C3 C2 B2 B2 Kat' Eleos Kato Aetos Kato Mousiotitsa Katokhori Kato Zalongon Kelaithoi Kerasson Kerentza Kestria? Kestrine/ Kammania Kheimadio Khoika Khortata Khuka Kichyros = Ephyra Kiraios Sinus Kitios M. Kleisoura 1 Kleisoura 2 Klimatia Klisia Kodra e Ducës C4 C3 C3 Kokkino Stephani Kokkinopilo Komaros Limen C?H H?R? HR C1 Konitsa L D4 ACHRL Angelokastron H ACH CHR Khrysovitsa Argostolion D3 C3 D4 Konope/ Arsinoe Korone Koronta Krane § Kranioi Kraneia? Krania Krenai? CH H CH Sikies D4 B2 D4 Krithote Pr. Ktismata Kyathos? fl. HR H HR Akra Tourkovigla SW Ktismata Dimikos, formerly Neskhio inset B3 Kyllene Kynos Kephale? Pr. L Akra Asprokavos See Map 58 RE Korkyra, col. 1407 D2 B2 C4 C4 CHR H ACHRL ACHRL Lakmon near Tsamandas ALB Kalligoni Leukas, Leukada Strabo 7.5.8; Hammond 1967, 451 Hammond 1967, 90; Dakaris 1972, 159-60 RE; Murray 1988 RE CHRL B3 D3 B3 D4 Lakmon M. Lemiko Leucas Leucas Ins. § Leukadia Ins. Leukata(s) Pr./ Leukas Petra Leukimma Pr. Liapokhori Limani Ozia Limnaia Akra Doukato, formerly Kavos Kyras Akra Lefkimis RE Leukas, col. 2236; Elias 1997, 55 (=HNC 21) RE Korkyra, col. 1407 SAGT 8, 40-41 TIB Nikopolis 227-28 Paxos Saraga 1991; SAGT 8, 2-6 inset B2 C5 Limni Keriou Litharostrougga Logarata C H C?H? C3 C3 C4 D3 C3 D4 C5 C4 Modern Name / Location Aetos ALB region between R. Thyamis and R. Pavla CH CH A H? C H C?H? CH C?H? L HL? CHR C?H? L CH gulf S Buthroton Avgo SW Klimatia Zmineci ALB Limani Komaros (S extremity of Ormos Nikopoleos) Palioavli Amphilochia (Karavassaras) Reference Benton 1931, 218 Dakaris 1972, 152 Hammond 1967, 157; Dakaris 1971, 80 Dörpfeld 1927, 261 Hammond 1967, 188 Hammond 1967, 526, 532, 703 Dakaris 1971, 80 Dakaris 1972, 96, 134 Hammond 1967, 94-95, 677 Hammond 1967, 446, 480, 701; Cabanes 1987 Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 Dakaris 1972, 97, 137 Dörpfeld 1927, 169 Hammond 1967, 152 Hammond 1967, 451, 474 Hammond 1967, 281 Dakaris 1971, 80 Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 Hammond 1967, 191-92 Hammond 1967, 86 Hammond 1967, 97; Dakaris 1972, 151; TIR Nicopolis 282 Zminiğ Murray 1982, 208-11 Dakaris 1971, 96 Strabo 7.7.5; Elias 1997, 65 (=HNC 212/1) Philippson 1956, 76 (no. 5); Hammond 1967, 273 StByz ’Αρσινόη; Bommeljé 1987, 77 Angelokastron (A) Dakaris 1972, 134-35 SAGT 8, 102-103 Partsch 1890, 80 Hammond 1967, 140 Dakaris 1971, 80 Hammond 1936, 133; 1967, 248 (n. 1); SAGT 8, 20-22 Bursian 1862, 118 Hammond 1967, 200 Woodhouse 1897, 210 Hdt. 4.195.3; Müller 1987, 915-18 Dakaris 1972, 157-58 Partsch 1890, 68 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Grid Name Period C4 D4 D4 Lykoniko Lykovitsi Lysimacheia C4 B2 809 Modern Name / Location Reference C?H? C?H ACHR Mourstianou SAGT 8, 108-13 Heuzey 1860, 364-67 SAGT 6, 136; Bommeljé 1987, 94 Magoula Maiandria? C?H HR Karalibeu ALB B3 B2 C3 B3 B2 C4 B3 C5 D4 D3 D4 D4 C3 B2 C2 B3 C3 C4 Makrykhora Malçan Mandrotopos Margariti Masklinitsa Mavroneri Mazarakia Mazata Medion Mesokhora Metropolis? Metropolis