UNIVERSITY OF DELHI DEPARTMENT OF HINDI SYLLABUS OF COURSES TO BE OFFERED

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
DEPARTMENT OF HINDI
UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME
(Courses effective from Academic Year 2015-16)
SYLLABUS OF COURSES TO BE OFFERED
Core Courses, Elective Courses & Ability Enhancement Courses
Disclaimer: The CBCS syllabus is uploaded as given by the Faculty concerned to the Academic
Council. The same has been approved as it is by the Academic Council on 13.7.2015 and
Executive Council on 14.7.2015. Any query may kindly be addressed to the concerned Faculty.
Undergraduate Programme Secretariat
Preamble
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity,
efficiency and excellence in the Higher Education System of country. The important
measures taken to enhance academic standards and quality in higher education include
innovation and improvements in curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and
evaluation systems, besides governance and other matters.
The UGC has formulated various regulations and guidelines from time to time to improve
the higher education system and maintain minimum standards and quality across the
Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in India. The academic reforms recommended by
the UGC in the recent past have led to overall improvement in the higher education system.
However, due to lot of diversity in the system of higher education, there are multiple
approaches followed by universities towards examination, evaluation and grading system.
While the HEIs must have the flexibility and freedom in designing the examination and
evaluation methods that best fits the curriculum, syllabi and teaching–learning methods,
there is a need to devise a sensible system for awarding the grades based on the
performance of students. Presently the performance of the students is reported using the
conventional system of marks secured in the examinations or grades or both. The
conversion from marks to letter grades and the letter grades used vary widely across the
HEIs in the country. This creates difficulty for the academia and the employers to
understand and infer the performance of the students graduating from different
universities and colleges based on grades.
The grading system is considered to be better than the conventional marks system and
hence it has been followed in the top institutions in India and abroad. So it is desirable to
introduce uniform grading system. This will facilitate student mobility across institutions
within and across countries and also enable potential employers to assess the performance
of students. To bring in the desired uniformity, in grading system and method for
computing the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) based on the performance of
students in the examinations, the UGC has formulated these guidelines.
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS):
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses
comprising core, elective/minor or skill based courses. The courses can be evaluated following the
grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks system. Therefore, it is
necessary to introduce uniform grading system in the entire higher education in India. This will benefit
the students to move across institutions within India to begin with and across countries. The uniform
grading system will also enable potential employers in assessing the performance of the candidates. In
order to bring uniformity in evaluation system and computation of the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in examinations, the UGC has formulated the
guidelines to be followed.
Outline of Choice Based Credit System:
1. Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core requirement
is termed as a Core course.
2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which may
be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study or which
provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain
or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill is called an Elective Course.
2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the main
discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective. The University/Institute
may also offer discipline related Elective courses of interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by
main discipline/subject of study).
2.2 Dissertation/Project: An elective course designed to acquire special/advanced knowledge,
such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate studies such a course
on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member is called dissertation/project.
2.3 Generic Elective (GE) Course: An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated
discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.
P.S.: A core course offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other
discipline/subject and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.
3. Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC)/Competency Improvement Courses/Skill Development
Courses/Foundation Course: The Ability Enhancement (AE) Courses may be of two kinds: AE
Compulsory Course (AECC) and AE Elective Course (AEEC). “AECC” courses are the courses
based upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement. They ((i) Environmental Science, (ii)
English/MIL Communication) are mandatory for all disciplines. AEEC courses are value-based
and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands-on-training, competencies, skills, etc.
3.1 AE Compulsory Course (AECC): Environmental Science, English Communication/MIL
Communication.
3.2 AE Elective Course (AEEC): These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses designed to
provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction.
Project work/Dissertation is considered as a special course involving application of knowledge in
solving / analyzing /exploring a real life situation / difficult problem. A Project/Dissertation work would
be of 6 credits. A Project/Dissertation work may be given in lieu of a discipline specific elective paper.
Details of courses under B.A (Honors), B.Com (Honors) & B.Sc. (Honors)
Course
*Credits
Theory+ Practical
Theory + Tutorial
=================================================================
I. Core Course
(14 Papers)
14X4= 56
14X5=70
14X2=28
14X1=14
4X4=16
4X5=20
4 X 2=8
4X1=4
4X4=16
4X5=20
4 X 2=8
4X1=4
Core Course Practical / Tutorial*
(14 Papers)
II. Elective Course
(8 Papers)
A.1. Discipline Specific Elective
(4 Papers)
A.2. Discipline Specific Elective
Practical/ Tutorial*
(4 Papers)
B.1. Generic Elective/
Interdisciplinary
(4 Papers)
B.2. Generic Elective
Practical/ Tutorial*
(4 Papers)
 Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one Discipline Specific Elective paper (6
credits) in 6th Semester
III. Ability Enhancement Courses
1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory
(2 Papers of 2 credit each)
2 X 2=4
2 X 2=4
Environmental Science
English/MIL Communication
2. Ability Enhancement Elective (Skill Based)
(Minimum 2)
2 X 2=4
2 X 2=4
(2 Papers of 2 credit each)
_________________
Total credit
_________________
140
Institute
should
evolve
a
system/policy
Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/NSS/related courses on its own.
140
about
* wherever there is a practical there will be no tutorial and vice-versa
ECA/
General
3
iz'ui=kksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksxk %
fganh dksj ikB~;Øe (HCC)
• lsesLVj&1 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&1
%
fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh fyfi dk bfrgkl
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&2
%
fganh dfork ¼vkfndky ,oa Hkfädkyhu dkO;½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&3
%
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky vkSj eè;dky½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&4
%
fganh dfork ¼jhfrdkyhu dkO;½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&5
%
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/qfud dky½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&6
%
fganh dfork ¼vk/qfud dky Nk;kokn rd½
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&7
%
fganh dgkuh
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&8
%
Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&9
%
fganh dfork ¼ Nk;kokn ds ckn½
• lsesLVj&2 %
• lsesLVj&3 %
• lsesLVj&4 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&10 %
fgUnh miU;kl
• lsesLVj&5 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&11 %
ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&12 %
fganh ukVd@,dkadh
• lsesLVj&6 %
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&13 %
fgUnh vkykspuk
fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&14 %
fganh fucaèk vkSj vU; x| foèkk,¡
4
fganh lkekU;
(Generic)
,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HGEC)
• lsesLVj 1
1- yksdfiz; lkfgR; vFkok fganh flusek vkSj mldk vè;;u
• lsesLVj 2
2- jpukRed ys[ku vFkok iVdFkk rFkk laokn ys[ku
• lsesLVj 3
3- fganh esa O;kogkfjd vuqokn vFkok Hkk"kk vkSj lekt
• lsesLVj 4
4- fgUnh dk oSf'od ifjn`'; vFkok Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
fganh fo"k; vkèkkfjr ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HDSEC)
• lsesLVj 5
1- fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksd&lkfgR; ijaijk vFkok vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR; vFkok
Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar
• lsesLVj 5
2- fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k vFkok dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k vFkok
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk
• lsesLVj 6
3- yksdukV~; vFkok fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡ vFkok Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u
4- 'kks/&çfof/ vFkok vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in vFkok fganh jaxeap
5
fganh dkS'ky&lao¼Zd ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HSEC)
¼dksbZ nks % d vkSj [k oxZ ls ,d&,d dk p;u½
• lsesLVj 3
(d)
1- foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
2- dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
3- lks'ky ehfM;k
4- vuqokn&dkS'ky
• lsesLVj 4
([k)
1. dk;kZy;h fganh
2. Hkk"kk;h n{krk % le> vkSj laHkk"k.k
3. Hkk"kk vkSj lekt
• ,d vfuok;Z iz'ui=k
%
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk laizs"k.k@vaxzsth
• ,d vfuok;Z iz'ui=k
%
i;kZoj.k foKku
dqy 26 iz'ui=k
1
CBCS
ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ fganh
G. Elective ¼lkekU; ,sfPNd½
lsesLVj&1
(1-3)
(d) yksdfiz; lkfgR;
bdkbZ&1 %
yksdfç; vkSj tufç; lkfgR; dh vo/kj.kk
bdkbZ&2 %
fgUnh ds fryLeh vkSj tklwlh lkfgR; dk lkekftd vk'k;
bdkbZ&3 %
HkkoukRed miU;kl vkSj xqy'ku uUnk] tufç; miU;kl vkSj ;FkkFkZcks/ µ bCus 'kiQh ch,]
tufç; ys[kd vkseçdk'k 'kekZ] lqjsUæ eksgu ikBd vkSj osnçdk'k 'kekZ
bdkbZ&4 %
dfolEesyuh dfork % Lo:i ,oa izeq[k yksdfç; dfo µ cs<c cukjlh] dkdk gkFkjlh
ls vkt rd ds yksdfç; xhrdkj vkSj gkL;dfo
lgk;d xzaFk %
vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;
ledkyhu dfork vkSj lkSan;Zcksèk µ jksfgrk'o
^ik[kh* if=kdk dk vad µ vizSy] 2015
^miU;kl vkSj izfrjksèk* ¹^vfHkuo Hkkjrh* (vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; ds fganh foHkkx dh
'kksèk&if=kdk dk fo'ks"kkad o"kZ&2008)º
fryLeh lkfgR; dk lkezkT;okn&fojksèkh pfj=k µ iznhi lDlsuk
Popular Literature : A History and Guide by Victor E. Neuburg
(The Woburn Press, London, 1977)
2
vFkok
([k) fganh flusek vkSj mldk vè;;u
bdkbZ&1 %
dyk fo/k ds :i esa flusek vkSj mldh lS¼kfUrdh
bdkbZ&2 %
fgUnh flusek % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
bdkbZ&3 %
flusek esa dSejs dh Hkwfedk
bdkbZ&4 %
u;h rduhd vkSj flusek µ lEHkkouk,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
(lanHkZ % eqxys vk”ke] enj bafM;k] nhokj] ihds)
lgk;d xzaFk %
fiQYe funsZ'ku % dqynhi flUgk
fganh flusek dk bfrgkl & eueksgu pM~<k
u;k flusek µ czts'oj enku
Hkkjrh; flus fl¼kar & vuqie vks>k
flusek % dy] vkt] dy µ fouksn Hkkj}kt
fganh flusek ds lkS o"kZ µ izdk'ku foHkkx
fganh flusek ds lkS o"kZ µ izg~ykn vxzoky
jktdiwj % vkèkh gdhdr] vkèkk iQlkuk µ izg~ykn vxzoky
flusek dk tknqbZ liQj µ izrki flag
eksgEen jiQh % iSxEcj&,&ekSfldh µ f”k;k beke
ukS'kkn % ”kjkZ tks vkiQrkc cuk µ f”k;k beke
flusek ds ckjs esa tkosn v[+rj ls ckrphr µ uljhu eqUuh dchj
xq#nÙk µ foey fe=k
lR;thr js µ egsanz feJ
dSejk esjh rhljh vk¡[k µ jkèkw dekZdj
èkquksa dh ;k=kk µ iadt jkx
3
lsesLVj&2
(2-3)
(d) jpukRed ys[ku
bdkbZ&1 %
jpukRed ys[ku % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i ,oa fl¼kar
Hkko ,oa fopkj dh jpuk eas :ikarj.k dh izfØ;k
fofoèk vfHkO;fDr&{ks=k % lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk] foKkiu] fofoèk x| vfHkO;fDr;k¡
tuHkk"k.k vkSj yksdfiz; laLÑfr
ys[ku ds fofoèk :i % ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] x|&i|] dFkkRed&dFksrj] ukV~;&ikB~;
ckyys[ku&izkS<+ys[ku] eqfnzr&bysDVªkWfud vkfnA
bdkbZ&2 % (d) jpukRed ys[ku % Hkk"kk&lanHkZ
vFkZ fufeZfr ds vkèkkj % 'kCnkFkZ&ehekalk] 'kCn ds izkd~&iz;ksx] uO;&iz;ksx] 'kCn dh
O;kdjf.kd dksfV
Hkk"kk dh Hkafxek,¡ % vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] ekud
Hkkf"kd lanHkZ % {ks=kh;] oxZ&lkis{k] lewg&lkis{k
([k) jpukRed ys[ku % jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k
jpuk&lkS"Bo % 'kCn&'kfDr] izrhd] fcEc] vyadj.k vkSj oØrk,¡
bdkbZ&3 %
fofoèk foèkkvksa dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dk O;kogkfjd vè;;u
(d)
dfork % laosnuk] dkO;:i] Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] Nan] y;] xfr vkSj rqd
([k)
dFkklkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa foe'kZ
(x)
ukV~;lkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa jaxdeZ
4
(?k)
fofoèk x|&foèkk,¡ % fucaèk] laLej.k] O;aX; vkfn
(M-) ckylkfgR; dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk
bdkbZ&4
lwpuk&ra=k ds fy, ys[ku
fizaV ekè;e % iQhpj&ys[ku] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar] lk{kkRdkj] iqLrd&leh{kk vkfnA
bysDVªkWfud ekè;e % jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] fiQYe iVdFkk ys[ku] Vsyhfotu iVdFkk ys[kuA
lgk;d xazFk %
lkfgR; fparu % jpukRed vk;ke µ j?kqoa'k
'kSyh µ jkepanz feJ
jpukRed ys[ku µ laik- jes'k xkSre
dyk dh t:jr µ vULVZ fiQ'kj] vuq- jes'k mikè;k;
lkfgR; dk lkSan;Zfparu µ johanzukFk JhokLro
l`tu'khyrk vkSj lksan;Zcksèk µ fu'kk vxzoky
dfork&jpuk&izfØ;k µ dqekj foey
ledkyhu dfork esa Nan µ vKs;
dfork ls lk{kkRdkj µ ey;t
dfork D;k gS µ fo'oukFkizlkn frokjh
,d dfo dh uksVcqd µ jkts'k tks'kh
fganh lkfgR; dk Nan&foospu µ xkSjh'kadj feJ f}tsanz
vyadkj&èkkj.kk % fodkl vkSj fo'ys"k.k µ 'kksHkkdkar feJ
miU;kl dh lajpuk µ xksiky jk;
miU;kl l`tu dh leL;k,¡ µ 'ke'ksjflag u:yk
fganh dgkuh dk 'kSyh foKku µ cSdqaBukFk Bkdqj
5
jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj
i=kdkjh ys[ku ds vk;ke µ euksgj izHkkdj
ltZd dk eu µ uanfd'kksj vkpk;Z
'kCn&'kfDr foospu µ jkey[ku 'kqDy
jkbfVax fØ,fVo fiQD'ku µ ,p-vkj-,iQ- dhfVax
6
vFkok
([k) iVdFkk rFkk laokn ys[ku
bdkbZ&1 %
iVdFkk vo/kj.kk vkSj Lo:i
bdkbZ&2 %
iQhpj fiQYe] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgd] dgkuh] ,oa MkWD;wesaVªh dh iVdFkk
bdkbZ&3 %
laokn lS¼kfUrdh vkSj lajpuk
bdkbZ&4 %
iQhpj fiQYe] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgd] dgkuh] ,oa MkWD;wesaVªh dk laokn&ys[ku
lgk;d xzaFk %
iVdFkk ys[ku µ euksgj ';ke tks'kh
Vsyhfo”ku ys[ku µ vlxj o”kkgr] izHkkr jatu
dFkk&iVdFkk µ eUuw HkaMkjh
jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj
iQhpj ys[ku µ euksgj izHkkdj
7
lsesLVj&3
(3-4)
(d) fganh esa O;kogkfjd vuqokn
bdkbZ&1
1.
Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`'; vkSj vuqokn dk egÙo
2.
vuqokn dk Lo:i (Nature of Translation)
3.
vuqokn ds midj.k µ dks'k xzaFk
4.
vuqokn&izfØ;k
bdkbZ&2
1.
iz;qfDr dh vo/kj.kk_ fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=k
2.
fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r lkexzh ds vuqokn dh lkekU; leL;k,¡
3.
fofHkUu iz;qfDr {ks=kksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
4.
vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,¡
bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 1 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)
1.
ltZukRed lkfgR;
2.
Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;
3.
lkekftd foKku
bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 2 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)
1.
tulapkj
2.
iz'kklfud vuqokn
3.
caSfdax vuqokn
4.
fof/ vuqokn
8
lgk;d xzaFk %
MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn foKku % fl¼kar vkSj vuqiz;ksx
jkekyq jsM~Mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar
gsepanz ikaMs µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kaar dh vksj)
gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kZy; iznhfidk
fot; dqekj eYgks=kk µ dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx
lqjs'k flagy µ l`tukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn
uxhu panz lgxy µ dkO;kuqokn % fl¼kar vkSj leL;k,¡
foeys'k dkafr oekZ (laik-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad] Hkkjrh; vuqokn ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh
foeys'k dkafr oekZ µ vuqokn vkSj rRdky Hkk"kkarj.k
NIDA, E – The Theory & Practice of Translation
NIDA, E – Language, Structure & Translation
Baker, Mona – Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation
House, Juliance – Translation Evaluation
Wilks, Vorick – Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits
Baker, H. – Translation & Interpreting
Mossop, B – Revising and Editing for translators
Munday, J – Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications
Munday, J – The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies
Raghubir – Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary
R.S. Mc Gregor – Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary
Hardeo Bahari – English-Hindi Dictionary
9
vFkok
([k) Hkk"kk vkSj lekt
bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr
• Hkk"kk vkSj lekt dk varl±ca/
• Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj
• lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mldk Lo:i
• Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=k
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk vkSj Hkkf"kd leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkrh;rk
• f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj cgqHkkf"kdrk (fiftu o fØ;ksy)
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj
• Hkk"kk vkSj oxZ
• O;fDr] lekt vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ
• Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj ts.Mj
• Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk losZ{k.k % Lo:i vkSj izfof/
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk fo'ys"k.k
• Hkk"kk ds uohu iz;ksx
lgk;d xzaFk
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
10
fganh Hkk"kk fparu µ fnyhi flag
Hkk"kk dk lalkj µ fnyhi flag
vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;
Socio Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Society -- Peter Trudgill
Socio Linguistics -- R.A. Hudson
An Introduction to Socio Linguistics – Ronald Wordhaugh
The Shadow of Language – George Yule
11
lsesLVj&4
(4-4)
(d) fganh dk oSf'od ifjn`';
