LESSON 24 (25 May 2016)

Introduction
4) The PURPOSE of this report is to assess the town’s sports facilities.
quite formal
6) This report OUTLINES the range of job opportunities available.
11) This report AIMS to provide an overview of the current situation.
Recommendations and suggestions
2) My RECOMMENDATION is that visitors should always book ahead.
3) One possible SOLUTION would be to impose strict parking regulations.
7) I strongly RECOMMEND that further research be carried out. quite formal
9) The organiser should CONSIDER improving facilities for the disabled.
10) The best COURSE of action would be to lower the admission fees.
12) I have no hesitation in RECOMMENDING this superb historic site to
travellers. quite formal
Conclusions
1) To sum UP, immediate action is required.
5) On BALANCE our overall reaction to the proposal is positive.
8) In SHORT we thoroughly enjoyed our stay at the resort.
quite formal
A sweet festival in Germany.
Introduction
The artistic applications of chocolate
Finding out about chocolate
Recommendations
A sweet festival in Germany.
Ex. 6 p. 23
Introduction
1) What expression does the writer use to
The artistic applications of chocolate
a) state the purpose of the report?
b) make comparisons?
c) conclude the report?
d) make a recommendation or suggestion?
I (would) recommend encouraging
Finding out about chocolate
I (would) recommend (that) they (should) encourage
I (would) suggest encouraging
I (would) suggest (that) they (should) encourage
Recommendations
2) Find one participle clause in the first
paragraph and one in the third paragraph.
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
Feeling tired, we decided to stop for a while. + ing form
As we were feeling tired, we decided to stop for a while.
Having stolen all the jewellery in the house, he ran away.
When he had stolen all the jewellery, he ran away.
simultaneous action
having + past
participle
previous action
Kept in a dry place, those spices will remain fresh.
If they are kept in a dry place, those spices will remain fresh. past participle
passive meaning
You can use these clauses when the omitted subject is the same as the
subject of the main clause.
Barking loudly, Mark was approached by a large dog.
Barking loudly, a large dog approached Mark.
Mark was approached by a large dog barking loudly.
A sweet festival in Germany.
Ex. 6 p. 23
Introduction
1) What expression does the writer use to
The artistic applications of chocolate
a) state the purpose of the report?
b) make comparisons?
c) conclude the report?
d) make a recommendation or suggestion?
I (would) recommend encouraging
Finding out about chocolate
I (would) recommend (that) they (should) encourage
I (would) suggest encouraging
I (would) suggest (that) they (should) encourage
Recommendations
2) Find one participle clause in the first
paragraph and one in the third paragraph.
CONDITIONALS
=FRASI IPOTETICHE
ZERO CONDITIONAL
per parlare di cose che sono sempre vere - fatti
scientifici, verità generali, ecc.
If water REACHES 100 degrees, it BOILS.
Frase subordinata
Frase principale
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PRESENT
FIRST CONDITIONAL
per parlare di ipotesi che si possono verificare nel futuro.
If you STUDY hard, you WILL PASS the exam easily.
Frase subordinata
SIMPLE PRESENT
Frase principale
WILL
CAN
MAY
IMPERATIVE
If you FEEL tired, we CAN PUT you UP here.
If you STAY longer, you MAY MEET our manager.
If you NEED further information, please DO NOT HESITATE to contact us.
Nella frase subordinata in alternativa al SIMPLE PRESENT si può usare il verbo modale.....
SHOULD
If it SHOULD RAIN heavily, the match WILL BE CALLED OFF.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
per parlare di situazioni IMPROBABILI o
IMPOSSIBILI nel PRESENTE o nel FUTURO.
If I WON the lottery, I WOULD BUY a Porsche. improbabile
If I WAS / WERE 2 metres tall, I WOULD PLAY basketball.