Mikhalitsi Molossis Moni Sosinou Morphe Mouzakeika Myrtountion L. H C?H? H HR CHR C?H? H C?H? CH C?H? ACH C A?CH CHR C?H? HR? CH HR D5 C5 Nasos Nea Skala H RL C3 C4 ACH C Ag. Georgios C3 Nekromanteion Nerikos? § Neritos? Nicopolis RL Palaio-Preveza C4 Nydri L Lauffer 1989, 469-71; TIB Nikopolis 213-14 TIB Nikopolis 216 D5 D4 B1 B2 CHR? CH CH C?HRL Trikardo Agrilovouni RE 1 SAGT 8, 22-25 Hammond 1967, 704-705 TIB Nikopolis 255-56 H. Saranda; Cabanes 1986, 119-20 C2 C2 Oiniadai Olpai Omphales Onchesmos § Anchiesmos § Anchialos Onopernoi Oraiokastron C4 C4 Ormos Vathy 1 Ormos Vathy 2 RL? A?C? C3 Oropos? A?C?HR C3 Orraon/ Horreum Oxeiai/ Thoai Inss. H/ H A?HR Ammotopos Dakaris 1971, 52, 80, 96; Cabanes 1985, 518-19 Cabanes 1985, 518-24 Oxia, Koutsilaris Oberhummer 1887, 21-22; RE Paianion Palaiokastro Palaiokastro Palaiokatouna Palaiokhori Palaiokhori Palairos H C?H? C?H? C?H? CH CH CHR Mastron at Mavropoulon W Pronnoi SE Palaiokatuna Bommeljé 1987, 96 Mastron Philippson 1956, 91 n. 4 (no. 13) Partsch 1890, 74 Dörpfeld 1927, 256-58 Hammond 1967, 164; Dakaris 1971, 52, 81 Hammond 1967, 251 RE; Murray 1982 141-56 D5 D5 B2 C5 C4 C3 D2 C4 CH C?H?L? N Mavroneri spring above Karysata Katuna Palaiomanina near Olpai fortified site Limni Voulkaria Portes on Skoupas villa and basilica at Miampeli / Ag. Athanasios Sarandë, formerly Santi Quaranta ALB formerly Lakhanokastron inner harbor of Nicopolis formerly Limena Vatheos, on Meganisi Voulista Panagia Yiatelyio Kekhropoula Klaffenbach 1935, 718; SAGT 8, 97 Hammond 1972, 659, 677-78 Kara-Ali-Bey; Budina 1981, 8 Dakaris 1972, 143-44 Hammond 1967, 97 Dakaris 1972, 137 Dakaris 1972, 202 Dakaris 1972, 108, 150, 204 Dörpfeld 1927, 260-61 Dakaris 1972, 143 Partsch 1890, 68 SAGT 7, 83-88 Hammond 1967, 251 SAGT 7, 8-15; Murray 1982, 24 SAGT 8, 26 Dakaris 1971, 51, 78-79 Hammond 1967, 673-76, 683 Hammond 1967, 196 Dakaris 1972, 142-43, 202 Dakaris 1971, 52, 82 Oberhummer 1887, 19 Murray 1985a TIB Nikopolis 259; Lauffer 1989, 319 Dakaris n.d. 3-22 Murray 1982, 189-90 Hammond 1967, 532, 538-39, 565 Hammond 1967, 270-71; TIB Nikopolis 191 Lachanokastron Leake 1835 I, 196; Hammond 1967, 48 Benton 1931, 232 810 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C5 B5 C2 Palatia Pale Paliouri-Dragoumi C?H? CHR C?H? near Ag. Evphimia Lixouri C2 [Pambotis L.] L C3 Pandosia? A?CHR? Limni Pamvotida, formerly Limni Ioanninon Trikastro C3 C5 C2 Pandosia L. Panormos Passaron R HR C?HR Partsch 1890, 67-68 Partsch 1890, 90 Philippson 1956, 87 (no. 91); Hammond 1967, 192 Procop., Aed. 4.1.40; Euststathius, Commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam 1.121 (Od. 3.189); Hammond 1967, 185 Hammond 1967, 162, 477-78, 673; Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96 Hammond 1967, 673 Partsch 1890, 64; RE Korkyra, col. 206 Hammond 1967, 183, 576-77 D5 Paracheloitis HR? C3 Paramythia B2 D2 D3 Parapotamos Paroraia Patiopoulo A?CHRL ? HRL C?H C?H? B3 B3 B2 B2 B2 D4 C4 A2 B2 Paxoi Inss. Paxos Ins. Pecë Pelodes