bdkbZ&1 %
oS'ohdj.k] Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj lkfgR;
bdkbZ&2 %
fganh dk fo'o&lUnHkZ] la;qDr jk"Vª esa fganh
bdkbZ&3 %
fganh flusek vkSj fganh dh nqfu;k % lkaL—frd laokn o lEçs"k.k
bdkbZ&4 %
varjkZ"Vªh; fganh lEeysu % ”k:jr vkSj Hkwfedk] 21oha lnh esa fganh dh oSf'od pqukSfr;k¡
lgk;d xzaFk
izoklh fganh lkfgR; µ dey fd'kksj xks;udk
ekWjh'kl dk fganh lkfgR; µ ohj flag] tkxk flag
ekWjh'kl dk fganh lkfgR; µ equh'oj fparkef.k
lwjhuke fganqLrkuh µ Hkkouk lDlsuk
iQh”kh dk ltZukRed lkfgR; µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
lwjhuke dk ltZukRed fganh lkfgR; µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
iQh”kh esa fganh % Lo:i vkSj fodkl µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
12
vFkok
([k) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk
• Hkk"kk f'k{k.k % vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';
• Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk jk"Vªh;] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd vkSj Hkkf"kd lanHkZ
• f'k{k.k] izf'k{k.k] vtZu vkSj vf/xe
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dh vk/kjHkwr ladYiuk,¡ (ts-,l- czwuj] okbZxksRLdh] fgyxkMZ] fi;kts)
• izFke Hkk"kk] ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk vU; Hkk"kk (f}rh; ,oa fons'kh) dh ladYiuk
• ekr`Hkk"kk] f}rh; Hkk"kk vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa varj
• lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V iz;kstu ds fy, Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
bdkbZ&3 % fganh f'k{k.k
• Hkk"kk dkS'ky&Jo.k] Hkk"k.k] okpu] ys[ku
• fganh dk ekr`Hkk"kk ds :i esa f'k{k.k (Ldwyh f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk] nwjLFk f'k{kk)
• f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh f'k{k.k
• fons'kh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu
• Hkk"kk ijh{k.k dh ladYiuk
• Hkk"kk ewY;kadu dh ladYiuk
• Hkk"kk ijh{k.k ds fofo/ izdkj
• ewY;kadu ds izdkj
13
lgk;d xzaFk
Hkk"kk f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro
vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds dqN i{k µ laik- vej cgknqj flag
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k rFkk Hkk"kkfoKku µ laik- czts'oj oekZ
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ y{ehukjk;.k 'kekZ
fganh f'k{k.k % varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk] lwjtHkku flag
fganh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ HkksykukFk frokjh
vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku µ laik- johanzukFk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh] Ñ".kdqekj xksLokeh
Focus Group Papers on Teaching of Indian Languages : NCERT, 2005
1
HCC
lsesLVj&1
(1-1)
HCC-1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh fyfi dk bfrgkl
bdkbZ&1 % fganh Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh iwoZihfBdk
• Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk&ifjokj ,oa vFkZHkk"kk,¡ (laLÑr] ikfy] izkÑr] viHkza'k vkfn)
• fganh dk vkjafHkd :i
• ^fganh* 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa iz;ksx
• fganh dk fodkl (vkfndky] eè;dky] vk/qfuddky)
bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk dk {ks=k ,oa foLrkj
• fganh Hkk"kk % {ks=k ,oa cksfy;k¡
• fganh ds fofo/ :i (cksypky dh Hkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk] laidZ&Hkk"kk] lapkj Hkk"kk)
• fganh dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i
• fganh dk varjkZ"Vªh; lanHkZ
bdkbZ&3 % fyfi dk bfrgkl
• Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi dk var%laca/
• ifjHkk"kk] Lo:i ,oa vko';drk
• fyfi ds vkjafHkd :i (fp=kfyfi] Hkkofyfi] èofu&fyfi)
• Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl
bdkbZ&4 % nsoukxjh fyfi
• nsoukxjh fyfi dk ifjp; ,oa fodkl
• nsoukxjh fyfi dk ekudhdj.k
• vkn'kZ fyfi ds xq.k vkSj nsoukxjh fyfi dh fo'ks"krk,¡
• nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj dEI;wVj
2
lgk;d xzaFk
fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ
Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jkecfy ik.Ms; (yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku)
fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy
fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
3
lsesLVj&1
(1-2)
HCC&2
% fganh dfork ¼vkfndkyhu ,oa Hkfädkyhu dkO;½
ikB&lkexzh
bdkbZ&1 (d) vehj [kqljks µ vehj [kqljks (O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo) MkWñ ijekuan ikapky
dOokyh µ ?k (1)
xhr µ M- (4) (13)
nksgs µ p (i`"B 86)_ 5 nksgs
(1)
xksjh yksus
(2)
[kqljks jSu
(3)
ns[k eSa
(4)
pdok pdoh
(5)
lst lwuh
([k) fo|kifr µ fo|kifr dh inkoyh] laik- vkpk;Z Jhjkeykspu 'kj.k
oanuk & 1 jk/k dh oanuk
JhÑ".k dk izse & 35 (izse&izlax)
jk/k dk izse & 36
bdkbZ&2 (d) dchjnkl & dchj xzaFkkoyh] laik- MkW- ekrk izlkn xqIr
(yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku_ izFke laLdj.k_ iQjojh] 1969)
lk¡p dkS vax (lk[kh 2] 16)
/eZ fo|kSl.k dkS vax (1] 10)
Hks"k dkS vax (2] 12)
Lk/k lk"khHkwr dkS vax (3] 4)
Lkjxzkgh dkS vax (3]4)
laxzFkkbZ dkS vax (9)
µ in la[;k 64 µ dkgs jh ufyuh - - µ in la[;k 66 µ vc dk d:¡ - - ([k) ea>u µ ea>u&Ñr ^e/qekyrh*_ laik- ekrk izlkn xqIr
4
u[k&f’k[k o.kZu
1- ds'k o.kZu (79)
2- ukfldk o.kZu (83)
3- v/j o.kZu (87)
4- vfrl:i - - - (94)
5- f=kcyh o.kZu (97)
bdkbZ&3 (d) lwjnkl % lwjlkxj lkj % èkhjsUnz oekZ_ (lkfgR; Hkou (izk-) fyfeVsM] thjks jksM]
bykgkckn&211003_ v"Ve laLdj.k lu~ 1990)
in la[;k µ
25 (esjks eu vur - - -) fou; rFkk HkfDr
7 (tlksnk gfj ikyus - - -) xksdqy&yhyk
18 ('kksfHkr dj - - - ) xksdqy&yhyk
141 (mQ/ks eu ekus - - -) m¼o&lans'k
1 ([ksyr gfj fudls - - -) jk/k&Ñ".k
158 (vfr eyhu - - -) m¼o&lans'k
([k) ehjk¡ckbZ dh inkoyh (laik- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] fganh lkfgR; lEesyu_ iz;kx]
ckblok¡ laLdj.k 2008 bZ-)
in la[;k µ 5 (rud gfj fprok¡ - - -)
14 (vkyh jh Egkjs - - -)
19 (ekbZ lk¡ojs j¡x jk¡ph - - -)
22 (ekbZ jh Egk fu;k¡ - - -)
36 (ix ck¡/k ?kw¡?kj~;k¡ - - -)
70 (gsjh Egk rks njn fnok¡.kh - - -)
bdkbZ&4
xksLokeh rqylhnkl (Jhjkepfjrekl] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj_ laLdj.k 2052_
pkSgÙkjok¡ laLdj.k)
5
(nksgk la[;k 26 ls nksgk la[;k 31 rd)
iw¡N cq>kb [kksb Je - - - Hkqtcy [ky ny thfrAA
fou;if=kdk (xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj_ laLdj.k la[;k 2055)
in la[;k 105] 111] 162
dforkoyh (xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] laLdj.k la[;k 2052_ NÙkhlok¡ laLdj.k)
µ ckydkaM µ Nan la[;k&1
µ v;ksè;kdkaM µ Nan la[;k 22
& mÙkjdkaM µ Nan la[;k 96] 106
lgk;d xzaFk %
dchj & gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
lwjnkl & jkepanz 'kqDy
HkfDr vkanksyu vkSj lwjnkl dk dkO; & eSustj ik.Ms;
xksLokeh rqylhnkl & jkepanz 'kqDy
fganh lwiQhdkO; dh Hkwfedk & jkeiwtu frokjh
dchj dh fopkjèkkjk & xksfoan f=kxq.kk;r
dchj & laik- fot;sanz Lukrd
lwj vkSj mudk lkfgR; & gjoa'kyky 'kekZ
lwjnkl & czts'oj oekZ
fuxqZ.k dkO; esa ukjh µ vfuy jk;
rqylh&dkO;&ehekalk & mn;Hkkuq flag
eè;;qxhu izsek[;kud & ';ke euksgj ik.Ms;
lwiQh dfork dh igpku & ;'k xqykVh
ehjk % thou vkSj dkO; & lh-,y- izHkkr
vkykspuk dk u;k ikB % xksis'oj flag
ehjk dk dkO; % MkW- fo'oukFk f=kikBh
jk"Vªh; ,drk] orZeku leL;k,¡ vkSj HkfDr lkfgR; % dSyk'k ukjk;.k frokjh
eè;dkyhu Ñ".k *dkO; dh lkSan;Zpsruk* % iwjupan VaMu
6
lsesLVj&2
(2-1)
HCC-3
% fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky vkSj eè;dky½
bdkbZ&1 % fganh lkfgR; % bfrgkl&ys[ku
• fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl&ys[ku dh ijaijk dk ifjp;
• fganh lkfgR; % dky&foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k
bdkbZ&2 % vkfndky
• vkfndky dk jktuhfrd] lkekftd lkaLÑfrd] ifjos'k vkSj lkfgfR;d i`‘BHkwfe
• fl¼ lkfgR;] ukFk lkfgR;] tSu lkfgR;
• jklks dkO;
• ykSfdd lkfgR;
bdkbZ&3 % HkfDrdky (iwoZeè;dky)
• HkfDr&vkanksyu vkSj mldk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i
• HkfDr lkfgR; dh nk'kZfud i`"BHkwfe
• HkfDrdky dh /kjk,¡ %
(1)
fuxqZ.k /kjk (KkukJ;h 'kk[kk] izseekxhZ lwiQh 'kk[kk)
(2)
lxq.k /kjk (jkeHkfDr 'kk[kk] Ñ".kHkfDr 'kk[kk)
(3)
vU; dkO;
bdkbZ&4 % jhfrdky (mÙkj eè;dky)
• ;qxhu&i`"BHkwfe (jktuhfrd] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&vkfFkZd ifjos'k] lkfgR; ,oa laxhr vkfn dykvksa
dh fLFkfr)
• dkO;&izo`fÙk;k¡
(1)
jhfrc¼ vkSj jhfrfl¼
7
(2)
jhfreqDr dkO;
(3)
ohjdkO;] HkfDrdkO;] uhfrdkO;
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
fganh lkfgR; dk vrhr µ vkpk;Z fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh
fganh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ laik- uxsUnz
fganh lkfgR; dk vfndky µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
lkfgR; dk bfrgkl n'kZu µ ufyu foykspu 'kekZ
lkfgR; vkSj bfrgkl n`f"V µ eSustj ikaMs;
eè;dkyhu lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Zcksèk µ eqds'k xxZ
HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lkekftd vk/kj µ laik- xksis'oj flag
vkfndkyhu fganh lkfgR; % vè;;u dh fn'kk,¡ % laik- vfuy jk;
8
lsesLVj&2
(2-2)
HCC-4 : fganh
dfork ¼jhfrdkyhu dkO;½
ikB&lkexzh
bdkbZ&1
1.
ds'konkl µ
dfofiz;k (fiz;k izdk'k] yk- Hkxokunhu)
Nan la[;k µ
rhljk izHkko (1] 2] 4] 5)
ik¡pok¡ izHkko (1] 10)
NBk izHkko (56] 66] 69)
2.
jghe (vCnqjZghe [kku[kkuk¡) µ jghe xzaFkkoyh] laiknd % fo|kfuokl feJ] xksfoan jtuh'k
nksgkoyh µ Nan la[;k 38] 49] 87] 126] 130] 166] 167] 175] 180] 212] 220] 222
bdkbZ&2
3.
fcgkjh µ fcgkjh&jRukdj % iz.ksrk Jh txUukFknkl ^jRukdj*] f'kokyk] okjk.klh
Nan la[;k µ 1] 62] 103] 127] 128] 143] 180] 347] 363] 388
bdkbZ&3
4.
?kukuan µ ?kukuan (xzaFkkoyh)_ laik- fo'oukFk izlkn feJ_ ok.kh forku_ cukjl&1
lqtkufgr (1] 4] 7] 18] 19] 38] 41] 49] 54)
bdkbZ&4 (d)
5.
Hkw"k.k µ f'koHkw"k.k rFkk izdh.kZ jpuk] fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
Nan la[;k µ 50] 104] 411] 420] 443] 512] 515
bdkbZ&4 ([k)
6.
