(d) fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksdlkfgR; ijaijk

1
HDSE – Elective
lsesLVj&5
(5-3)
(d) fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksdlkfgR; ijaijk
funsZ'k % lS¼kafrd fcanqvksa dk lkekU; ifjp; visf{kr gSA yksdxhrksa dh izLrqfr;k¡ vkSj yksdukV~; ds
izn'kZuksa dks lquus&ns[kus dk volj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA
bdkbZ&1 % ekSf[kd lkfgR; dh voèkkj.kk % lkekU; ifjp;] ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj fyf[kr
lkfgR; dk lacèa k
lkfgR; ds fofoèk :i & yksdxhr] yksddFkk] yksdxkFkk,¡] yksdukV~;] yksdksfDr;k¡]
igsfy;k¡&cq>kSoy vkSj eqgkojs fganh izns'k dh tuinh; cksfy;k¡ vkSj mudk lkfgR; (lkekU;
ifjp;) ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj lektA
bdkbZ&2 % yksdxhr % okfpd vkSj eqfnzr
laLdkj xhr % lksgj] fookg] eaxyxhr bR;kfnA
lksgj Hkkstiqjh % Hkkstiqjh laLdkj xhr & Jh gal dqekj frokjh & fcgkj jk"VªHkk"kk ifj"kn]
i`"B&8] xhr la[;k&4
lksgj voèkh µ fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr & Ñ".k nso mikè;k; & i`"B 110] 111
(lkfgR; Hkou] bykgkckn)
;Kksiohr & Hkkjrh; yksd&lkfgR;_ ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk] i`"B 88&89
fookg & Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; µ fo|k flUgk] i`"B 116
½rqqlacèa kh xhr % ckjgeklk] gksyh] pSrh] dtjh bR;kfnA
ikB % fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".k nso mikè;k;] i`"B 205
gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; % 'kadj yky ;kno] i`"B 231
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh % ia- fo|kfuokl feJ] i`"B 51
Jelacèa kh xhr % dVuh] t¡rlj] n¡ouh] jksiuh bR;kfnA
dVuh ds xhr] voèkh 2 xhr & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".knso mikè;k;
i`"B 134] 135
tarlkjh % Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; ijaijk vkSj ifjn`';] fo|k flUgk] i`"B 140]
141
fofoèk xhr % ?kq?kqfr & dqekmauh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr % ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh] i`"B
802] 803
2
bdkbZ&3 %
yksddFkk,¡ ,oa yksdxkFkk,¡ foèkk dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj izfl¼ yksddFkkvksa
,oa yksdxkFkkvksa vkYgk] yksfjd] lkjaxk&lnko`{k] fcgqyk
jktLFkkuh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u]
i`"B 10] 11
lksygok¡ Hkkx
ekyoh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i`"B
461&462
voèkh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i`"B
187&188
bdkbZ&4 %
yksdukV~; % foèkk dk ifjp;] fofoèk Hkk"kk {ks=kksa ds fofoèk ukV~;:i vkSj 'kSfy;k¡]
jkeyhyk_ jklyhyk ekyok dk ukp_ jktLFkku dk [;ky] mÙkj izns'k dh ukSVadh]
HkkaM] jklyhyk_ fcgkj&fcnsfl;k_ gfj;k.kk&lkax (d) ikB % laf{kIr in~ekor lkax
jkfxuh la[;k 1] 3] 6] 7] 8] 13] 14] 17] 18] 19] 28] 34] 37] 38] 43] 58]
60] 67- (y[kehpan xzaFkkoyh] la- izks- iwjupan 'kekZ] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh]
([k) fcnsfl;k % fHk[kkjh Bkdqj d`r yksdukV~;
lgk;d xzaFk
fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr µ Ñ".knso mikè;k;
gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; µ 'kadj yky ;kno
ehV ekbZ ihiy µ nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ
ekyoh yksd&lkfgR; dk vè;;u µ ';ke ijekj
jleatjh & lqfprk jkenhu_ egkRek xka/h laLFkku] ekWjh'kl
fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl µ ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u_ lksygok¡ Hkkx
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ
Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk
dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr µ ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh
y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q
lw=k/kj µ latho
fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku
eè;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk
phuh yksddFkk,¡ µ vfuy jk;
3
vFkok
([k) vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR;
bdkbZ&1 % foe'kks± dh lS¼kafrdh
¼d½ nfyr foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu] iQqys vkSj vEcsMdj
¼[k½ L=kh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk,¡ vkSj eqfDr vkanksyu ¼ik'pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh;½
jSfMdy] ekWDlZoknh] mnkjoknh vkfn] ;kSfudrk] fyaxHksn] fir`lÙkk] leySafxdrk
¼x½
vkfnoklh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu
ty] taxy] tehu vkSj igpku dk loky
bdkbZ&2 % foe'kZewyd dFkk lkfgR; %
1- vkseizdk'k ckYehfd & lyke]
2- gfjjke eh.kk & èkw.kh ris rhj] i`"B la[;k 158&167
3- ukfljk 'kekZ & [kqnk dh okilh
bdkbZ&3 % foe'kZewyd dfork %
(d) nfyr dfork % vNwrkuan ¼nfyr dgk¡ rd iM+s jgsax½s ] uxhuk flag ¼fdruh O;Fkk½
ekrk izlkn ¼lksuok dk fiatjk½
([k) L=kh dfork % 1- dhfrZ pkS/jh % lhek js[kk 2- dkR;k;uh % lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik
3- lfork flag % ^eSa fdldh vkSjr gw¡\*
bdkbZ&4 % foe'kZewyd vU; x| foèkk,¡ %
1- izHkk [ksrku] i`"B 28&42 % vU;k ls vuU;k rd
2- rqylhjke eqnZfg;k ¼pkSèkjh pkpk ls izkjaHk_ i`"B la[;k 125 ls 135½
3- egknsoh oekZ % ^L=kh ds vFkZ Lokra=; dk iz'u*
lgk;d xzaFk %
fleksu n cksmok & L=kh misf{krk
4
xqykexhjh & T;ksfrck iQqys
vacsMdj jpukoyh & Hkkx&1
izHkk [ksrku & mifuos'k esa L=kh
L=kh vfLerk lkfgR; vkSj fopkjèkkjk & lqèkk flag
ewd uk;d] cfg"Ñr Hkkjr & vacsMdj
f'kdats dk nnZ & lq'khyk VkadHkkSajs
twBu & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd
nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & 'kj.k dqekj fyackys
nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd
nfyr vkanksyu dk bfrgkl & eksgunkl uSfe'kjk;
ukjhoknh jktuhfr & ftuh fuosfnrk
fganh nfyr dFkk lkfgR; % voèkkj.kk ,oa fo/k,¡ & jtr jkuh ^ehuw*
vkSjr gksus dh ltk & vjfoan tSu
vkfnoklh vfLerk dk ladV & jef.kdk xqIrk
5
vFkok
(x) Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar
bdkbZ&1 %
bdkbZ&2 %
bdkbZ&3 %
bdkbZ&4 %
ukVd dh foèkkxr fof'k"Vrk] ukV~;rÙo (Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;)] ukVd vkSj jaxeap dk
var%lacèa k] n`'; vkSj JO; rÙoksa dk lek;kstu rFkk ukV~;kuqHkwfr vkSj jaxkuqHkwfr
jaxdeZ % ukVddkj] funsZ'kd] vfHkusrk] ik'oZdeZ] ukVd ds lanHkZ esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar
,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u
if'peh ukV~;Hksn µ =kklnh] dkenh] esyksMªkek ,oa iQklZ (lkekU; ifjp;)] ukVd ds lanHkZ
esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar ,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u
izkphu Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ :id] mi:id rFkk buds Hksn (lkekU; ifjp;)] vkèkqfud
Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ ,dkadh] dkO; ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd ,oa uqDdM+ ukVd] VsyhfiQYe vkSj
èkkjkokfgd (lkekU; ifjp;)
lgk;d xazFk %
jaxeap µ cyoar xkxhZ
jaxeap dyk vkSj n`f"V µ xksfoan pkrd
jaxn'kZu µ usfepan tSu
jaxeap ns[kuk vkSj tkuuk µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
Hkjr vkSj Hkkjrh; ukV~;dyk µ lqjsanzukFk nhf{kr
ukV~;'kkL=k fo'odks"k µ jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh
jaxdeZ µ ohjsanz ukjk;.k
jax&LFkkiR; µ,p-oh- 'kekZ
Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; jaxeap µ lhrkjke prqosZnh
6
lsesLVj&5
(5-4)
(d) fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k
bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k
• Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡
• O;kdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk] egÙo] Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk var%laca/
• èofu vkSj o.kZ
• fganh dh èofu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k (Loj] O;atu vkSj ek=kk,¡)
bdkbZ&2 % 'kCn&fopkj
• 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds Hksn (jpuk ,oa lzksr ds vk/kj ij)
• 'kCnksa dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV;k¡ (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k vkfn)
(dsoy ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn)
• 'kCnksa dk :ikarj.k] 'kCnxr v'kqf¼;k¡
• 'kCn&fuekZ.k (milxZ] izR;;] laf/ vkSj lekl)
bdkbZ&3 % in&fopkj
• 'kCn vkSj in esa varj
• fodkjh 'kCnksa dh :i&jpuk (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k)
• vfodkjh 'kCn (vO;;)
bdkbZ&4 % okD;&fopkj
• okD; dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds vax
• okD; ds Hksn (jpuk ,oa vFkZ ds vk/kj ij)
• okD; lajpuk (inØe] vfUofr vkSj fojke&fpÉ)
7
• okD;xr v'kqf¼;k¡
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ
Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jktcfy ik.Ms;
fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy
fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh
fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofo/ vk;ke µ johanzukFk JhokLro
fganh O;kdj.k µ dkerkizlkn xq#
fganh 'kCnkuq'kklu µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h
A Grammar of the Hindi Language – Kellog
Hindi Linguistics – R.N. Shrivastava
fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk µ HkksykukFk frokjh
fganh O;kdj.k µ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
8
vFkok
([k) dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k
bdkbZ&1 % dks'k ifjp;
• vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk
• mi;ksfxrk vkSj egÙo
• fganh dks'k ds mi;ksx ds fu;e
(o.kkZuØ
q e] Loj dh ek=kk,¡] vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld] la;qDr O;atu o.kZ)
bdkbZ&2 % dks'k fuekZ.k
• 'kCn ladyu ,oa p;u
• izfof"V (orZuh] Øe] O;kdjf.kd dksfV vkSj lzksr)
• 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa foLrkj
• 'kCn iz;qfDr;k¡
bdkbZ&3 % dks'k ds izdkj
• dks'k % oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj
• fo"k; ds vk/kj ij (Hkwxksy dks'k] bfrgkl dks'k] euksfoKku dks'k vkfn)
• Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij (,dHkk"kh] f}Hkk"kh vkSj cgqHkk"kh)
• vkdkj ds vk/kj ij (lkekU; vkSj fo'odks'k)
• ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
bdkbZ&4 % izeq[k dks'kksa dk ifjp;
• fganh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ c`gr~ fganh 'kCndks'k] KkueaMy
• vaxzs”kh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ iQknj dkfey cqYds
• fganh&vaxzsth 'kCndks'k µ HkksykukFk frokjh vkSj egsanz prqosZnh
• fo'odks'k µ fganh 'kCnlkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk
• bZ&dks'k
9
lgk;d xzaFk %
dks'k foKku µ HkksykukFk frokjh
fganh dks'k jpuk] izdkj vkSj :i µ jkepanz oekZ
fganh dks'k lkfgR; µ vpykuan t[keksyk
fganh 'kCn lkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] iz;kx
fganh lkfg; dks'k µ /hjsanz oekZ
dks'k foKku % fl¼kar ,oa iz;ksx µ jke vk/kj flag
dks'k fuekZ.k % izfof/ ,oa iz;ksx µ f=kHkqouukFk 'kqDy
Lexicography : An Introduction – Howarel Jackson
Hkkjr esa dks'k foKku ij fo'ks"k µ xos"k.kk_ vad 93_ tuojh&ekpZ] 2009
uohu dks'k cuke izkphu dks'k µ iq"iyrk rustk_ ^Hkk"kk* fganh if=kdk esa ys[k