Limen Pente Ekklesies Petitaros fl. Phagia Phalakron Pr. Phanota? HR HR H?R? HR H H A?CH? HR CH C4 B3 B2 D3 B2 Phara Phaskomelia Philiates Phloriada Phoinike 1 CH CH C?H? C?H? ACHRL Pyrgi B2 D4 Phoinike 2 Phoitiai R?L CH B3 Photike RL near Mesopotam Ag. Georgios, formerly Porta Liboni C3 B2 C4 C3 C4 A2 Phrosyne Plakoti Pogonia Polystaphylon Poros Poseidion Pr. H H C?H C?H? C?H? HR D4 A1 C4 C5 B3 C2 Pras? Prichhit Profitis Elias Pronnoi Propaxos Ins. Psina H H?R? CH CHR R CH? C3 A2 Pteleon M. Ptychia Ins. HR C?H?RL Poros Antipaxoi fortified settlement above Psina Zalongo Vido B2 Pyrgos A?CHR fort at Igoumenitsa C5 Pyrgos HR tower near Plagia near Trikastron Hormos Phiskardo near Radotovi (Rodotopion) lower R. Acheloos floodplain flanks of Mt. Peristeri Paxoi Paxos ALB Gji i Butrintit ALB formerly Ouzdina Megalo Potamos Akra Taxiarkhis Ravene S Philiates Finiq ALB harbor of Palairos Akra Skala (on Hexamili) ALB Pelegriniatza near Pigeras ALB Strabo 10.2.19; Oberhummer 1887, 24 Dakaris 1972, 80, 99, 140, 201; Lauffer 1989, 509-10 Préka-Alexandri 1993, 109 Hammond 1967, 458, 477, 684 Heuzey 1860, 315; Philippson 1956, 193 (no. 124) RE RE Paxoi Philippson 1956, 68 (no. 44) Hammond 1967, 445-46 Hammond 1967, 89; Dakaris 1972, 149 Livy 43.22.8; Oberhummer 1887, 19 Murray 1982, 195-97 Strabo 7.7.5; Elias 1997, 77 (=HNC 010) Hammond 1967, 676; Dakaris 1972, 112, 156-57 Partsch 1889, 20 Dakaris 1972, 102, 145 Hammond 1967, 86 Heuzey 1860, 310 Hammond 1967, 112-17; TIB Nikopolis 234-35 Hammond 1967, 118 SAGT 7, 4-8 Hammond 1967, 73-74; Dakaris 1972, 201-202; Lauffer 1989, 509 Dakaris 1972, 132 Dakaris 1972, 149 Murray 1985a Hammond 1967, 57 Dörpfeld 1927, 261-62 Strabo 7.7.5; RE Suppl. 14, Poseidion 16 SAGT 8, 113-14 Hammond 1967, 122 Faisst 1990 Partsch 1890, 74 Pliny, NH 4.52; RE Paxoi Hammond 1967, 190; Dakaris 1972, 94 Hammond 1967, 477 RE Ptychia; TIB Nikopolis 264-65 H. Stephanos Dakaris 1972, 104; Préka-Alexandri 1993, 106-109 Partsch 1890, 64 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 811 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B2 Qare R NW Moursi ALB Dakaris 1972, 206 C5 C3 B2 Rakhi Riza Riziani C?H HR? C?H A2 C3 Roda Romano C CHR C2 D4 D4 Salonike Sarandiniko Sardiniena H HR H C5 CHR Same D4 B2 B3 B2 C3 Same § Samos Sauria? Selo Sevasto Sinou Sistrouni CH H H C?H? HRL Rigani ALB C2 D3 Skamneli Solomos C?H? C?H? B3 C4 C4 D4 H A?CHRL A?CH A?CHR C3 Spatharaioi Spelaion Sterna Stratos § Stratike Strongyli D1 B3 (S)Tymphaia Sybota Inss. CHRL B3 Sybota? Limen C C5 Syria C?H? C5 Syria C?H? C2 C4 Talares Taphiae? Inss. C?H HRL C4 HRL C?H? H CHR H ALB B2 B2 Taphos Ins. § Taphias Ins. § Taphiusa Ins. Tatzat Themelo Thesprotia Theudoria? Thoai Inss. = Oxeiai Inss. Thyamis Pr. Thyamis fl. H CHRL? D3 C4 Thyamon M. Thyrreion C CHR C2 T(o)maros M. CHR B2 Torone CH Akra Kalamas Thyamis, formerly Kalamas Makrynoros Thyrion, formerly Ag. Vasilios Tomaros, formerly Olytsika Khersonesos Lygias, formerly Lygaria A1 C3 B2 D3 Partsch 