fxfj/j dfojk; µ fxfj/j dfojk; xzaFkkoyh_ laik- MkW- fd'kksjhyky xqIr
Nan la[;k 11] 16] 36] 70] 71] 89] 99
9
lgk;d xzaFk %
nso vkSj mudh dfork µ uxsanz
fcgkjh µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
Hkw"k.k µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
fxfjèkj dfojk; (xzaFkkoyh) & la- fd'kksjhyky xqIr
?kukuan vkSj LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk & euksgjyky xkSM+
jhfrdkO; dh Hkwfedk & uxsanz
dfooj fcgkjhyky vkSj mudk ;qx & j.kèkhj izlkn flUgk
Hkw"k.k vkSj mudk lkfgR; & jktey cksjk
fganh uhfrdkO; dk Lo:i fodkl & jkeLo:i 'kkL=kh
fganh lkfgR; dk mÙkjeè;dky % jhfrdky & egsanz dqekj
fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] Hkkx&6 & laik- uxsanz
f}tnso vkSj mudk dkO; & vafcdkizlkn oktis;h
?kukuan xzaFkkoyh & fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
lusg dks ekjx & bejS ca?kk
vk;kZ lIr'krh vkSj fcgkjh lrlbZ dk rqyukRed vè;;u & dSyk'k ukjk;.k frokjh
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky ls jhfrdky rd½ & iwjupan VaMu
10
lsesLVj&3
(3-1)
HCC-5 : fganh
lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/qfud dky½
bdkbZ&1
• eè;dkyhu cksèk rFkk vkèkqfud cksèk (laØe.k dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ uotkxj.k vkSj Hkkjrsanq) uotkxj.k dh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj Hkkjrsanq ;qx
• egkohj izlkn f}osnh % fganh i=kdkfjrk vkSj [kM+h cksyh vkanksyu
• Lokèkhurk vkanksyu vkSj uotkxj.kdkyhu&psruk dk mRd"kZ
bdkbZ&2
• ukVd] fucaèk vkSj vkykspuk
• dFkk lkfgR;
• ukVd
• fucaèk vkSj vU; x| fo/k,¡
• vkykspuk
bdkbZ&3
• Nk;kokn vkSj mÙkj Nk;kokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• mÙkj Nk;kokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• izxfrokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• iz;ksxokn % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
• u;h dfork % ifjos'k vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡
bdkbZ&4
• lkBksÙkjh dfork] uoxhr] uosa n'kd dh dfork] ledkyhu dfork
• ledkyhu dFkk lkfgR; % miU;kl vkSj dgkuh
• vkykspuk vkSj vU; x|&:i
11
• vfLerk foe'kZ µ nfyr] L=kh
lgk;d xzaFk
vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh izo`fÙk;k¡ µ ukeoj flag
HkkjrsUnq vkSj fganh uotkxj.k dh leL;k,¡ µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
fganh dk x| lkfgR; & jkepanz frokjh
fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh
vkèkqfud lkfgR; µ uannqykjs oktis;h
Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag
rkjlIrd (igyk laLdj.k vkSj nwljk laLdj.k) vkSj nwljk lIrd dh Hkwfedk,¡ µ laik- vKs;
fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & jktsUnz xkSre
ledkyhu fganh dfork µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ laik- uxsUnz
fganh ukVd % ubZ ij[k & laik- jes'k xkSre
egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj fganh uotkxj.k µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
12
lsesLVj&3
(3-2)
HCC-6 :
fganh dfork ¼vk/qfud dky Nk;kokn rd½
bdkbZ&1
1- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
bdkbZ&2
2- t;'kadj izlkn
bdkbZ&3
3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk
bdkbZ&4
4- jke/kjh flag fnudj
5- lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku
jpuk,¡ %
1- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
µ ;'kks/jk (pqus gq, va'k)
fl¼kFkZ
egkfHkfu"Øe.k
l[kh os eq>ls dgdj tkrs - - - 5] 6] 7] 8] 9
vc dBksj] gks otzknfi - - - 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 14
ekfufu] eku rtks yks] jgh rqEgkjh cku
nhu u gks xksih
2- t;'kadj izlkn µ mB&mB jh y?kq] e/qi xquxquk dj] rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa dk cpiu] vjs dgha
ns[kk gS rqeus] vjh o#.kk dh “kkar dNkj] ys py eq>s Hkqykok nsdj] v'kksd dh
fpark
13
3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk µ laè;klqUnjh] ckny jkx % Ng] og rksM+rh iRFkj] [ksr tksr dj ?kj vk, gSa]
cka/ks u uko] Lusg fu>Zj] oj ns] eSa vdsyk@ns[krk gw¡ vk jgh esjs thou dh
lkaè; csyk] nqfjr nwj djks ukFk] v'kj.k gw¡ xgks gkFk
4- jke/kjh flag fnudj µ
^jf'ejFkh* % rhljs lxZ ls Ñ".k&d.kZ laokn
5- lqHknzkdqekjh pkSgku µ
Bqdjk nks ;k I;kj djks] ohjksa dk dSlk gks clUr] eqj>k;k iQwy] esjs ifFkd]
>k¡lh dh jkuh dh lekfèk ij] vuks[kk nku] ckfydk
lgk;d xzaFk
t;'kadj izlkn & uannqykjs oktis;h
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % iquewZY;kadu & uxsanz
fujkyk dh lkfgR;&lkèkuk & jkefoykl 'kekZ
;qxpkj.k fnudj & lkfo=kh flUgk
fgUnh LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk & izse'kadj
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % izklafxdrk ds var%lw=k & Ñ".knÙk ikyhoky
t;'kadj izlkn & izse'kadj
vudgk fujkyk & vk- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh
fujkyk % vkRegark vkLFkk & nwèkukFk flag
fujkyk dkO; dh Nfo;k¡ & uanfd'kksj uoy
jkeèkkjh flag fnudj & fot;sanz ukjk;.k flag
Nk;kokn & ukeoj flag
=k;h (izlkn] fujkyk vkSj iar) & vk- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh
vkèkqfud fganh dfork esa fcac&foèkku & dsnkjukFk flag
n`f"Vikr & jktsUnz xkSre
^dYiuk* dk ^moZ'kh*&fookn & laik- xksis'oj flag
mÙkjNk;koknh dkO;Hkk"kk & gfjeksgu 'kekZ
14
lsesLVj&3
(3-3)
HCC-7 : fganh
dgkuh
bdkbZ&1
1- mlus dgk Fkk
2- iwl dh jkr
3- NksVk tknwxj
&
&
&
panz/j 'kekZ xqysjh
izsepan
izlkn
bdkbZ&2
4- iktsc
5- rhljh dle
6- phiQ dh nkor
&
&
&
tSusUnz oqQekj
iQ.kh”ojukFk js.kq
Hkh’e lkguh
bdkbZ&3
7- ifjUns
8- nksigj dk Hkkstu
9- flDdk cny x;k
&
&
&
fueZy oekZ
vejdkar
d`’.kk lkscrh
bdkbZ&4
10- taxy tkrde~
11- okilh
12- ?kqliSfB;s
&
&
&
dk”khukFk flag
m"kk fiz;aonk
vkseizdk”k ckYehfd
lgk;d xazFk
ladfyr fucaèk & ufyu foykspu 'kekZ
^,d nqfu;k lekukUrj* & jktsUnz ;kno
^dgkuh % ubZ dgkuh* ukeoj flag
ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk & deys”oj
fganh dgkuh dk bfrgkl & xksiky jk;
15
fganh dgkuh % varjax igpku & jkenj'k feJ
fganh dgkuh dh jpuk&izfØ;k µ ijekuan JhokLro
viuh ckr µ Hkh"e lkguh
ubZ dgkuh % lanHkZ vkSj izÑfr & nsoh'kadj voLFkh
izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ
lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag
dqN dgkfu;k¡ % dqN fopkj & fo'oukFk f=kikBh
dFkkohFkh µ gfjeksgu “kekZ vkSj jktsUnz xkSre
fganh dgkuh dk igyk n'kd µ laik- Hkonso ik.Ms;
fganh dgkuh dk fodkl µ eèkqjs'k
geliQjukek µ Lo;a izdk'k
le; vkSj lkfgR; µ fot; eksgu flag
fganh dgkuh % izfØ;k vkSj ikB µ lqjsanz pkSèkjh
16
lsesLVj&4
(4-1)
HCC-8 :
Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k
bdkbZ&1
1- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh ijaijk (vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu ls iafMrjkt txUukFk rd)
2- dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] dkO;&iz;kstu
bdkbZ&2
3- jl % Lo:i vkSj y{k.k] jl ds vax rFkk jl ds Hksn
4- 'kCn&'kfDr;k¡
5- xq.k ,oa nks"k % y{k.k vkSj Hksn
bdkbZ&3
6- vyadkj % y{k.k vkSj Hksn
“kCnkuqizkl % vuqizkl] ;ed] 'ys"k] oØksfDrA
vFkZ'kCnkuqizkl % miek] :id] vig~uqfr] mRizs{kk] vfr'k;ksfDr] fun'kZuk] O;frjsd] fojks/kHkkl]
foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDr] vR;qfDrA
7- NUn
(d) leof.kZd µ Hkqtaxiz;kr] nzqrfoyfEcr] f'k[kfj.kh] 'kknwZyfoØhfM+r] loS;k (Hksn lfgr)] ?kuk{kjhA
([k) leekf=kd µ mYykyk] pkSikbZ] jksyk] gfjxhfrdkA
(x) v¼Z&leekf=kd µ cjoS] nksgk] lksjBk
(?k) fo"ke leekf=kd µ dqaMfy;k] NIi;A
bdkbZ&4
8- dkO;&:i % n`';dkO; (:id) ,oa mi:id] JO;dkO; % i|] x|] pEiw] izca/ ,oa eqDrd
17
lgk;d xzaFk
dkO; niZ.k
jl ehekalk
dkO; ehekalk
jl&fl¼kar
lkfgR;&lgpj
Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k % lqcksèk foospu
dkO;rÙo foe'kZ
fl¼kar vkSj vè;;u
lkfgR;&fl¼kar
dkO; ds rÙo
dkO;'kkL=k
lk/kj.khdj.k vkSj dkO;kLokn
lkfgR; dk Lo:i
Hkkjrh; vkykspuk'kkL=k
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
jkenfgu feJ
vkpk;Z jkepan 'kqDy
rh-u- Jhd.BSÕ;k
uxsUnz
vk- gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
lR;nso pkSèkjh
jkeewfrZ f=kikBh
ckcw xqykcjk;
jkevoèk f}osnh
nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ
HkxhjFk feJ
jktsUnz xkSre
fuR;kuan frokjh
jktoa'k lgk; ^ghjk*
18
lsesLVj&4
(4-2)
HCC-9 :
bdkbZ&1
fganh dfork ¼Nk;kokn ds ckn½
(d) vKs; % dyxh cktjs dh] ;g nhi vdsyk] lkezkKh dk uSos|nku] lkai &&lzksr% pquh
gqbZ dfork,a] vKs;] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkÅl] fnYyh
([k) ukxktqZu % vdky vkSj mlds ckn] xqykch pwfM+;ka] flanwj fryfdr Hkky]
mudks ç.kke] &&lzksr % çfrfuf/ dfork,a (ukxktqZu)] laik- ukeoj flag_ jktdey] fnYyh
bdkbZ&2
(d) j?kqohj lgk; % Lok/hu O;fä] vf/uk;d] jkenkl] vkidh g¡lh]
&&lzksr % j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh] Hkkx&1] laik- lqjs'k 'kekZ] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh
([k) dsnkjukFk flag % lqbZ vkSj rkxs ds chp esa] lzksr % ;gka ls ns[kks] jk/k—".k çdk'ku]
fnYyh_ ikuh dh çkFkZuk] lewgxku] cfyZu dh VwVh nhokj dks ns[kdj] lzksr % rkyLrkW; vkSj
lkbfdy] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh
bdkbZ&3
(d) /wfey % eksphjke] &&lzksr % laln ls lM+d rd] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh
([k) 'kaHkqukFk flag % ixMaMh &&lzksr % uoxhr v¼Z'krh] ijkx çdk'ku] fnYyh_ ns'k gSa
ge jkt/kuh ugha] ikl vkuk euk nwj tkuk euk] eu dk vkdk'k mM+k tk jgk
&&lzksr % oä dh ehukj ij] ijkx izdk'ku fnYyh
bdkbZ&4
(d) jkts'k tks'kh µ cPps dke ij tk jgs gSa] ekjs tk,ax]s vkneh ds ckjs esa] mldh
x`gLFkh (usiF; esa galh ,oa nks iafDr;ksa ds chp ls)
([k) v#.k dey µ u;s bykds esa] mèkj ds pksj] viuh dsoy èkkj] nsoHkk"kk
lgk;d xzaFk
dfork ds u, izfreku & ukeoj flag
u;h dfork vkSj vfLrRookn & jkefoykl 'kekZ
vkèkqfud fganh dfork & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh
ledkyhu dfork dk ;FkkFkZ & ijekuan JhokLro
ledkyhu dkO;&;k=kk & uUnfd”kksj uoy
dfork dh tehu vkSj tehu dh dfork & ukeoj flag
ledkyhu fganh dfork & johanz Hkzej
19
mÙkjNk;koknh dkO;Hkk"kk & gfjeksgu 'kekZ
lqUnj dk LoIu & viwokZuUn
ledkyhurk vkSj lkfgR; & jkts'k tks'kh
vk/qfud dfork&;k=kk & jkeLo:i prqosZnh
vKs; lkfgR; % iz;ksx vkSj ewY;kadu & dsnkj 'kekZ
fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & jktsanz xkSre
fganh uoxhr&;qxhu lanHkZ & jkeukjk;.k iVsy
u;h dfork vkSj mldk ewY;kadu & lqjs'kpanz lgy
vkykspuk dk u;k ikB µ xksis'oj flag
u;h dfork ds izfreku µ y{ehdkar oekZ
NBok¡ n'kd µ fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh
20
lsesLVj&4
(4-3)
HCC-10 : fganh
bdkbZ&1
bdkbZ&2
bdkbZ&3
bdkbZ&4
%
%
%
%
miU;kl
izsepan
tSusUnz
;'kiky
eUuw HkaMkjh
%
%
%
%
deZHkwfe
lquhrk
fnO;k
vkidk caVh
lgk;d xzaFk
izsepUn % miU;kl lEcU/h fucU/ (^fofo/ izlax Hkkx&3*)
izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
miU;kl vkSj yksdthou µ jkWYIkQ iQkWDl
fganh miU;kl µ laik- Hkh"e lkguh Hkxorh izlkn funkfj;k