osc irk
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www.archive.org (hindishabdsagar)
www.britannika.com
www.e.vikipedia.org
www.encyclopedia.centre.com
www.culturepedia.com
10
vFkok
(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk
bdkbZ&1 % Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk Lo:i % HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk
fofoèkrk esa ,drk ds var%lw=k % Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dk varLlacèa k
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh ladYiuk] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vkèkkj&rÙo
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekfld Lo:i
bdkbZ&2 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk ifjp;
oSfnd lkfgR;] ykSfdd laLÑr lkfgR;
ikfy] izkÑr ,oa viHkza'k lkfgR;
izkphu rfey lkfgR;
bdkbZ&3 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
vkèkqfudrk&iwoZ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % rfey] dUuM+] rsyqxw] ey;kye] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] ckaXyk] mfM+;k]
vlfe;k] ef.kiqjh] mnwZ] iatkch] d'ehjh] fganh
bdkbZ&4 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds izeq[k vkanksyu &HkfDr vkanksyu] uotkxj.k ,oa jk"Vªh;
vkanksyu] Lokèkhurk vkanksyu] Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] mÙkj vkèkqfud lanHkZ
lgk;d xzaFk
vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos
oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ
ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu
ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
11
dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ,l- eqxyh
rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu
lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; µ foHkwfr feJ
12
lsesLVj&6
(6-3)
(d) yksdukV~;
bdkbZ&1 % yksdukV~; % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i vkSj bfrgkl
(izeq[k :iksa dk ifjp; ,oa ikB) yksdukV~; jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] lkax] [;ky] ekp]
fcnsfl;k ,oa ukSVadh µ lqYrkuk Mkdw
bdkbZ&2 % fcnsfl;k µ fHk[kkjh Bkdqj
bdkbZ&3 % lkax µ y[kehpan
bdkbZ&4 % ekp µ xq# cky eqdqan
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] lksygok¡ Hkkx
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ
Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk
y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q
lw=k/kj µ latho
fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku
e/;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk
gfj;k.kk dh yksdukV~; ijEijk
13
vFkok
([k) fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡
bdkbZ&1
(d) okfpd fgUnh ds {ks=kh; :i & fcgkjh] cEcb;k] dydfr;k] eæklh] igkM+h lkfgR;]
flusek] ukVd vkSj ehfM;k esa {ks=kh; fgUnh dk ç;ksx
([k) lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dh fofo/rk & vkjfEHkd fgUnh dfork
¼dchj] vehj [kqljks ½] nDduh fgUnh] mnwZ 'kk;jh vkSj x|] vk/qfud lkfgfR;d fgUnh
bdkbZ&2
(d) dchj µ geu gSa b'd eLrkuk] vehj [kqljks dh eqdfj;k¡
([k) oyh nduh & fd;k eq> b'd us tkfye dw¡ vkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
fd vkfr'k xqy dw¡ djrh gS xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
oiQknkjh us fnycj dh cq>k;k vkfr'k&,&xe dw¡]
fd xehZ n¶v djrk gS] xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
vtc dqN yqRQ j[krk gS 'kc&,&[kfYor esa xqy: lw¡]
f[krkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk] tokc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
esjs fny dw¡ fd;k cs[kqn rsjh vaf[k;ksa us vk[kfj dw¡]