Frase subordinata
SIMPLE PAST
THIRD CONDITIONAL
impossibile
Frase principale
WOULD + BASE FORM
per parlare di situazioni IRREALIZZABILI perché riferite al
PASSATO. Si usa spesso per esprimere RIMPIANTI.
If I HAD STUDIED more, I WOULD HAVE PASSED the exam.
Frase subordinata
PAST PERFECT
Frase principale
WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
If I’D STUDIED more, I’D HAVE PASSED the exam.
SECOND and THIRD CONDITIONAL
Nella frase principale in alternativa a WOULD si possono usare altri verbi modali come.....
SHOULD
COULD
MIGHT
If you won the race, you SHOULD thank your trainer.
If he had taken his guitar, he COULD have played with the band.
If she had taken a taxi, she MIGHT have arrived on time.
MIXED CONDITIONALS
If it rains tomorrow, I would stay at home.
SIMPLE PRESENT
WOULD + BASE FORM
1st conditional
2nd conditional
L’ipotesi è reale, ma la frase principale esprime un consiglio.
Se non avessi mangiato troppo ieri, staresti bene ora.
If you hadn’t eaten too much yesterday, you would feel ok now.
PAST PERFECT
3rd conditional
WOULD + BASE FORM
2nd conditional
L’ipotesi è riferita al passato, ma il risultato è riferito al presente.
Se sapessi il tedesco, avrei fatto domanda per quel lavoro.
If I knew German, I would have applied for that job.
SIMPLE PAST
WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
2nd conditional
3rd conditional
L’ipotesi è riferita al presente, ma il risultato è riferito al passato.
Invece di IF la frase subordinata può essere introdotta da:
ZERO and FIRST CONDITIONAL
WHEN
(=quando)
AS SOON AS
(=non appena)
BEFORE
(=prima che)
AFTER
(=dopo che)
UNTIL
(=finché)
UNLESS (=a meno che non, se non)
IN CASE
(=se per caso, caso mai)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
UNLESS
IN CASE
PROVIDING (THAT)
PROVIDING (THAT)
PROVIDED (THAT)
PROVIDED (THAT)
AS LONG AS
(=ammesso che, a patto che)
ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT)
AS LONG AS
ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT)
Unless you ARE very lucky, you WILL never WIN anything at the slot machines.
A meno che tu non sia molto fortunato, non vincerai mai nulla alle slot machine.
CONDITIONALS
If I am in Italy next week, I will call you.
I will call you if I am in Italy next week.
CONDITIONALS
IN FORMAL
LANGUAGE
=FRASI IPOTETICHE
NEL LINGUAGGIO
FORMALE
FIRST CONDITIONAL
If you will wait here, a hostess will attend you as soon as possible.
Double will for polite requests.
If you should need more information, please contact our call centre.
Should you need more information, please contact our call centre.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
I would appreciate it if you would / could hand in the report by Thursday.
Would / Could in the IF-clause for polite formal requests.
If she left the orchestra, she would make a dreadful mistake.
If she were to leave the orchestra, she would make a dreadful mistake.
Were she to leave the orchestra, she would make a dreadful mistake.
If he was / were here tonight, he could explain everything.
Were he here tonight, he could explain everything.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
If they had been more careful, they would not have caused any damage.
Had they been more careful, they would not have caused any damage.
Se la frase subordinata è negativa, non si
usano forme contratte.
If they weren’t here tonight, the atmosphere would be much more relaxed.
Were they not here tonight, the atmosphere would be much more relaxed.
If Mr Parks hadn’t spent so much, they would have granted him a loan.
Had Mr Parks not spent so much, they would have granted him a loan.
WRITING – PART 2
LETTER OR EMAIL
INFORMAL
FORMAL
No postal addresses or date
Dear James,
Salutation
Dear friend,
Dear Mr Wilson,
Dear Sir or Madam,
Dear Ms Wilson,
Dear Manager,
Introduction
Paragraph
Paragraph
Paragraph
Hope to hear from you soon
Best wishes
William
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Close
William Hunt
Yours faithfully,