dFkk le; esa rhu geliQj µ fueZyk tSu
fganh miU;kl ,d var;kZ=kk µ jkenj'k feJ
izsepan % ,d foospu µ banzukFk enku
miU;kl dk mn; µ b;ku okWV
miU;kl ds igyw µ bZ-,e-iQksLVj
fofoèk izlax µ izsepan
dye dk flikgh µ ve`r jk;
dFkk foospuk vkSj x| f'kYi µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
vkLFkk vkSj lkSan;Z µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
izsepan µ laik- MkW- lR;sUnz
l`tu'khyrk dk ladV µ fuR;kuan frokjh
fganh miU;kl µ laik- ukeoj flag
vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;
21
lsesLVj&5
(5-1)
HCC-11 : ik’pkR;
dkO;'kkL=k
bdkbZ&1
¼d½ vjLrw & vuqdj.k&lacèa kh ekU;rk] fojspu] =kklnh foospu
¼[k½ yksatkbul & mnkÙk&lacèa kh ekU;rk
bdkbZ&2
¼d½ dkWyfjt & dfork vkSj dkO;&Hkk"kk lacaèkh ekU;rk] dYiuk&fln~èkkar
¼[k½ Vh-,l- bfy;V & ijaijk vkSj oS;fDrd izKk] fuosZ;fDrd dkO; dk fln~èkkar] oLrqfu"B
lg&lacaèk
bdkbZ&3
lkekU; ifjp; % LoPNanrkokn] ;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn
bdkbZ&4
fcEc] izrhd] folaxfr] foMEcuk] iQSaVslh] feFkd
lgk;d xzaFk %
lkfgR; fl¼kUr
&
jkevoèk f}osnh
lkfgR; fl¼kUr
&
jsusosyd vkWfLVu okjsu (vuqokn)
ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k
&
nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ
fganh lkfgR; dks'k
&
laik- èkhjsUnz oekZ
fpUrkef.k
&
vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
vkLFkk ds pj.k
&
uxsanz
dfork ds u;s izfreku
&
ukeoj flag
ik'pkR; lkfgR;&fparu
&
fueZyk tSu
22
fganh vkykspuk ds cht 'kCn &
cPpu flag
,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh
&
eqfDrcksèk
vkykspuk ls vkxs
&
lqèkh'k ipkSjh
feFkdh; voèkkj.kk vkSj ;FkkFkZ &
jes'k xkSre
lsesLVj&5
(5-2)
HCC-12 : fgUnh
bdkbZ&1
bdkbZ&2
bdkbZ&3
bdkbZ&4
%
%
%
%
ukVd@,dkadh
Hkkjr nqnZ'kk & HkkjrsUnq
/zqoLokfeuh & t;'kadj izlkn
cdjh
& loZs'oj n;ky lDlsuk
nhinku
& jkedqekj oekZ
LVªkbd
& Hkqous'oj
lw[kh Mkyh & misUnzukFk v'd
rhu vikfgt & fofiu dqekj vxzoky
lgk;d xzaFk
ukVddkj Hkkjrsanq dh jax&ifjdYiuk & lR;sanz rustk
vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap & laik- usfepan tSu
fganh ,dkadh dh f'kYifofèk dk fodkl & fl¼ukFk dqekj
fganh ukVd % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ n'kjFk vks>k
fganh ds izrhd ukVd & jes'k xkSre
fgUnh ukVdksa esa fonzksg dh ijEijk & fdj.kpan “kekZ
t;'kadj izlkn % ,d iqueZwY;kadu & fouksn 'kkgh
izlkn ds ukVd % Lo:i vkSj lajpuk & xksfoan pkrd
fganh ukVd dk vkRela?k"kZ & fxjh'k jLrksxh
ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj fganh ukVddkj & t;nso rustk
ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj cdjh & dqlqe yrk
,dkadh vkSj ,dkadhdkj & jkepj.k egsasnz
23
lsesLVj&6
(6-1)
HCC-13 :
fgUnh vkykspuk
bdkbZ&1 %
fgUnh vkykspuk dh ijEijk dk fodkl HkkjrsUnq ;qx & ckyeqdqUn xqIr rd
bdkbZ&2 %
f}osnh;qxhu vkykspuk ds ikBksa dk vè;;u % egkohjizlkn f}osnh] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
dkO; esa yksdeaxy] izzsepan % lkfgR; dk mn~ns';
bdkbZ&3 %
Nk;kokn;qxhu vkykspuk
izlkn % Nk;kokn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn] gtkjhizlkn f}osnh & vkèkqfud lkfgR; % ubZ ekU;rk,¡]
uxsUnz % esjh lkfgfR;d ekU;rk,a
bdkbZ&4 %
jkefoykl 'kekZ µ rqylh lkfgR; esa lkeUr&fojks/h ewY;] ukeoj flag & dgkuh % ubZ vkSj
iqjkuh] vKs;] eqfDrcks/] ubZ dfork dk vkRela?k’kZ
lgk;d xzaFk %
fpUrkef.k
&
vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy
vkLFkk ds pj.k
&
uxsanz
dfork ds u;s izfreku
&
ukeoj flag
ik'pkR; lkfgR;&fparu
&
fueZyk tSu
fganh vkykspuk ds cht 'kCn
&
cPpu flag
,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh
&
eqfDrcksèk
vkykspuk ls vkxs
&
lqèkh'k ipkSjh
fganh x|] foU;kl vkSj fodkl
&
jkeLo:i prqosZnh
nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst
&
ukeoj flag
fganh vkykspuk
&
fo'oukFk f=kikBh
vkykspuk dk u;k ikB
&
xksis'oj flag
ladfyr fuca/
&
ufyu foykspu 'kekZ
fganh vkykspuk dk fodkl
&
uanfd'kksj uoy
vkLFkk vkSj lkSUn;Z
&
jkefoykl 'kekZ
24
lsesLVj&6
(6-2)
HCC-14 : fganh
fucUèk vkSj vU; x| fo/k,¡
bdkbZ&1 fucaèk
ckyd`".k HkV~V & tqcku
ckyeqoqQan xqIr & esys dk Å¡V] jktdey izdk'ku] 1988
ljnkj iw.kZ flag & vkpj.k dh lH;rk] vè;kid iw.kZ flag fucaèkkoyh] la- jkevoèk 'kkL=kh] dapu
ifCyds'ku] 198@58 jes'k ekdZsV] bZLV vkiQ dSyk'k] ubZ fnYyh&06 (1993)
jkepanz 'kqDy & yksHk vkSj izhfr] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy] fparkef.k
bdkbZ&2 fucaèk
gtkjhizlkn f}osnh
fo|kfuokl feJ
gfj'kadj ijlkbZ
dqcsjukFk jk;
& dqVt
& esjs jke dk eqdqV Hkhx jgk gS
& oS".ko dh fiQlyu
& jl vk[ksVd
bdkbZ&3 thouh@vkRedFkk
ikaMs; cspu 'kekZ & viuh [kcj] vkRekjke ,aM lal
jkefoykl 'kekZ & ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/uk* Hkkx&1 ls ^u, la?k"kZ*
'kh"kZd vè;k;
bdkbZ&4 laLej.k@js[kkfp=k@;k=kk&o`Ùkkar
µ laLej.k % vKs; ds lkFk & vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh] ^galcykdk* ls
µ js[kkfp=k % lqHkku [kk¡ & jkeo`{k csuhiqjh] ekVh dh ewjrsa] xzaFkkoyh ls
µ ;k=kk o`Ùkkar % jkgqy lkad`R;k;u vFkkrks ?kqeDdM+ ftKklk
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh dk x| lkfgR; & jkepanz frokjh
25
fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl & jkeLo:i prqonsZ h
fganh vkRedFkk % fl¼kUr vkSj Lo:i&fo'ys"k.k & fouhrk vxzoky
fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh
Hkkjrsanq ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ
Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x| lkfgR; & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh
vkèkqfud fganh x| dk lkfgR; & gjn;ky
x|dkj vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk “kkL=kh & iky Hklhu
lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag
fucaèkksa dh nqfu;k & fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh] iz-la- & fueZyk tSu] la- gfjeksgu 'kekZ
1
HDSE – Elective
lsesLVj&5
(5-3)
(d) fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksdlkfgR; ijaijk
funsZ'k % lS¼kafrd fcanqvksa dk lkekU; ifjp; visf{kr gSA yksdxhrksa dh izLrqfr;k¡ vkSj yksdukV~; ds
izn'kZuksa dks lquus&ns[kus dk volj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA
bdkbZ&1 % ekSf[kd lkfgR; dh voèkkj.kk % lkekU; ifjp;] ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj fyf[kr
lkfgR; dk lacèa k
lkfgR; ds fofoèk :i & yksdxhr] yksddFkk] yksdxkFkk,¡] yksdukV~;] yksdksfDr;k¡]
igsfy;k¡&cq>kSoy vkSj eqgkojs fganh izns'k dh tuinh; cksfy;k¡ vkSj mudk lkfgR; (lkekU;
ifjp;) ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj lektA
bdkbZ&2 % yksdxhr % okfpd vkSj eqfnzr
laLdkj xhr % lksgj] fookg] eaxyxhr bR;kfnA
lksgj Hkkstiqjh % Hkkstiqjh laLdkj xhr & Jh gal dqekj frokjh & fcgkj jk"VªHkk"kk ifj"kn]
i`"B&8] xhr la[;k&4
lksgj voèkh µ fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr & Ñ".k nso mikè;k; & i`"B 110] 111
(lkfgR; Hkou] bykgkckn)
;Kksiohr & Hkkjrh; yksd&lkfgR;_ ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk] i`"B 88&89
fookg & Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; µ fo|k flUgk] i`"B 116
½rqqlacèa kh xhr % ckjgeklk] gksyh] pSrh] dtjh bR;kfnA
ikB % fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".k nso mikè;k;] i`"B 205
gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; % 'kadj yky ;kno] i`"B 231
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh % ia- fo|kfuokl feJ] i`"B 51
Jelacèa kh xhr % dVuh] t¡rlj] n¡ouh] jksiuh bR;kfnA
dVuh ds xhr] voèkh 2 xhr & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".knso mikè;k;
i`"B 134] 135
tarlkjh % Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; ijaijk vkSj ifjn`';] fo|k flUgk] i`"B 140]
141
fofoèk xhr % ?kq?kqfr & dqekmauh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr % ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh] i`"B
802] 803
2
bdkbZ&3 %
yksddFkk,¡ ,oa yksdxkFkk,¡ foèkk dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj izfl¼ yksddFkkvksa
,oa yksdxkFkkvksa vkYgk] yksfjd] lkjaxk&lnko`{k] fcgqyk
jktLFkkuh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u]
i`"B 10] 11
lksygok¡ Hkkx
ekyoh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i`"B
461&462
voèkh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i`"B
187&188
bdkbZ&4 %
yksdukV~; % foèkk dk ifjp;] fofoèk Hkk"kk {ks=kksa ds fofoèk ukV~;:i vkSj 'kSfy;k¡]
jkeyhyk_ jklyhyk ekyok dk ukp_ jktLFkku dk [;ky] mÙkj izns'k dh ukSVadh]
HkkaM] jklyhyk_ fcgkj&fcnsfl;k_ gfj;k.kk&lkax (d) ikB % laf{kIr in~ekor lkax
jkfxuh la[;k 1] 3] 6] 7] 8] 13] 14] 17] 18] 19] 28] 34] 37] 38] 43] 58]
60] 67- (y[kehpan xzaFkkoyh] la- izks- iwjupan 'kekZ] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh]
([k) fcnsfl;k % fHk[kkjh Bkdqj d`r yksdukV~;
lgk;d xzaFk
fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr µ Ñ".knso mikè;k;
gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; µ 'kadj yky ;kno
ehV ekbZ ihiy µ nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ
ekyoh yksd&lkfgR; dk vè;;u µ ';ke ijekj
jleatjh & lqfprk jkenhu_ egkRek xka/h laLFkku] ekWjh'kl
fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl µ ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u_ lksygok¡ Hkkx
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ
Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk
dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr µ ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh
y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q
lw=k/kj µ latho
fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku
eè;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk
phuh yksddFkk,¡ µ vfuy jk;
3
vFkok
([k) vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR;
bdkbZ&1 % foe'kks± dh lS¼kafrdh
¼d½ nfyr foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu] iQqys vkSj vEcsMdj
¼[k½ L=kh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk,¡ vkSj eqfDr vkanksyu ¼ik'pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh;½
jSfMdy] ekWDlZoknh] mnkjoknh vkfn] ;kSfudrk] fyaxHksn] fir`lÙkk] leySafxdrk
¼x½
vkfnoklh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu
ty] taxy] tehu vkSj igpku dk loky
bdkbZ&2 % foe'kZewyd dFkk lkfgR; %
1- vkseizdk'k ckYehfd & lyke]
2- gfjjke eh.kk & èkw.kh ris rhj] i`"B la[;k 158&167
3- ukfljk 'kekZ & [kqnk dh okilh
bdkbZ&3 % foe'kZewyd dfork %
(d) nfyr dfork % vNwrkuan ¼nfyr dgk¡ rd iM+s jgsax½s ] uxhuk flag ¼fdruh O;Fkk½
ekrk izlkn ¼lksuok dk fiatjk½
([k) L=kh dfork % 1- dhfrZ pkS/jh % lhek js[kk 2- dkR;k;uh % lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik
3- lfork flag % ^eSa fdldh vkSjr gw¡\*
bdkbZ&4 % foe'kZewyd vU; x| foèkk,¡ %
1- izHkk [ksrku] i`"B 28&42 % vU;k ls vuU;k rd
2- rqylhjke eqnZfg;k ¼pkSèkjh pkpk ls izkjaHk_ i`"B la[;k 125 ls 135½