1890, 73 Hammond 1967, 50; Dakaris 1971, 79, 95 Hammond 1967, 88; Dakaris 1972, 112, 147-48 Leekley 1981, 2 Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96 ALB near Theriakision near Spartokhori Sourovigli C?H?RL? Sivota (Nisi Sivota and Nisi Ag. Nikolaos) Limani Mourto tes Oraias to Kastro, near Palatia (fort) tes Oraias to Kastro, near Pronnoi Meganisi, Kalamos, Kastos Meganisi Theodoriana Dakaris 1972, 132 Pritchett 1994, 192-95 Leake 1835 IV, 252; Philippson 1956, 193 n. 1 (no. 119) RE Kephallenia, col. 205; Lauffer 1989, 319 SAGT 7, 8-15 Hammond 1967, 205 Dakaris 1972, 139-40 Hammond 1967, 90 Hammond 1967, 165; Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96; TIB Nikopolis 257-58 Hammond 1967, 263 Philippson 1956, 193 n. 1 (no. 122); Hammond 1967, 242 Dakaris 1972, 136 Benton 1931, 230 Murray 1982, 200-206 RE 3; SAGT 6, 137-39 Polyb. 4.63.10; Oberhummer 1887, 34 Hammond 1967, 61; Dakaris 1971, 52, 79, 95 See Map 55 Gomme 1945, 182; TIB Nikopolis 267 Hammond 1967, 498 (n. 2); Elias 1997, 74 (=HNC 010) Partsch 1890, 68 Partsch 1890, 75 Strabo 9.5.12; Hammond 1967, 458 Pliny, NH 4.53; Oberhummer 1887, 20-21 Oberhummer 1887, 21 Pliny, NH 36.150 Philippson 1956, 63 n. 4 (no. 39) Dakaris 1972, 134 Hammond 1967, 478, 677-78 Philippson 1956, 156 (no. 151) Hammond 1967, 706 RE 1; Hammond 1967, 446-47 Hammond 1967, 247 SAGT 8, 85-90 Strabo 7.7.11; Hammond 1967, 844 Dakaris 1972, 32-34, 105-108, 147 812 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D4 Torybeia? § Tyrbeion? Toryne? Toskesi Tourka CH Komboti SAGT 8, 104-108 HR H C?H? Parga H H H Dakaris 1972, 133 Hammond 1967, 88; Dakaris 1972, 148 D2 Tripolitai § Tripolissoi Tsangari Tsourila Tymphaia = (S)Tymphaia Tymphe? M. Hammond 1967, 77, 688 Dakaris 1971, 81 Heuzey 1860, 311; Philippson 1956, 193 n. 1 (no. 121) Hammond 1967, 526 B2 C4 B5 B2 C2 B2 C3 C4 C2 C4 D3 D2 C2 C3 Vagalat Vasiliki Vatsa Vavouri Vereniki Vigla Vigla Vigla Vitsa Vlikho Voedros Han Voutonosi Vrosina Vrysoula C?H? C?H? R H H H H? C?H AC C?H? C?H? C?H? C?H? H C4 C4 Xylokastro 1 Xylokastro 2 CH? C?H on Kalamos Is. near Ag. Athanasios, above Kakavoula Benton 1931, 233 Murray 1982, 135-38; Pritchett 1994, 218-21 inset inset Zacynthus Zacynthus Ins. § Hyrie? Zavitsa Zervokhori Zeus Ainesios, T. ACHRL ACHRL Zakynthos Zakynthos Leekley 1981, 8; Lauffer 1989, 716-18 KlPauly Zakynthos C?H H A?C?H? tower in Mytikas valley Heuzey 1860, 417; Murray 1982, 83-86 Dakaris 1972, 138-39 Scholia in Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica 2.297; Partsch 1890, 88; Lauffer 1989, 319 B3 C3 D3 C3 C3 B2 D4 C3 C5 HRL? Mavrovouni (Khuka Loupou Range) Hammond 1967, 96 Partsch 1889, 20 Lauffer 1989, 319 Kephallenia Dakaris 1972, 159 Hammond 1967, 188-89 Dakaris 1972, 157 Dakaris 1971, 79 Kolonas 1992 Morgan 1988, 316-17 Dörpfeld 1927, 258-60 (pl. 45) Hammond 1967, 151 Hammond 1967, 261; W. Murray Hammond 1967, 187 Dakaris 1971, 81 fort Keramitsas near Strongyli atop Mt. Ainos KlPauly Aqueducts Grid Location Period