loS;k vkSj dfoRo 3 lkj loS;k

New Wave in Hindi Class – X (Terms – I) Course A
Section : C (ikB~; iqLrd ,oa iwjd iqLrd)
loS;k vkSj dfoRo
3
gksuk] cueky ¾ ouiwQyksa dh ekyk] lqgkbZ ¾ vPNh yxrh gS]
ekFks ¾ flj ij] fdjhV ¾ eqoqQV] n`x ¾ u;u] us=k]
eq[kpan ¾ eq[k :ih paæek] tqUgkbZ ¾ pk¡nuh] tx&
eafnj ¾ tx :ih eafnj] lgkbZ ¾ lgk;rk djus okykA
lkj
loS;k
JhÑ".k osQ iSjksa esa iguh ik;y vkSj dej esa iguh lqanj rxM+h
e/qj >adkj dj jgh gSaA lk¡oys 'kjhj ij ihrkacj 'kksHkk ik jgk gS vkSj
ân; ij ouekyk 'kksfHkr gks jgh gSA JhÑ".k us ekFks ij eqoqQV èkkj.k
fd;k gSA muosQ u;u fo'kky vkSj papy gSaA panzek osQ leku lqanj
muosQ eq[k ij mudh ean&ean eqldku ekuks pk¡nuh fc[ksj jgh gSA os
txr :ih eafnj esa nhid osQ leku izdkf'kr gSa vkSj laiw.kZ czt osQ
nwYgk gSaA
O;k[;k % cky Ñ".k osQ euksgkjh :i dk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo
dgrs gSa fd muosQ iSjksa esa lq'kksfHkr gks jgh ik;y #u&>qu dh eèkqj
vkok”k iSnk dj jgh gS vkSj muosQ dej ij tks djèkuh gS] og Hkh ct
jgh gSA Ñ".k osQ pyus ls uwiqj vkSj djèkuh nksuksa eèkqj èofu mRiUu
dj jgs gSaA muosQ lk¡oys&lyksus 'kjhj ij laqnj ihyk oL=k muosQ :i
dks vkSj c<+k jgk gSA mudh Nkrh ij ouiwQyksa dh ekyk lq'kksfHkr gks
jgh gSA muosQ flj ij eqoqQV gSA mudh vk¡[ksa cM+h&cM+h gSa vkSj papy
Hkh gSaA og dHkh bèkj ns[krs gSa rks dHkh mèkj vkSj muosQ eq[k ij
ean&ean eqLdku gSA cky Ñ".k osQ eq[k dks paæek tSlk lqanj ekurs gq,
dfo dgrs gSa fd eq[k :ih paæek ls fNVdh mTToy lqanj pk¡nuh osQ
leku cky Ñ".k dh eqLdku Hkh vR;ar eueksgd gSA bl lalkj :ih
eafnj esa os nhid osQ leku gSa] tks leLr lalkj dks vkyksfdr dj jgs
gSaA dfo dgrs gSa fd os rks laiw.kZ czt osQ nwYgk gaS vkSj mudh (dfo
nso dh) lgk;rk djus okys ije fgrS"kh gSaA
fo'ks"kµ
(i) dfooj nso us czt Hkk"kk esa bldh jpuk dh gSA
(ii) dgha&dgha rRle 'kCn Hkh feyrs gSa] tSlsµ uwiqj] fdjhV]
n`x] dfV vkfnA
(iii) dfV ¯dfdfu] iV ihr] fg;s gqylS esa vuqizkl vyadkj gSA
(iv) eq[kpan] tx&eafnj&nhid esa :id vyadkj dk iz;ksx
gqvk gSA
(v) blesa okRlY; jl vkSj ekèkq;Z xq.k gSA
(vi) Hkk"kk esa xhrkRedrk dk xq.k gSA loS;k Nan gSA
dfoRr&û
lkSan;Z osQ jktk dkenso dk f'k'kq clar iwQyksa osQ >cys dks igus