3- egknsoh oekZ % ^L=kh ds vFkZ Lokra=; dk iz'u*
lgk;d xzaFk %
fleksu n cksmok & L=kh misf{krk
4
xqykexhjh & T;ksfrck iQqys
vacsMdj jpukoyh & Hkkx&1
izHkk [ksrku & mifuos'k esa L=kh
L=kh vfLerk lkfgR; vkSj fopkjèkkjk & lqèkk flag
ewd uk;d] cfg"Ñr Hkkjr & vacsMdj
f'kdats dk nnZ & lq'khyk VkadHkkSajs
twBu & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd
nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & 'kj.k dqekj fyackys
nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd
nfyr vkanksyu dk bfrgkl & eksgunkl uSfe'kjk;
ukjhoknh jktuhfr & ftuh fuosfnrk
fganh nfyr dFkk lkfgR; % voèkkj.kk ,oa fo/k,¡ & jtr jkuh ^ehuw*
vkSjr gksus dh ltk & vjfoan tSu
vkfnoklh vfLerk dk ladV & jef.kdk xqIrk
5
vFkok
(x) Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar
bdkbZ&1 %
bdkbZ&2 %
bdkbZ&3 %
bdkbZ&4 %
ukVd dh foèkkxr fof'k"Vrk] ukV~;rÙo (Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;)] ukVd vkSj jaxeap dk
var%lacèa k] n`'; vkSj JO; rÙoksa dk lek;kstu rFkk ukV~;kuqHkwfr vkSj jaxkuqHkwfr
jaxdeZ % ukVddkj] funsZ'kd] vfHkusrk] ik'oZdeZ] ukVd ds lanHkZ esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar
,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u
if'peh ukV~;Hksn µ =kklnh] dkenh] esyksMªkek ,oa iQklZ (lkekU; ifjp;)] ukVd ds lanHkZ
esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar ,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u
izkphu Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ :id] mi:id rFkk buds Hksn (lkekU; ifjp;)] vkèkqfud
Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ ,dkadh] dkO; ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd ,oa uqDdM+ ukVd] VsyhfiQYe vkSj
èkkjkokfgd (lkekU; ifjp;)
lgk;d xazFk %
jaxeap µ cyoar xkxhZ
jaxeap dyk vkSj n`f"V µ xksfoan pkrd
jaxn'kZu µ usfepan tSu
jaxeap ns[kuk vkSj tkuuk µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
Hkjr vkSj Hkkjrh; ukV~;dyk µ lqjsanzukFk nhf{kr
ukV~;'kkL=k fo'odks"k µ jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh
jaxdeZ µ ohjsanz ukjk;.k
jax&LFkkiR; µ,p-oh- 'kekZ
Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; jaxeap µ lhrkjke prqosZnh
6
lsesLVj&5
(5-4)
(d) fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k
bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k
• Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡
• O;kdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk] egÙo] Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk var%laca/
• èofu vkSj o.kZ
• fganh dh èofu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k (Loj] O;atu vkSj ek=kk,¡)
bdkbZ&2 % 'kCn&fopkj
• 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds Hksn (jpuk ,oa lzksr ds vk/kj ij)
• 'kCnksa dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV;k¡ (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k vkfn)
(dsoy ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn)
• 'kCnksa dk :ikarj.k] 'kCnxr v'kqf¼;k¡
• 'kCn&fuekZ.k (milxZ] izR;;] laf/ vkSj lekl)
bdkbZ&3 % in&fopkj
• 'kCn vkSj in esa varj
• fodkjh 'kCnksa dh :i&jpuk (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k)
• vfodkjh 'kCn (vO;;)
bdkbZ&4 % okD;&fopkj
• okD; dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds vax
• okD; ds Hksn (jpuk ,oa vFkZ ds vk/kj ij)
• okD; lajpuk (inØe] vfUofr vkSj fojke&fpÉ)
7
• okD;xr v'kqf¼;k¡
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ
Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jktcfy ik.Ms;
fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy
fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofo/ vk;ke µ johanzukFk JhokLro
fganh O;kdj.k µ dkerkizlkn xq#
fganh 'kCnkuq'kklu µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h
A Grammar of the Hindi Language – Kellog
Hindi Linguistics – R.N. Shrivastava
fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk µ HkksykukFk frokjh
fganh O;kdj.k µ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
8
vFkok
([k) dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k
bdkbZ&1 % dks'k ifjp;
• vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk
• mi;ksfxrk vkSj egÙo
• fganh dks'k ds mi;ksx ds fu;e
(o.kkZuØ
q e] Loj dh ek=kk,¡] vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld] la;qDr O;atu o.kZ)
bdkbZ&2 % dks'k fuekZ.k
• 'kCn ladyu ,oa p;u
• izfof"V (orZuh] Øe] O;kdjf.kd dksfV vkSj lzksr)
• 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa foLrkj
• 'kCn iz;qfDr;k¡
bdkbZ&3 % dks'k ds izdkj
• dks'k % oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj
• fo"k; ds vk/kj ij (Hkwxksy dks'k] bfrgkl dks'k] euksfoKku dks'k vkfn)
• Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij (,dHkk"kh] f}Hkk"kh vkSj cgqHkk"kh)
• vkdkj ds vk/kj ij (lkekU; vkSj fo'odks'k)
• ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
bdkbZ&4 % izeq[k dks'kksa dk ifjp;
• fganh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ c`gr~ fganh 'kCndks'k] KkueaMy
• vaxzs”kh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ iQknj dkfey cqYds
• fganh&vaxzsth 'kCndks'k µ HkksykukFk frokjh vkSj egsanz prqosZnh
• fo'odks'k µ fganh 'kCnlkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk
• bZ&dks'k
9
lgk;d xzaFk %
dks'k foKku µ HkksykukFk frokjh
fganh dks'k jpuk] izdkj vkSj :i µ jkepanz oekZ
fganh dks'k lkfgR; µ vpykuan t[keksyk
fganh 'kCn lkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] iz;kx
fganh lkfg; dks'k µ /hjsanz oekZ
dks'k foKku % fl¼kar ,oa iz;ksx µ jke vk/kj flag
dks'k fuekZ.k % izfof/ ,oa iz;ksx µ f=kHkqouukFk 'kqDy
Lexicography : An Introduction – Howarel Jackson
Hkkjr esa dks'k foKku ij fo'ks"k µ xos"k.kk_ vad 93_ tuojh&ekpZ] 2009
uohu dks'k cuke izkphu dks'k µ iq"iyrk rustk_ ^Hkk"kk* fganh if=kdk esa ys[k
osc irk
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www.archive.org (hindishabdsagar)
www.britannika.com
www.e.vikipedia.org
www.encyclopedia.centre.com
www.culturepedia.com
10
vFkok
(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk
bdkbZ&1 % Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk Lo:i % HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk
fofoèkrk esa ,drk ds var%lw=k % Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dk varLlacèa k
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh ladYiuk] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vkèkkj&rÙo
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekfld Lo:i
bdkbZ&2 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk ifjp;
oSfnd lkfgR;] ykSfdd laLÑr lkfgR;
ikfy] izkÑr ,oa viHkza'k lkfgR;
izkphu rfey lkfgR;
bdkbZ&3 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
vkèkqfudrk&iwoZ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % rfey] dUuM+] rsyqxw] ey;kye] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] ckaXyk] mfM+;k]
vlfe;k] ef.kiqjh] mnwZ] iatkch] d'ehjh] fganh
bdkbZ&4 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds izeq[k vkanksyu &HkfDr vkanksyu] uotkxj.k ,oa jk"Vªh;
vkanksyu] Lokèkhurk vkanksyu] Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] mÙkj vkèkqfud lanHkZ
lgk;d xzaFk
vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos
oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ
ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu
ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
11
dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ,l- eqxyh
rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu
lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; µ foHkwfr feJ
12
lsesLVj&6
(6-3)
(d) yksdukV~;
bdkbZ&1 % yksdukV~; % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i vkSj bfrgkl
(izeq[k :iksa dk ifjp; ,oa ikB) yksdukV~; jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] lkax] [;ky] ekp]
fcnsfl;k ,oa ukSVadh µ lqYrkuk Mkdw
bdkbZ&2 % fcnsfl;k µ fHk[kkjh Bkdqj
bdkbZ&3 % lkax µ y[kehpan
bdkbZ&4 % ekp µ xq# cky eqdqan
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] lksygok¡ Hkkx
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ
Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk
y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q
lw=k/kj µ latho
fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku
e/;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk
gfj;k.kk dh yksdukV~; ijEijk
13
vFkok
([k) fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡
bdkbZ&1
(d) okfpd fgUnh ds {ks=kh; :i & fcgkjh] cEcb;k] dydfr;k] eæklh] igkM+h lkfgR;]
flusek] ukVd vkSj ehfM;k esa {ks=kh; fgUnh dk ç;ksx
([k) lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dh fofo/rk & vkjfEHkd fgUnh dfork
¼dchj] vehj [kqljks ½] nDduh fgUnh] mnwZ 'kk;jh vkSj x|] vk/qfud lkfgfR;d fgUnh
bdkbZ&2
(d) dchj µ geu gSa b'd eLrkuk] vehj [kqljks dh eqdfj;k¡
([k) oyh nduh & fd;k eq> b'd us tkfye dw¡ vkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
fd vkfr'k xqy dw¡ djrh gS xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
oiQknkjh us fnycj dh cq>k;k vkfr'k&,&xe dw¡]
fd xehZ n¶v djrk gS] xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
vtc dqN yqRQ j[krk gS 'kc&,&[kfYor esa xqy: lw¡]
f[krkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk] tokc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
esjs fny dw¡ fd;k cs[kqn rsjh vaf[k;ksa us vk[kfj dw¡]
fd T;w¡ csgks'k djrh gS 'kjkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
gqvk rq> b'd lw¡ ,s vkfr'kha : fny fejk ikuh]
fd T;w¡ xyrk gS vkfr'k lw¡ xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
vnk&vks&ukt lw¡ vkrk gS oks jkS'ku tcha ?kj lw¡]
fd T;w¡ efJd lw¡ fudys vkiQrkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
^oyh* eq> fny esa vkrk gS [k;ky&,&;kj&,& csijokg]
14
fd T;w¡ vaf[k;ka esa vkrk gS [okc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
bdkbZ&3
(d) cukjlhnkl vkSj v¼ZdFkkud
([k) xkfyc dh 'kk;jh vkSj muds [krwr
bdkbZ&4
(d) ba'kk va'kk vYyk [kka & jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh
([k) iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq & iapySV
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh Hkk"kk µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h
mnwZ dk vkjfEHkd ;qx µ 'kElqZjgeku iQk#dh
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
15
vFkok
(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u
µ okYehfd µ ^lIri.kkZ*_ jkedkO; dk tUe_ i`"B 115&119_ esa egknsoh oekZ Ñr vuqokn
bdkbZ&1
µ dkfynkl µ ^mÙkjes?k*_ ukxktqZu dh pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡_ i`- 345&349_ Nan la- 22 ls 27]
37] 47_ Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;@ukxktqZu&Ñr vuqokn