fd T;w¡ csgks'k djrh gS 'kjkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
gqvk rq> b'd lw¡ ,s vkfr'kha : fny fejk ikuh]
fd T;w¡ xyrk gS vkfr'k lw¡ xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
vnk&vks&ukt lw¡ vkrk gS oks jkS'ku tcha ?kj lw¡]
fd T;w¡ efJd lw¡ fudys vkiQrkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
^oyh* eq> fny esa vkrk gS [k;ky&,&;kj&,& csijokg]
14
fd T;w¡ vaf[k;ka esa vkrk gS [okc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk
bdkbZ&3
(d) cukjlhnkl vkSj v¼ZdFkkud
([k) xkfyc dh 'kk;jh vkSj muds [krwr
bdkbZ&4
(d) ba'kk va'kk vYyk [kka & jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh
([k) iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq & iapySV
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh Hkk"kk µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h
mnwZ dk vkjfEHkd ;qx µ 'kElqZjgeku iQk#dh
Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ
mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
15
vFkok
(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u
µ okYehfd µ ^lIri.kkZ*_ jkedkO; dk tUe_ i`"B 115&119_ esa egknsoh oekZ Ñr vuqokn
bdkbZ&1
µ dkfynkl µ ^mÙkjes?k*_ ukxktqZu dh pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡_ i`- 345&349_ Nan la- 22 ls 27]
37] 47_ Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;@ukxktqZu&Ñr vuqokn
µ ^xkFkk lIr'krh*_ MkW- gfjjke vkpk;Z_ izkÑr Hkkjrh vdkneh] t;iqj_
izFke 'krd_ 'yksd la- 4] 6] 33] 45] 49] 58] 77_
"k"B 'krd_ 'yksd la- 30] 35] 38
(d) ukenso µ lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fganh Kkus'ojh* ls] vkyokj i| 'kadjnso
bdkbZ&2
dh jpuk,¡
eè;dkyhu rsyqxq dfo oseuk µ lkfgR; vdkneh
([k) yy |n µ Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ
d'ehjh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl_ i`- 30&44_ 'kf'k 'ks[kj rks'k[kkuh_ ts ,.M ds vdkneh vkWiQ
vkVZ dYpj ,.M ySaXosts”k_ ugj ekxZ] tEew_ izFke laLdj.k 1985_
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
bdkbZ&3
eq> ij os pkgs galsa - - xq# us eq>ls dgk - - ge gh Fks - - fi;k dks [kkstus - - nso fiQj iwtk dSlh - - ;g nsork Hkh iRFkj gh gS - - eSa lhèks iFk ls gh vk;h - - (d) johanzukFk VSxksj xhrkatyh ds dqN va'k lkfgR; vdkneh ds ^johanz jpuk lap;u* ls_
lkfgR; vdkneh_ izdk'ku o"kZ] 1987_ Hkkjr rhFkZ] èkwfy eafnj_ i`- 131&135
([k) lqczg~e.;e Hkkjrh dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh_ laLdj.k 1983_ ^Lora=krk dk xku*
i`- 46&47
(x) oYyrksy dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh- laLdj.k 1959_ ^{kek izkFkZuk*_
i`- 82] 83] 84
16
bdkbZ&4
(d) miU;kl&va'k % f'kokth lkoar Ñr ^e`R;qat;*_ laLdj.k 39_ o"kZ 2012_ Hkkjrh;
KkuihB_ izFke [k.M (d.kZ)_ i`- 19&117
([k) thouh&va'k % ukjk;.k nslkbZ Ñr ^vfXudqaM esa f[kyk xqykc*_ i`- 95&107
(x) ukVd % g;onu_ fxjh'k dukZM_ jkèkkÑ".k izdk'ku_ laLdj.k&1977_ i`- 17&73
(?k) dgkuh % rD’kh f'ko'kadj fiYyS &[kwu dk fj'rk (ey;kye dgkfu;k¡)
Hkkjrh; f'k[kj dFkk dks'k] laik- deys'oj
lgk;d xzaFk %
vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos
oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz
Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ
ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu
ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j
dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ,l- eqxyh
rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu
lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jsgjk
17
lsesLVj&6
(6-4)
(d) 'kks/&çfof/
bdkbZ&1
'kks/ izfof/ & Lo:i ifjp;
'kks/ ls vfHkizk; & Lo:i ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡
fganh esa 'kks/ dk vkjaHk
