Verdana 30 pt

PROGETTO ALTER-MOTIVE:
Overview and focus on
the LCA Approach on Biofuels
ALTERMOTIVE NATIONAL WORKSHOP (wp7)
S.Donato Mse, 01-10-2010
www.eni.com
Sandro FURLAN
ALTER-MOTIVE progetto europeo (UE-IEE)
 “DERIVING EFFECTIVE LEAST-COST POLICY STRATEGIES
FOR ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE CONCEPTS(AAT) AND
ALTERNATIVE FUELS(AF)”
 Coordinatore: Technische Univ. Wien
 Partecipanti: 13 università, centri di ricerca, ecu (Furlan)
 Durata: 30 mesi (10/2008 ÷03/2011)
 Risultati attesi:
 Analisi economica, energetica, ambientale di AAT & AF
 Proposte per strategie di diffusione AT&AF
 Analisi di Casi Studio di progetti pilota
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Task per ecu
 Report sull’evoluzione dei consumi energetici, parco veicoli, fiscalità
trasporti in ITALIA (WP2)
 Analisi critica letteratura su LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
 Costruzione di DB WTT/TTW su emissioni bio carburanti (WP3)
 Analisi progetti pilota a livello locale per diffusione AAT/AF(WP4)
 Survey su “Most effective policies” (WP5)
 SEMINARIO SU AF E TRASPORTI SOSTENIBILI (WP7)
 15-06-2010, S.Donato M.se (c/o ecu)
 Contributi attesi:
 r&m: analisi energetico/ambientale, costi, prospettive
diffusione dell’impiego di alghe nella produzione di
biocarburanti
 eni (Donegani) biocarburanti e valutazione ambientale
 Audience:
 Studenti Master, ricercatori (Politecnico MI/TO, Uni BO, CNR,
Donegani), produttori biofuels
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OPPORTUNITA’
 ACCESSO A TUTTI I DATI DEL PROGETTO: WWW.ALTER-MOTIVE.ORG
 CONFRONTO DI ESPERIENZE su biocarburanti, progetti pilota, analisi
 NETWORK CON 13 UNIVERSITA’ –CENTRI RICERCA EUROPEI
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TU, Austr. Mob. Res. (Austria);
ECN (Olanda);
Wuppertal Inst, IREES (Germania);
AEOLIKI (Cipro);
BSREC (Bulgaria);
RHONEALPE ENERGIE-ENVIRONNEMENT (Francia);
CRES (Grecia);
KISE (Polonia);
Chalmers Univ.(Svezia);
CEEETA (Portogallo);
Ecological Council (Danimarca)
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Environmental assessment
 LCA for quantifying environmental
impacts (e.g. global warming) of
products and services
 LCA according to ISO standard 14040
 Balance of all in- and outputs according
to defined system boundaries and
functional unit
 Improvement and comparison of
production processes
Framework of LCA
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Interpretation
Impact
assessment
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5
LCA – Goal and scope definition
PRIMARY PATHWAY
Biofuel supply chain
SECUNDARY PATHWAYS
Auxiliary energy / utilities supply chains
WELL-TO-TANK
WELL-TO-WHEEL
Cultivation /
Biomass production
Biomass
residues
Energy
crops
Biomass provision
Biofuel production
Biofuels
1st/2nd generation
Distribution to end user
TANKTOWHEEL
e.g.
land use (set aside, fallow)
seeds, fertiliser, pesticides,
diesel fuel land machinery
Mobile use
e.g.
auxiliary energy collection /
treatment / storage
diesel fuel / auxiliary energy
transport
e.g.
auxiliary energy / utilities
plant(de-)construction/infrastructure
e.g.
surplus energy / by-products and
their credits
e.g.
auxiliary energy treatment / storage
diesel fuel / auxiliary energy
transport
e.g.
engine manufactoring /infrastructure
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Source: IE Leipzig, 2007
System boundary - LCA
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Environmental assessment
LCA – Inventory analysis
INPUT
Energy and mass
flows
e.g.
 mineral oil
 coal
 natural gas
 ores
 water
 salts
 ...
PRIMARY PATHWAY
Biofuel supply chain
Cultivation /
Biomass production
Biomass
residues
Energy
crops
Biomass provision
Biofuel production
Biofuels
1st/2nd generation
Distribution to end user
Mobile use
Source: DBFZ / IE Leipzig, 2007
OUTPUT
Emissions
SECUNDARY PATHWAYS
Auxiliary energy / utilities
supply chains
e.g.
land use (set aside, fallow)
seeds, fertiliser, pesticides,
diesel fuel land machinery
e.g.
auxiliary energy collection /
treatment / storage
diesel fuel / auxiliary energy
transport
e.g.
auxiliary energy / utilities
plant(de-)construction/
infrastructure
e.g.
surplus energy / by-products
and their credits
e.g.