µ ^xkFkk lIr'krh*_ MkW- gfjjke vkpk;Z_ izkÑr Hkkjrh vdkneh] t;iqj_
izFke 'krd_ 'yksd la- 4] 6] 33] 45] 49] 58] 77_
"k"B 'krd_ 'yksd la- 30] 35] 38
(d) ukenso µ lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fganh Kkus'ojh* ls] vkyokj i| 'kadjnso
bdkbZ&2
dh jpuk,¡
eè;dkyhu rsyqxq dfo oseuk µ lkfgR; vdkneh
([k) yy |n µ Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
d'ehjh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl_ i`- 30&44_ 'kf'k 'ks[kj rks'k[kkuh_ ts ,.M ds vdkneh vkWiQ
vkVZ dYpj ,.M ySaXosts”k_ ugj ekxZ] tEew_ izFke laLdj.k 1985_
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bdkbZ&3
eq> ij os pkgs galsa - - xq# us eq>ls dgk - - ge gh Fks - - fi;k dks [kkstus - - nso fiQj iwtk dSlh - - ;g nsork Hkh iRFkj gh gS - - eSa lhèks iFk ls gh vk;h - - (d) johanzukFk VSxksj xhrkatyh ds dqN va'k lkfgR; vdkneh ds ^johanz jpuk lap;u* ls_
lkfgR; vdkneh_ izdk'ku o"kZ] 1987_ Hkkjr rhFkZ] èkwfy eafnj_ i`- 131&135
([k) lqczg~e.;e Hkkjrh dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh_ laLdj.k 1983_ ^Lora=krk dk xku*
i`- 46&47
(x) oYyrksy dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh- laLdj.k 1959_ ^{kek izkFkZuk*_
i`- 82] 83] 84
16
bdkbZ&4
(d) miU;kl&va'k % f'kokth lkoar Ñr ^e`R;qat;*_ laLdj.k 39_ o"kZ 2012_ Hkkjrh;
KkuihB_ izFke [k.M (d.kZ)_ i`- 19&117
([k) thouh&va'k % ukjk;.k nslkbZ Ñr ^vfXudqaM esa f[kyk xqykc*_ i`- 95&107
(x) ukVd % g;onu_ fxjh'k dukZM_ jkèkkÑ".k izdk'ku_ laLdj.k&1977_ i`- 17&73
(?k) dgkuh % rD’kh f'ko'kadj fiYyS &[kwu dk fj'rk (ey;kye dgkfu;k¡)
Hkkjrh; f'k[kj dFkk dks'k] laik- deys'oj
lgk;d xzaFk %
vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos
oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ
ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu
ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ,l- eqxyh
rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu
lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jsgjk
17
lsesLVj&6
(6-4)
(d) 'kks/&çfof/
bdkbZ&1
'kks/ izfof/ & Lo:i ifjp;
'kks/ ls vfHkizk; & Lo:i ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡
fganh esa 'kks/ dk vkjaHk
bdkbZ&2
'kks/ ds {ks=k
'kks/ ds izdkj
lkfgfR;d 'kks/ dh fo'ks"krk,¡
bdkbZ&3
'kks/ vkSj fo"k;&p;u
'kks/ vkSj rF;&fo'ys"k.k
'kks/ vkSj fu"d"kZ
bdkbZ&4
'kks/&laca/h leL;k,¡
,d vPNs 'kks/kFkhZ ds xq.k
fganh esa 'kks/ dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk
lgk;d xzaFk
vuqla/ku dk Lo:i
vuqla/ku dh izfØ;k
'kks/ izfof/
lkfgR; ds lekt'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk
jkbfVax bu lkslkbVh
lajpukRed 'kSyh foKku
lksf'k;ksykWth vkWiQ fyVjspj
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lkfo=kh flUgk
lkfo=kh flUgk@fot;sUnz Lukrd
fou;eksgu 'kekZ
eSustj ik.Ms;
jseaM fofy;El
johUnzukFk JhokLro
Mk;uk ykSjsalu@,ysu fLoaxoqM
18
vFkok
([k) vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in
bdkbZ&1 % 'kCn&'kfDr] vfHkèkk] y{k.kk] O;atuk] vyadkj] Nan] miek] :id
bdkbZ&2 % jl vkSj jl&fu"ifÙk] lkèkkj.khdj.k] dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] egkdkO;] [kaMdkO;]
xhfrdkO;] ukVd
bdkbZ&3 % 'kkL=kokn] LoPNanrkokn] ekuookn] vkykspukRed ;FkkFkZokn] lektoknh ;FkkFkZokn] tknqbZ
;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn
bdkbZ&4 % fojspu] =kklnh] dYiuk] fcEc] izrhd] vkèkqfudrk vkSj vkèkqfudrkokn] mÙkj&vkèkqfudrk]
fucaèk] dgkuh] miU;kl
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh vkykspuk ds cht&'kCn µ cPpu flag
fganh vkykspuk dks'k µ vejukFk
ekufodh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k µ laik- MkW- uxsanz
yksdfiz; flusek vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k
dh oMZ~l µ fofy;e jse.M
, fMD'kujh vkWiQ fyVªsjh VElZ µ ts-Vh- f'kIys
jl&ehekalk µ jkepanz 'kqDy
ikfjHkkf"kd dykdks'k µ :iukjk;.k ekFke
19
vFkok
(x) fganh jaxeap
bdkbZ&1
(d) ikjaifjd jaxeap
(jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] ukSVadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkekU; ifjp;)
([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kZu&ijaijk vkSj vkèkqfud jaxeap
bdkbZ&2
fganh jaxeap dh fodkl&;k=kk
(d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh fFk,Vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] i`Foh fFk,Vj rFkk bIVk
([k) Lokra=;ksÙkj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k ,oa jax xfrfofèk;k¡] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyh
jaxeaMy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukV~; vdkneh] y[kumQ
bdkbZ&3
vkèkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofoèk 'kSfy;k¡ % 'kSyhc¼ (LVkbykbM)] ;FkkFkZoknh] ,ClMZ rFkk
yksd&'kSyh
bdkbZ&4
izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vkSj mudh jaxn`f"V % ';kekuan tkyku] lR;nso nqcs] bczkfge vYdkth]
c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan ,oa fHk[kkjh Bkdqj_ fdlh izLrqfr (gky gh esa izLrqr)
dh jaxeaph; leh{kk
lgk;d xzaFk %
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap µ dfiyk okRL;k;u
ijaijk'khy ukV~; µ txnh'kpanz ekFkqj
Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukRed bfrgkl µ vKkr
ikjlh fganh jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
ukV~;lezkV i`Fohjkt diwj µ tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh
vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
ledkyhu fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µujsanz eksgu
igyk jax µ nsosanz jkt vadqj
20
vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ usfepan tSu
y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µgfjpUnz ca/q
fHk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq µ Hkxor izlkn f}osnh
daVsEizjh bafM;u fFk,Vj % baVjO;w fon IysjkbVlZ ,.M Mk;jsDVlZ µ laxhr ukVd vdkneh
fFk,VlZ vkWo bafMisaMsal µ vi.kkZ HkkxZo èkkjokM+dj
1
CBCS
ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ fganh
HSEC ¼dksbZ nks½
lsesLVj&3
(3-5)
(d) foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&1 % foKkiu % Lo:i ,oa vo/kj.kk
• foKkiu % vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk
• foKkiu dk egÙo
• foKkiu ds lkekftd rFkk O;kolkf;d mn~ns';] ekdsZfVax vkSj czkaM&fuekZ.k
• foKkiu ds u, lanHkZ (izk;ksftr dk;ZØe)
bdkbZ&2 % foKkiu % fofo/ ekè;e
• lkekU; ifjp;
• foKkiu ekè;e dk p;u
• fizaV] jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfo”ku ds fy, dkWih ys[ku
bdkbZ&3 % foKkiu dh Hkk"kk
• foKkiu dh Hkk"kk dk Lo:i
• foKkiu dh Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk,¡
• foKkiu dh Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu i{k] lkn`'; fo/ku] vyadj.k] rqdkarrk] lekukarjrk] fopyu]
eqgkojs&yksdksfDr;k¡] Hkk"kk ladj)
• fganh foKkiuksa dh Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&4 % foKkiu&fuekZ.k dk vH;kl
• fizaV ekè;e % oxhZÑr ,oa ltkoVh foKkiu&fuekZ.k
• jsfM;ks ftaxy ys[ku
• Vsyhfo”ku ds fy, LVksjh cksMZ fuekZ.k
2
lgk;d xzaFk
tulaidZ] izpkj ,oa foKkiu µ fot; dqyJs"B
tulapkj ekè;e % Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ lq/h'k ipkSjh
fMftVy ;qx esa foKkiu µ lq/k flag] txnh'oj prqosZnh
czsd ds ckn µ lq/h'k ipkSjh
ehfM;k dh Hkk"kk µ olq/k xkMfxy
foKkiu dh nqfu;k µ dqeqn 'kekZ
foKkiu MkWV dkWe µ js[kk lsBh
lapkj Økafr vkSj cnyrk lkekftd lkSan;Z&cks/ µ Ñ".k dqekj jÙkw
oscfyad
•
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•
•
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3
([k) dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&1 % dEI;wVj dk fodkl vkSj fganh
• dEI;wVj dk ifjp; vkSj fodkl
• dEI;wVj esa fganh dk vkjEHk ,oa fodkl
• fganh ds fofo/ iQkWUV
• dEI;wVj esa fganh dh pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj laHkkouk,¡
bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh
• baVjusV ij fganh
• ;wfudksM] nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
• fganh vkSj osc fMtkbfuax
• fganh dh osclkbV~l
bdkbZ&3 % fganh Hkk"kk] dEI;wVj vkSj xous±l
• jktHkk"kk fganh ds izlkj esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk
• bZ&xou±sl] baVjusV
• fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj bZ&yfu±x
• ljdkjh vkSj x+Sj&ljdkjh laLFkk,¡
bdkbZ&4 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj % fofo/ i{k
• baVjusV ij fganh i=k&if=kdk,¡
• ,l,e,l dh fganh
• U;w ehfM;k vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
• fganh ds fofHkUu dh cksMZ
lgk;d xzaFk
vk/qfud tulapkj vkSj fganh µ gfjeksgu
dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx µ fot; dqekj eYgks=kk
dEI;wVj vkSj fganh µ gfjeksgu
4
fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj µ larks"k xks;y
dEI;wVj ds MkVk izLrqfrdj.k vkSj Hkk"kk&fl¼kar µ ih-ds- 'kekZ
ehfM;k % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lekt µ laik- lat; f}osnh
lks'ky usVofd±x % u, le; dk laokn µ laik- lat; f}osnh
u, ”kekus dh i=kdkfjrk µ lkSjHk 'kqDy
i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd µ eukst dqekj
tulapkj ds lkeftd lanHkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k
tulapkj vkSj ekl dYpj µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
5
(x) lks'ky ehfM;k
bdkbZ&1 % lks'ky ehfM;k % vo/kj.kk
• lks'ky ehfM;k dk Lo:i vkSj izdkj
• lks'ky ehfM;k dk fodkl
• lks'ky ehfM;k] Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr
• lks'ky ehfM;k dh vkpkj&lafgrk
• lks'ky ehfM;k dk izHkko
bdkbZ&2 % lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj yksdra=k
• tuHkkxhnkjh] tutkx:drk ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k
• tukanksyu vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
• tulaidZ] tuer&fuekZ.k vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj xous±l
bdkbZ&3 % lks'ky ehfM;k dk O;kolkf;d ifjizs{;
• czkaM esfdax] czkaM cktkj
• cktkj] cktkj dh j.kuhfr
• miHkksDrk tkx:drk
• O;kolkf;d izfrLi/kZ
bdkbZ&4 % lks'ky ehfM;k % fofo/ i{k
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj L=kh
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ;qok oxZ
• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ckyeu
• vkikr~dky esa lks'ky ehfM;k
• vkikr~dky esa lks'ky ehfM;k
6
lgk;d xzaFk
lks'ky usVofd±x % u, le; dk laokn µ laik- lat; f}osnh
ehfM;k Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj lekt µ laik- lat; f}osnh
lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj L=kh µ jek
opqZvy fj,fyVh vkSj bUVjusV µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
Dykl fjiksVZj µ t;izdk'k f=kikBh
lhf<+;k¡ p<+rk ehfM;k µ ek/o gkM+k
u, ”kekus dh i=kdkfjrk µ lkSjHk 'kqDyk
i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd µ eukst dqekj
dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx µ fot; dqekj eYgks=kk
7
(?k) vuqokn&dkS'ky
bdkbZ&1
1.