bdkbZ&2
'kks/ ds {ks=k
'kks/ ds izdkj
lkfgfR;d 'kks/ dh fo'ks"krk,¡
bdkbZ&3
'kks/ vkSj fo"k;&p;u
'kks/ vkSj rF;&fo'ys"k.k
'kks/ vkSj fu"d"kZ
bdkbZ&4
'kks/&laca/h leL;k,¡
,d vPNs 'kks/kFkhZ ds xq.k
fganh esa 'kks/ dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk
lgk;d xzaFk
vuqla/ku dk Lo:i
vuqla/ku dh izfØ;k
'kks/ izfof/
lkfgR; ds lekt'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk
jkbfVax bu lkslkbVh
lajpukRed 'kSyh foKku
lksf'k;ksykWth vkWiQ fyVjspj
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
lkfo=kh flUgk
lkfo=kh flUgk@fot;sUnz Lukrd
fou;eksgu 'kekZ
eSustj ik.Ms;
jseaM fofy;El
johUnzukFk JhokLro
Mk;uk ykSjsalu@,ysu fLoaxoqM
18
vFkok
([k) vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in
bdkbZ&1 % 'kCn&'kfDr] vfHkèkk] y{k.kk] O;atuk] vyadkj] Nan] miek] :id
bdkbZ&2 % jl vkSj jl&fu"ifÙk] lkèkkj.khdj.k] dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] egkdkO;] [kaMdkO;]
xhfrdkO;] ukVd
bdkbZ&3 % 'kkL=kokn] LoPNanrkokn] ekuookn] vkykspukRed ;FkkFkZokn] lektoknh ;FkkFkZokn] tknqbZ
;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn
bdkbZ&4 % fojspu] =kklnh] dYiuk] fcEc] izrhd] vkèkqfudrk vkSj vkèkqfudrkokn] mÙkj&vkèkqfudrk]
fucaèk] dgkuh] miU;kl
lgk;d xzaFk %
fganh vkykspuk ds cht&'kCn µ cPpu flag
fganh vkykspuk dks'k µ vejukFk
ekufodh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k µ laik- MkW- uxsanz
yksdfiz; flusek vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k
dh oMZ~l µ fofy;e jse.M
, fMD'kujh vkWiQ fyVªsjh VElZ µ ts-Vh- f'kIys
jl&ehekalk µ jkepanz 'kqDy
ikfjHkkf"kd dykdks'k µ :iukjk;.k ekFke
19
vFkok
(x) fganh jaxeap
bdkbZ&1
(d) ikjaifjd jaxeap
(jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] ukSVadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkekU; ifjp;)
([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kZu&ijaijk vkSj vkèkqfud jaxeap
bdkbZ&2
fganh jaxeap dh fodkl&;k=kk
(d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh fFk,Vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] i`Foh fFk,Vj rFkk bIVk
([k) Lokra=;ksÙkj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k ,oa jax xfrfofèk;k¡] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyh
jaxeaMy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukV~; vdkneh] y[kumQ
bdkbZ&3
vkèkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofoèk 'kSfy;k¡ % 'kSyhc¼ (LVkbykbM)] ;FkkFkZoknh] ,ClMZ rFkk
yksd&'kSyh
bdkbZ&4
izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vkSj mudh jaxn`f"V % ';kekuan tkyku] lR;nso nqcs] bczkfge vYdkth]
c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan ,oa fHk[kkjh Bkdqj_ fdlh izLrqfr (gky gh esa izLrqr)
dh jaxeaph; leh{kk
lgk;d xzaFk %
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap µ dfiyk okRL;k;u
ijaijk'khy ukV~; µ txnh'kpanz ekFkqj
Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukRed bfrgkl µ vKkr
ikjlh fganh jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
ukV~;lezkV i`Fohjkt diwj µ tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh
vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky
ledkyhu fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µujsanz eksgu
igyk jax µ nsosanz jkt vadqj
20
vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ usfepan tSu
y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µgfjpUnz ca/q
fHk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq µ Hkxor izlkn f}osnh
daVsEizjh bafM;u fFk,Vj % baVjO;w fon IysjkbVlZ ,.M Mk;jsDVlZ µ laxhr ukVd vdkneh
fFk,VlZ vkWo bafMisaMsal µ vi.kkZ HkkxZo èkkjokM+dj