Reference B2 C3 Bouthroton Nicopolis R RL Ugolini 1937, 84-85; Hammond 1967, 98, 109 Doukellis 1995 Bridges Grid Location Period Reference C3 C4 Ambracia Leucas C?HR? R Hammond 1967, 140 Murray 1982, 251-53 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Church Cluster Grid Location Period Reference C4 on Kephalos Is. L TIB Nikopolis 177 Grid Location Period Reference C4 E Alyzeia, in Glosses Pass C?H? Murray 1984; Knauss 1995 Itinerary Period Reference Actium → Drymos Actium towards Leucas Elaos? → NW Phoinike → Nicopolis Hadrianopolis → Nicopolis Nicopolis → Ambracia → E Limnaia → S Limnaia → N RL RL H RL RL RL H C Axiote 1980, 195-96 Murray 1982, 190-92, 254-55; Pritchett 1994, 183-84 Pritchett 1994, 235-39 Hammond 1967, 690-94 Hammond 1967, 694-96; SAGT 3, 287-88 Hammond 1967, 695; SAGT 3, 286-87 Polyb. 5.5.14-6.6 SAGT 8, 1-78 Dam Roads Wall Grid Location Period Reference B2 at Dema, across Hexamili peninsula, N Bouthroton ACH Hammond 1967, 99; L. Miraj Unlocated Toponyms Name Period Probable Location Reference Akra Aktion HR Acarnania Corcyra, opposite Bouton? StByz ῎Ακρα; Oberhummer 1887, 40 Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2.3; RE Korkyra, col. 1409 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 RE Korkyra, col. 1407 Hammond 1967, 701-702 Algos Amphipyrgos Pr. Amymnoi/ Amymnaioi Amymones Amyntai Aphrodite Aineiados, T. Apollonia Appon Arkadia L H H fortress in Palaia Epeiros somewhere in S Corcyra tribe in Epirus H A?H H H L C Hammond 1967, 701, 703 Hammond 1967, 702 RE Leukas, col. 2234 StByz ’Απολλωνία; Oberhummer 1887, 39 TIB Nikopolis 110 DiodSic 15.45.3 Aspalatheia H Athenai C? Epirus Epirus near city of Leucas on sea city on one of Echinades Inss. Epirus fortified position on Zacynthus, see Nellos in Acarnania, on either Taphos Ins. (Meganisi) or Karnos Ins. (Kalamos) Acarnania Boulibas L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Oberhummer 1887, 39 Murray 1985, 101 813 814 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Name Period Probable Location Reference Bounimai/ Bouneima/ Bounimon A?C?H Epirus, near Trampya StByz Βούνειµα; Hammond 1967, 800 Chyton CH Epirus StByz Χυτόν Elaphusa Ins. Ericusa Ins. Euboia Europe R RL? A? L near Corcyra Ins. near Corcyra Ins. on Corcyra Ins. fortress in Palaia Epeiros Pliny, NH 4.53 Pliny, NH 4.53; TIB Nikopolis 149 Strabo 10.1.15; RE Korkyra, col. 1409 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Genysios R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Hag. Sabinou Hedones Helega Heraion, T. Hestiaia Homonoia R?L L R?L H L fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros near city of Leucas on sea Acarnania fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 RE Leukas, col. 2234 StByz ‛Εστίαια; Oberhummer 1887, 40 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Karmina Kastina Keimenos Kionin Kolophonia Kome Koroneia R?L R?L L L R?L L H fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Ambracia Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 