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at low-x - INFN - Sezione di Padova
Small-x and Diffraction 2007 Workshop FermiLab, March 28-30, 2007 Low-x AND Low 2 Q at HERA with JETS Luca Stanco – INFN Padova on behalf of H1 and ZEUS collaborations Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 1 Processes at HERA (defined by Initial States of HARD Scattering) DIRECT g-PRODUCTION Electron beam xg < 1 xg = 1 Q2 = 0 RESOLVED g-PRODUCTION xg = 1 Q2 > 0 DIS low-x regime Proton beam DIFFRACTION xBj << 1 xBj < 1 gluons… quarks PARTONS Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 2 HERA exploits many (correlated) processes over large kinematic regimes ! Q2 XBj LHC perturbative To extrapolate to other regions need to take care of low-x effects: • saturation • multiple interactions QCD DYNAMICS (DGLAP vs BFKL evolutions) Luca Stanco - Padova HERA Non-pert study at HERA: Tevatron Low-x “regime” Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 3 ...if nobody else have already shown ... Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 4 Outline of the talk: • a little bit of theory, modelling, Monte Carlo’s… • ”Forward” Jets in DIS H1 (1997 data, final analysis) ZEUS (1998/00 data, preliminary analysis) • Multi Jets in DIS H1 (1999/00 data, preliminary analysis) ZEUS (1998/00 data, preliminary analysis) Hard FORWARD Jets (near proton direction where effects of gluon radiation should be largest - A. Mueller 1990) Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 5 before going into physics, let us look at the environment... Luminosity growth at HERA (I: 92-00, II: 03-07) • HeraI: H1 and ZEUS took about 130 pb-1 • 2001 “luminosity upgrade” • 2002/03 background problems • 2004 positrons (50 pb-1) • 2005: electrons • 2006: positrons • 2007: from March HERA for Low Energy Run (FL measure) END of HERA next PETRAIII H1 and ZEUS will end up with ~ 0.5 fb-1, each Results on JETS mainly from HERA-I (up till now) Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 6 QCD dynamics: Evolution & Resummation HERA: DIS at low-xBj down to 10-5 large g*p center of mass energy (W ~ 1/x) Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 7 Inclusive F2 measurement not able to discriminate between different QCD dynamics Study of Hadronic Final States (JETS) Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 8 ...if nobody else is going to show ... even if we consider Structure Functions results at low-x Definitively, physics has to be clarified. Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 9 HERA extends xBj until 10-5 (with jets until 10-4) FORWARD JETS (proton direction) possibility to study parton dynamics, by looking for effects beyond DGLAP Where ? in the BREIT frame: • where virtual boson is enterely spacelike • at lowest order, quark is back scattered Caveat: different Monte Carlo models not fully clear where applicable Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 10 JETS observables in the BREIT Frame … more technically Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 11 NLO pQCD calculations and • interfaced to various PDFs (like CTEQ, MRST) • Parton Level cross sections – need to rely on LO MC for hadronisation corrections Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 12 FORWARD JETS H1 data in the kinematic region: L=13.7 pb-1 10-4<x<4.10-3 and 5<Q2<85 GeV2 • 0.5 < (pT,jet)2/Q2 < 2 to suppress DGLAP and enhance BFKL Luca Stanco - Padova • • • • LO-DGLAP fails completely ! NLO-DGLAP well below data at low-x Monte Carlo models with extra parton radiation provide an improved description of the data inclusion of a resolved-photon component (RAPGAP: DI+RES) parton emissions not ordered in kT (CDM) Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 13 FORWARD JETS ZEUS data less striking… L=81.8 pb-1 4.10-4<x<5.10-3 and 20<Q2<100 GeV2 Ejet>5 GeV, 2<hjet<3.5 0.5 < (Ejet)2/Q2 < 2 Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 14 FORWARD JETS ZEUS data less striking… (NLO(aS2)-DISENT MC below the data but within theoretical errors) needs of next NLO ? ( but ZEUS uses mR2=Q2, while H1 takes mR2=<pT2> ) Is it a HERA business ? or HERA phase space too limited to distinguish between different evolution models ? Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 15 Very detailed investigation from H1 to enhance BFKL phase space: Select dijets plus forward-jet different Dh1 and Dh2 regions affect: • Kt-ordering • Gluon radiation • Evolution chain Compute differential cross-sections of Dh1 & Dh2 Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 16 FORWARD JETS Data towards NLO too little Phase Space for NLO Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 17 Data towards CCFM FORWARD JETS NO description ! Data towards CDM and gres gres not sufficient … CDM may mimic BFKL evolution … Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 18 MULTIJETS (dijets, trijets) ANALYSIS Kinematic selection to enhance (unordered) gluon radiation and to study parton dynamics (at low-x) H1: Ldt = 44.2 pb-1 ZEUS: Ldt = 82.2 pb-1 10-4<xBj<10-2, 5<Q2<80 GeV2 10-4<xBj<10-2, 10<Q2<100 GeV2 Hadronic Center-of-Mass (like Breit-frame boosted) Comparisons with NLO at order O(aS2) and O(aS3) NLOJET, DISENT Conparisons with Monte Carlo’s LO-PS with/out gres (CDM-DJANGOH, RAPGAP) H1 compares to parton level, ZEUS compares to hadron level Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 19 MULTIJETS H1 All the sample: E*> 4 GeV, E1*+E2*> 9 GeV -1 < hjet < 2.5 LO discrepancy Low-x region: more DATA than NLO predicted Overall systematics error of 19% not included on DATA Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 20 MULTIJETS H1 Select TWO subsamples with Forward JETS (qjet<200, xjet=E*jet/Ep > 0.035) NLO++ comparison Two central jets plus one forward -1 < hjet < 1 One central jets plus two forward NLO at O(aS3) describes well the TWO central jets, expected to be produced from hard scattering Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 FORWARD jets are expected to be produced from gluon radiation 21 MULTIJETS H1 LO Monte Carlo’s comparison RAPGAP: direct+resolved contributions Resolved contribution NOT working ! Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 22 MULTIJETS ZEUS Jet energy scale uncertainty Reasonable description by NLOJET Hadron Level Luca Stanco - Padova E*1> 7 GeV, E*2,3> 5 GeV -1 < hjet < 2.5 Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 mR2=mF2 = (<ET>2+Q2)/4 23 ZEUS MULTIJETS NLOJET comparison with Dijets DATA O(aS2) does not describe DATA 10 < Q2 > 15 GeV2 20 < Q2 > 30 GeV2 NLO consistent within errors Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 24 ZEUS MULTIJETS NLOJET comparison with Trijets DATA … but theor. errors (mF, mR) too large Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 Need next order 25 Conclusions • low-xBj regime unsettled at HERA • Multijets (Forward) production measured in xBJ>10-4 and Q2<100 GeV2 • Statistical ~ Theoretical errors (NLO) • need more data and theory computations • unordered gluon emission significant at low-x ? A VERY EXCITING FIELD WHERE TO LOOK DEEPLY INSIDE QCD PARTON EVOLUTION DYNAMICS Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 26 Backup Slides Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 27 Kinematics of Neutral Current (NC) Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) W: g*P c.o.m. energy Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 28 WHY studying pQCD ? at least 4 answers: 1. NOT TRUE it is so well understood .. 2. Strong coupling, aS, measurement (see next talk) 3. Parton Density Functions measurements 4. Parton evolutions From HERA-LHC workshops, examples of uncertainties, Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 29 Z.Czyczula et al., pT of Higgs (120 GeV) from different Parton-Showers (PS) models and QCD scale choices Uncertainties: • up to 170% due to PS (which evolution type ? which ordering ?) • up to 100% due to the choice of QCD scale (Q2, m2, ŝ etc.) low-x and forward jets… Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 30 two different parton ladders…. Expect more energetic jets in forward region (LEPTO, DISENT) (~ColorDipM) (CASCADE) Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 31 JETS in DIS The BREIT frame ! • Frame where virtual boson is enterely spacelike • At lowest order, quark is back scattered In pratice, high Et jet events must be at least of order aS Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 32 Jets Production in NC Deep Inelastic Scattering Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 33 5 jets event at low-x (H1) Luca Stanco - Padova Low-x at HERA, Small-x 2007 34