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What is Globalization?

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What is Globalization?
International management: la figura del
laureato in lingue nel contesto
dell'economia globale
Lorenzo Gui, VIU
Temi che tratteremo:
– Introduzione all’economia globale: le
nuove economie emergenti.
– La gestione delle imprese globali.
– Il made in Italy e i distretti di fronte
alla sfida della globalizzazione.
– Il ruolo che delle figure professionali
laureate in lingue nelle aziende.
2
Internationalization and Globalization:
a new geo-economy
3
What is Globalization?
• The integration of economic, political, and cultural
systems across the globe
• "A social process in which the constraints of
geography on social and cultural arrangements
recede and in which people become increasingly
aware that they are receding [Malcolm Waters]
• “The diminution or elimination of state-enforced
restrictions on exchanges across borders and the
increasingly integrated and complex global system
of production and exchange that has emerged as a
result.“ [Tom G. Palmer]
4
A new geo-economy?
• The internationalization of economic
activities is nothing new
but
• until very recently (the 1950’s), in terms
of production, plant, firm and industry
were essentially national phenomena.
5
Internationalization vs Globalization
• Internationalization processes involve the
simple extension of economic activities
across national boundaries (quantitative
process)
• Globalization processes involve also the
functional integration of internationally
dispersed activities (qualitatively different)
6
Core and Periphery
• In 1945, 71% of world manufacturing
production was concentrated in just 4
countries and almost 90% in 11
countries.
• The group of core industrial countries
sold 2/3 of its manufactured export to the
periphery and absorbed 4/5 of the
priphery’s primary products.
• Things changed a lot!!
7
Recent changes in globalization, particularly industrial growth in
developing countries, is challenging this representation.
8
A qualitatively new integration
• International economic integration until
the 1950’ manifested through arm’s
length trade in goods and services and
international movement of capital:
SHALLOW INTEGRATION
• Today, integration organized by TNCs;
cross-border value adding activities
within firms increasingly influence
linkages between national economies:
DEEP INTEGRATION
9
Integration of trade and disintegration of production:
• Fragmentation of production, i.e. division of
production stages among suppliers located in
different countries.
• Larger participation of developing country firms in
the global economy (about 40% of world trade in
parts and components)
• Role of intermediary (e.g. Retailers, Branded
Marketers, etc.) in structuring global production
chains and facilitating global matching
• “New” players and lead firms, that sell final products
and set production standards for "lesser" producers.
10
In your dishwasher…
11
12
Supporting Evidence
13
14
15
Strategies and Advantages
16
Comparative advantage
• Opportunity cost or economic
opportunity loss is the value of the next
best alternative foregone as the result of
making a decision.
• Comparative advantage refers to the
ability of a person or a country to
produce a particular good at a lower
opportunity cost than another person or
country.
17
Competitive advantage
• Competitive advantage is a position a
firm occupies against its competitors.
• Firms have a competitive advantage
over rivals when organisation and
managerial processes, position and
technology competencies (skills) give
them superior value creating processes
18
Location and the Value Chain:
Offshoring (and Outsourcing)
• Is the firm’s competitive advantage
based on firm-specific or country-specific
resources (comparative advantage)?
• How great are the coordination and
learning benefits from co-locating
activities according to firm’s business
strategy?
19
Value chain…individual functions become separable
20
Activities can then be located anywhere in the world
21
Porter’s national diamond framework
22
How we compete in a global economy?
23
The traditional view of global advantage
• “Projecting”: leading from the strength of
the home base and seeking new market
potential and cost advantage abroad
• Glocal strategies: think global, act local
(adapt)
• Globalization means “teaching the world”
your home winning model
• But is local adaptation relevant only
locally?
24
Penetrating new markets or learning
from the world?
• Competitive advantage is primarily
based on knowledge
• Not all the knowledge a global company
needs to prosper is to be found in one
place
• The cost of distance is falling rapidly
• Metanational:
build a new kind of competitive
advantage by discovering, accessing,
mobilizing, and leveraging knowledge
from many locations around the world.
25
Think Local, Act Global
• Maximize the local distinctive
contribution to the overall goal of
leveraging innovations globally
• Use the comparative advantage of your
location to build and improve some
unique operational competence
• Squeeze distinctiveness out of local
environment
• Be proud of local capabilities, but be also
committed to the global cause
26
New frontiers in international strategy
27
Semiglobalization and strategy
• Semiglobalization: this structural condition of
intermediate levels of international integration
affords room for international business strategy
• Importance of location specificity and business
specificity: International Corporate Strategy
• Why countries or locations differ? (CAGE
framework)
• Ecology of firms and locations need to be looked
at from specific industry persprctives (arbitrage
strategies)
28
Geography of Italian productive
districts
(Source: Istat, 1997)
Local Systems: 199
Manufacturing firms: 224.368
Employees: 2.173.801 (43,7%)
Share of export (1998): 100 Bln
€ (45,8%)
(Source: Centro Studi Banca d’Italia, 2000)
29
29
International Careers
• Posts in an export department (export manager)
• Marketing department (sales, advertisements)
• Purchase department
• Contracts managers (off-shoring management)
• Public relations and translators
30
Rare Skills
• Ability to negotiate, (flexibility) to go abroad, and fix
a complex deal
• Technological skills
• Management, marketing and economic knowledge
• Some knowledge of international business
• Foreign languages
31
Promozione del Made in Italy nei mercati internazionali
L’export manager è la persona che cura le vendite all’estero di
un’azienda.
E’ suo compito conoscere i mercati nei quali andrà ad operare,
sviluppare i contatti dell’azienda con clienti o potenziali clienti e
documentarsi sugli strumenti che possono sostenere o agevolare le
esportazioni dell’azienda.
Per questa sua proiezione verso l’estero è estremamente importante
una buona conoscenza delle principali lingue dei mercati nei
quali andrà ad operare, spiccate doti di adattamento e di
flessibilità, la conoscenza del prodotto, la conoscenza di Paesi e
culture ed anche una buona capacità di negoziazione.
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