StByz Κορώνεια; Cabanes 1985, 524 Lampe Letoia Ins. Listria R R?L Acarnania off Cephallania fortress in Palaia Epeiros StByz Λάµπη; Oberhummer 1887, 40 Pliny, NH 4.55 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 near Corcyra Ins. near Corcyra Ins. polis in Acarnania fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros plain NW Phanota (contra Hammond 1967, 631, 686) near Oiniadai and E Acheloos fl.? on Corcyra Acarnania Pliny, NH 4.53 Pliny, NH 4.53 StByz Μάραθος; Oberhummer 1887, 35; RE 1 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Livy 43.23.3; W. Murray Malthace Ins. Marathe Ins. Marathos Markiana Marmarata Martios Meleon Campus R R L R?L R?L H Melite L. Meliteion M. Melos? H?R H? H? Napaioi Nellos C Olbos Onalos Oreitai L R?L H Orestai Palaia Oineiadai Palyros Panormos Parmos Parthyaioi Pergama Pergamis (district) Strabo 10.2.21; Freitag 1994, 230-33 RE Korkyra, col. 1409 Oberhummer 1887, 40 tribe in Epirus mountain or region on Zacynthus, location of fortress called Arkadia StByz Νάπη KlPauly Zakynthos Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 DioCalliph 45; Hammond 1967, 462-63 A?C fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros between Ambracia and Amphilochia tribe in Molossia A R?L H L H H?R H?R between Oiniadai and Stratos fortress in Palaia Epeiros SE shore of Ambracian Gulf fortress in Palaia Epeiros tribe in Epirus Epirus Epirus StByz ’Ορέσται; Hammond 1967, 462-63 Strabo 10.2.2; Freitag 1994, 226-27 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Wacker 1996 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Hammond 1967, 680 (n. 2) Hammond 1967, 412 Varro, De Re Rustica 2.2.1; Hammond 1967, 412 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA Name Period Probable Location Reference Perkos Petroniana Pezion Poseidion R?L R?L R?L H?R Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Strabo 7.7.5 Poseidon Prinoessa Ins. Pronathidon Pythonia Ins. R?L H?R R?L R fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros fortress in Palaia Epeiros harbor, cape or town in Epirus between Onchesmos and Bouthroton fortress in Palaia Epeiros one of the Taphiae Inss. fortress in Palaia Epeiros near Corcyra Ins. Simoeis fl. Sollion R A?C Symphygion R?L Epirus between Leucas and Palairos on Plagia Pr. Epirus Hammond 1967, 412 Murray 1982, 200-206; Faraklas 1991; Berktold 1993 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Talarus M. Tarachie Ins. Tekmon HR? R H near Dodona near Corcyra Ins. polis in Thesprotia, Epirus Trampya A?C?H Epirus, near Bouneima Trana Troia Tymphaia R?L HR fortress in Palaia Epeiros Epirus, in Kestria Epirus Pliny, NH 4.2; Hammond 1967, 39 (n. 2) Pliny, NH 4.53 Livy 45.26; StByz Τέκµων; Lauffer 1989, 652-53 Lycophron, Alexandra 801; StByz Βούνειµα; Hammond 1967, 815 Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Hammond 1967, 412 StByz Τύµφη Xanthos fl. 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