gq, gSA og gjs u, iRrksa ls <osQ uje fcNkSus okys isM+ dh Mkfy;ksa osQ
ikyus esa ysVk gSA gok mls >qykrh gS] rks dks;y mls fgykdj [kq'k
djrh jgrh gSA eksj] rksrs mlls ckrsa djrs gSa] rks iwQyksa osQ jax&fcjaxs
ijkx :ih jkbZ&ued ls dey dh dyh :ih ukf;dk] mldh u”kj
mrkjrh gS vkSj lqcg gksrs gh xqykc pqVdh ctkdj mls txkrk gSA
dfoRr&ü
iw£.kek dh mTToy pk¡nuh LiQfVd osQ eafnj&lh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
bls ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS fd ngh dk leqæ meM+dj pyk vk jgk gSA
eafnj dh fo'ks"krk ,slh gS fd ckgj ls Hkhrj rd dgha dksbZ nhokj gh
ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA eafnj dk iQ'kZ nwèk osQ fujarj mBrs gq, isQu ls Hkjk
yxrk gSA blesa rkjk :ih f>yfeykrh r#.kh ukf;dk [kM+h izrhr gksrh
gSA mldh f>yfeykgV ,slh yxrh gS tSls eksfr;ksa osQ izdk'k esa
efYydk dk edjan fey x;k gksA 'kh'ks osQ leku vkdk'k esa paæek
I;kjh jkèkk osQ izfr¯cc&lk izrhr gksrk gSA
loS;s dh O;k[;k
ik¡;fu uwiqj eatq ctSa]
lk¡ojs vax ylS iV
ekFks fdjhV cM+s n`x
tS tx&eafnj&nhid
nso
dfoRrksa dh O;k[;k
dfV ¯dfdfu oSQ èkqfu dh eèkqjkbZA
ihr] fg;s gqylS cueky lqgkbZA
papy] ean g¡lh eq[kpan tqUgkbZA
lqanj] Jhcztnwyg ^nso* lgkbZA
(û)
Mkj æqe iyuk fcNkSuk uo iYyo osQ]
lqeu ¯>xwyk lksgS ru Nfc Hkkjh nSA
iou >wykoS] osQdh&dhj crjkoSa ^nso*]
dksfdy gykoS&gqylkoS dj rkjh nSAA
iwfjr ijkx lksa mrkjks djS jkbZ uksu]
oaQtdyh ukf;dk yrku flj lkjh nSA
enu eghi tw dks ckyd clar rkfg]
izkrfg txkor xqykc pVdkjh nSAA
'kCnkFkZ % ik¡;fu ¾ iSjksa esa] uwiqj ¾ iktsc] ik;y]
eatq ¾ laqnj] dfV ¾ dej] ¯dfdfu ¾ djèkuh] dej esa
iguus okyk vkHkw"k.k] èkqfu ¾ èofu] vkok”k] eèkqjkbZ ¾ ehBh]
lk¡ojs ¾ lk¡oyk jax] ylS ¾ lq'kksfHkr] iV ¾ oL=k]
ihr ¾ ihyk fg;s ¾ ân; ;k Nkrh ij] gqylS ¾ vkuafnr
1
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
(ü)
'kCnkFkZ % Mkj ¾ Mkyh] Vguh] æqe ¾ o` { k] is M + ]
iyuk ¾ >wyk] uo ¾ uwru] u;k] iYyo ¾ iRrk] lqeu
¯>xwyk ¾ iwQyksa dk >cyk] <hyk&<kyk oL=k] lksgS ¾ lq'kksfHkr
gksrk gS] ru ¾ 'kjhj] nsg] Nfc ¾ lqa njrk] vkHkk]
os Qdh ¾ eksj ] dhj ¾ rksr k] >q ykoS ¾ >q ykrk gS]
dksfdy ¾ dks;y] crjkoaS ¾ ckrsa djrs gSa] izkrfg ¾ lqcg&