 CO2
 CH4
 N 2O
 SO2
 NOX
 CO
 particles
 ...
e.g.
auxiliary energy treatment /
storage
diesel fuel / auxiliary energy
transport
e.g.
engine manufactoring /
infrastructure
OUTPUT
main / by-products
7
7
100
100
80
80
60
60
00
Source: DBFZ / IE Leipzig, 2007, diverse Studies
Natural
Naturalgas
gas
Diesel
Diesel
Gasoline
Gasoline
140
140
1st gen.
biofuels
FT-fuel
(ligno.
residues)
FT-fuel
(ligno.
residues)
FT-fuel
(ligno.
crops)
FT-fuel
(ligno.
crops)
DME
(lignocellulosic)
DME
(lignocellulosic)
Bio-SNG
(lignocellulosic)
Bio-SNG
(lignocellulosic)
Biogas
(maize
silage)
Biogas
(maize
silage)
180
180
NExBTL
(rape
seed
NExBTL
(rape
seedoil)
oil)
NExBTL
(palm
NExBTL
(palmoil)
oil)
160
160
Rapeseed
seedoiloil
Rape
Soya
Soyaoiloil
Palm
Palmoiloil
Biodiesel
(rape)
Biodiesel (rape)
Biodiesel
(soya)
Biodiesel
(soya)
Biodiesel
(palm)
Biodiesel
(palm)
Biodiesel
(sunflower)
Biodiesel
(sunflower)
Biodiesel
(tallow)
Biodiesel
(tallow)
Bioethanol
(cereals)
Bioethanol
(cereals)
Bioethanol
(maize)
Bioethanol
(maize)
Bioethanol
(sugar
Bioethanol
(sugarbeet)
beet)
Bioethanol
(ligno.
Bioethanol
(ligno. residues)
Bioethanol
(ligno.
crops)
Bioethanol (ligno. crops)
GHG
emissions
[gCO2-eq./km]
GHG
emissions
[gCO2-eq./km]
Environmental assessment
Global warming potential
200
200
fossil
references
120
120
2nd gen.
biofuels
EMPA/ESU, 2007
EMPA/ESU,
2007
EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC,
EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC,2006
2006
IE,
2004-2007
IE, 2004-2007
IFEU, 2004-2007
IFEU,
2004-2007
VIEWLS, 2005
VIEWLS,
2005
ZSW, 2004
ZSW,
2004
40
40
20
20
8
8
Wide range in LCA results (1)
16% GHG savings per v-km
63% GHG savings per v-km
Concawe, et al., 2008.
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Wide range in LCA results
MJ (2)
saved PE / km
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
EtOH sugar cane *
EtOH lignocellulose *
?
EtOH sugar beets *
EtOH Molasse *
EtOH wheat *
EtOH corn *
EtOH potatoes *
ETBE lignocellulose *
?
ETBE sugar beets *
ETBE wheat *
ETBE potatoes *
Biodiesel sunflowers
Biodiesel rapeseed
Biodiesel animal grease
?
Biodiesel canola
Biodiesel soy beans
Biodiesel coconuts
Biodiesel cooking grease and oil
?
Vegetable oil rapeseed
Vegetable oil sunflowers
Biomethanol lignocellulose *
MTBE lignocellulose *
?
DME lignocellulose
BTL lignocellulose
Biogas cultivated biomass
Biogas wastes
GH2 gasified lignocellulose
?
Primary energy
GH2 fermentation wastes
Greenhouse effect
**
-300
-250
Quirin, et al., 2008.
-200
-150
-100
g saved CO2-equiv. / km
-50
0
LH2 gasified lignocellulose
**
50
10
Biomass yield is a key parameter – depends on crop, agronomic practices, soil type, topography,
climate...
GJ/ha/yr
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1
Wood, commercial forest USA, low estimate
2
Wood, commercial forest USA, high estimate
3
Above-ground maize USA (grain+stover), avg 1985-87
4
Alamo Switchgrass Texas USA, avg 5 exp. plots, 1993-94
5
Above-ground maize Iowa USA (grain+stover), record 1994
6
Alamo Switchgrass Alabama USA, avg exp plots, yr 2-6
7
Eucalyptus Aracruz Brazil, 80000 ha avg, 1986-91
8
Above-ground sugarcane biomass world avg, 1987
9
Eucalypt Aracruz, max commercial stand, 1986-91
10
Above-ground sugarcane Zambia, 10k ha
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
dry t/ha/yr
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IPCC, 1996.
Key Variables in LCA Studies
 Allocation of co-product credits
 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
 Soil carbon sequestration
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