vuqokn dk Lo:i] egÙo ,oa izdkj
2.
Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`';
3.
vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,¡] vuqokn&laca/h laLFkk,¡ vkSj muds dk;Z] vuqokn dk;Z esa
izdk'kukf/dkj
bdkbZ&2
1.
vuqokn dh lkexzh_ fofHkUu iz;qfDr;k¡
2.
vuqokn&izfØ;k
3.
vuqokn ds midj.k
bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn vH;kl & 1 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)
1.
ltZukRed lkfgR;
2.
Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;
3.
lkekftd foKku
bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn vH;kl & 2 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)
1.
tulapkj
2.
iz'kklfud vuqokn
3.
caSfdax vuqokn
4.
fof/ vuqokn
lgk;d xzaFk %
vuqokn ds Hkkf"kd fl¼kar µ dSViQksMZ] ts-lh- fl¼kar] (vuqoknd % MkW- jfo'kadj nhf{kr)
izdk'kd % eè;izns'k fganh xaazFk vdkneh] Hkksiky
vuqokn ds fl¼kar µ jsM~Mh vkj-vkj-_ (vuqokn % MkW- ts-,y- jsM~Mh)
lkfgR; vdkneh] eaMh gkmQl] ubZ fnYyh
8
vuqokn fl¼kar vkSj iz;ksx_ xksihukFku th-_ yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn
vuqokn foKku % fl¼kar vkSj vuqiz;ksx] µ uxsanz (laik-)
fganh ekè;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh
vuqokn fl¼kar dh :ijs[kk] lqjs'k dqekj_ ok.kh izdk'ku] fnYyh
9
lsesLVj&4
(4-5)
(d) dk;kZy;h fganh
bdkbZ&1 % dk;kZy;h fganh dk Lo:i] mn~ns'; rFkk {ks=k
• vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';
• dk;kZy;h fganh dk {ks=k
• lkekU; fganh rFkk dk;kZy;h fganh % laca/ rFkk varj
• dk;kZy;h fganh dh fLFkfr vkSj laHkkouk,¡
bdkbZ&2 % dk;kZy;h fganh dh 'kCnkoyh
• dk;kZy;h fganh dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
• inuke rFkk vuqHkkx ds uke
• eq[; dk;kZy;] {ks=kh; dk;kZy; vkSj vU; iz'kklfud vf/dkfj;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys lacks/u]
funsZ'k vkfn
• vkSipkfjd inkofy;k¡@vfHkO;fDr;k¡ (lwph foHkkx }kjk rS;kj dh tk,xh)
bdkbZ&3 % dk;kZy;h i=kkpkj ds fofo/ izdkj
• lkekU; ifjp;
• dk;kZy; ls fuxZr i=k (Kkiu] ifji=k] vuqLekjd] i`"Bkadu] vkns'k] lwpuk,¡] fufonk vkfn)
• fjDr inksa ij HkrhZ gsrq foKkiu
• vkosnu&ys[ku
bdkbZ&4 % fVIi.k] izk:i.k vkSj la{ksi.k
• fVIi.k dk Lo:i] fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj Hkk"kk 'kSyh
• izk:i.k ds izdkj] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] izk:i.k dh fof/
• la{ksi.k ds izdkj] fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj la{ksi.k dh fof/
10
• mi;qZDr lHkh bdkb;ksa ij vk/kfjr O;kogkfjd iz'u
lgk;d xzaFk
iz;kstuewyd fganh µek/o lksuVDds
izk:i.k 'kkldh; i=kkpkj vkSj fVIi.k ys[ku fof/ µ jktsanz izlkn JhokLro
iz;kstuewyd fganh dh ubZ Hkwfedk µ dSyk'kukFk ik.Ms;
iz;kstuewyd Hkk"kk vkSj dk;kZy;h fganh µ Ñ".k dqekj xksLokeh
iz;kstuewyd fganh % fl¼kar vkSj iz;ksx µ naxy >kYVs
11
([k) Hkk"kk n{krk % le> vkSj laHkk"k.k
bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds vk;ke
• Hkk"kk;h n{krk ls rkRi;Z
• Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk egÙo
• Jo.k vkSj okpu
• iBu vkSj ys[ku
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds dkjd rÙo
• Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh le>
• Hkk"kk&O;ogkj (Hkkf"kd iz;ksx vkSj 'kSyh)
• Hkkf"kd laLÑfr (vk;q] fyax] f'k{kk] oxZ)
• fo"k;&{ks=k
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk fodkl
• Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh j.kuhfr % vkdyu] y{;&fu/kZj.k] fu;kstu ds Lrj ij
• 'kCn&lkeF;Z µ lkekU; ,oa rduhdh 'kCn
• lquuk vkSj cksyuk µ izHkkoh Jo.k ds vk;ke] 'kq¼ mPpkj.k] Hkk"k.k] ,dkyki] okrkZyki
• i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk µ Lokè;k; vkSj mn~ns';&dsfUnzr iBu] lkekU; ys[ku vkSj jpukRed ys[ku
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk O;kogkfjd i{k
• fdlh ,d fo"k; ij µ Hkk"k.k] lewg ppkZ] okrkZyki ;k fVIi.kh
• fdlh ,d fo"k; dk Hkko&foLrkj ;k iYyou
• nzqrokpu µ fdlh lkfgfR;d Ñfr ij vk/kfjr
• leh{kk µ iqLrd&leh{kk] fiQYe&leh{kk
lgk;d xzaFk
dEI;wVj ,fllVsM ySaXost yfu±x] ehfM;k fMtkbu ,am ,Iyhds'kal µ dhFk dSesjkWu
Hkk"kk f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro
l`tukRed lkfgR; µ johanzukFk JhokLro
12
O;kolkf;d fganh µ fnyhi flag
iz;kstuewyd fganh µ naxy >kYVs
vkèkqfud i=kdkfjrk µ MkWñ vuqt frokjh
O;kogkfjd fganh ,oa iz;ksx µ MkW- vkse izdk'k
tuekè;eksa dk oSpkfjd ifjizs{; µ tcjheYy ikfj[k
tuekè;e izkS|ksfxdh vkSj fopkjèkkjk µ txnh'oj prqosZnh
13
(x) Hkk"kk vkSj lekt
bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr
• Hkk"kk vkSj lekt dk varl±ca/
• Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj
• lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mldk Lo:i
• Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=k
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk vkSj Hkkf"kd leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj leqnk;
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr
• Hkk"kk vkSj tkrh;rk
• f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj cgqHkkf"kdrk (fiftu o fØ;ksy)
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj
• Hkk"kk vkSj oxZ
• O;fDr] lekt vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ
• Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj ts.Mj
• Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk losZ{k.k % Lo:i vkSj izfof/
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk losZ{k.k
• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk fo'ys"k.k
• Hkk"kk ds uohu iz;ksx
lgk;d xzaFk
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
fganh Hkk"kk fparu µ fnyhi flag
14
Hkk"kk dk lalkj µ fnyhi flag
vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;
Socio Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Society -- Peter Trudgill
The Shadow of Language – George Yule
Socio Linguistics -- R.A. Hudson
An Introduction to Socio Linguistics – Ronald Wordhaugh
lsesLVj&1@2
MIL Comm.
fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lEizs"k.k (Lukrd Lrj ds lHkh ikB~;Øe %
ch-,-@ch-,l-lh-@ch-dkWe- vkWulZ vkSj izksxzke ds lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,)
bdkbZ&1 % Hkkf"kd laizs"k.k % Lo:i vkSj fl¼kar
• laizs"k.k dh vo/kj.kk vkSj egÙo
• laizs"k.k dh izfØ;k
• laizs"k.k ds fofHkUu ekWMy
• laizs"k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡
bdkbZ&2 % laizs"k.k ds izdkj
• ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr
• oS;fDrd vkSj lkekftd
• O;kolkf;d
• Hkzked laizs"k.k
(Miss Communication)
• laizs"k.k ck/k,¡ vkSj j.kuhfr
bdkbZ&3 % laizs"k.k ds ekè;e
• ,dkyki
• laokn
• lkewfgd ppkZ
• izHkkoh laizs"k.k
bdkbZ&4 % i<+uk vkSj le>uk
• xgu vè;;u
• vè;kgkj
• lkj vkSj vUo;
• fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k
• vuqokn
lgk;d xzaFk
fganh dk lkekftd lanHkZ µ johanzukFk JhokLro
laizs"k.k&ijd O;kdj.k % fl¼kar vkSj Lo:i µ lqjs'k dqekj
iz;ksx vkSj iz;ksx µ oh-vkj- txUukFk
dqN iwokZxzg µ v'kksd oktis;h
Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj fganh µ johanzukFk JhokLro
jpuk dk ljksdkj µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fparu dh ihfBdk µ fo|kfuokl feJ