lqcg] izkr%dky] txkor ¾ txkrk gS] enu ¾ dkenso]
eghi ¾ jktk] gykoS ¾ gykor] ckrksa dh feBkl]
gqylkoS ¾ vkuafnr djrk gS] dj rkjh nS ¾ rkyh ctkdj]
iwfjr ¾ Hkjk gqvk] ijkx ¾ edjan] mrkjks djS jkbZ
uksu ¾ ftl cPps dks u”kj yxh gks mlosQ flj osQ pkjksa vksj
jkbZ] ued ?kqekdj vkx esa tykus dk VksVdk] oaQtdyh ¾
dey dh dyh] pVdkjh nS ¾ pqVdh ctkdjA
O;k[;k % izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dfo us izÑfr osQ fofHkUu miknkuksa
osQ lkFk clar dk fdl izdkj HkkoukRed lacaèk gS] bldk lqanj o.kZu
fd;k gSA dfo dgrs gSa fd clar :ih ckyd dk iyuk (>wyk) isM+ksa
dh Vgfu;k¡ gSa vkSj ubZ&ubZ dksey ifRr;ksa ls cuk mldk fcNkSuk cgqr
eqyk;e ,oa vkjkensg gSA clar :ih ckyd osQ 'kjhj ij iwQyksa ls cuk
>cyk lq'kksfHkr gks jgk gSA ok;q cgus ls tc isM+ dh Mkfy;k¡ fgyus
yxrh gSa] rks dfo dks ,slk yxrk gS fd ekuks ok;q mlosQ ikyus dks
>qyk jgh gSA eksj vkSj rksrk mlls ckrsa dj jgs gSa vkSj dks;y ekuks
viuh ckrksa dh feBkl ls vkSj rkyh ctkdj mls izlUu dj jgh gSA
bl le; pkjksa vksj iwQyksa osQ ijkx fc[kjs feyrs gSaA mldh vksj laosQr
djrs gq, dfo dgrs gSa ekuks dksbZ ckyd clar dks u”kj yxus ls
cpkus osQ fy, ml ij jkbZ uksu (ued) mrkj jgk gSA dey dh dyh
:ih ukf;dk yrk :ih lkM+h dks flj ij vks<+dj Hkjs ijkx&d.kksa dks
fc[ksj dj ekuks ckyd dh u”kj mrkj jgh gSA dfo osQ vuqlkj
dkenso tks jktk gSa] mudk iq=k gS ;g clar vkSj lqcg&lqcg mls
pqVdh ctkdj xqykc txkrk gSA bl izdkj clar Írq esa izÑfr esa
miyCèk lkjh ph”kksa dk dfo ,d&,d dj o.kZu djrs gSaA
iQfVd flykfu lkSa lqèkkj~;kS lqèkk eafnj]
mnfèk nfèk dks lks vfèkdkb mexs veanA
ckgj rs Hkhrj ykSa Hkhfr u fn[kS, ^nso*]
nwèk dks lks isQu iSQY;ks vk¡xu iQjlcanA
rkjk lh r#fu rkesa Bk<+h f>yfeyh gksfr]
eksfru dh tksfr feY;ks efYydk dks edjanA
vkjlh ls vacj esa vkHkk lh mtkjh yxS]
I;kjh jkfèkdk dks izfr¯cc lks yxr panAA
'kCnkFkZ % iQfVd ¾ LiQfVd] l-isQn vikjn'khZ jRu] lw;Zdkar
ef.k] flykfu ¾ f'kyk ij] pV~Vku ij] lqèkk ¾ ve`r]
mnfèk ¾ lkxj] nfèk ¾ ngh] mexs ¾ meM+uk] vean ¾ tks
dHkh ean u iM+s] Hkhfr ¾ nhokj] isQu ¾ >kx]
iQjlcan ¾ iQ'kZ ij] rkesa ¾ mles]a Bk<+h ¾ [kM+h] f>yfeyh
gksfr ¾ txexkrh gksrha] tksfr ¾ T;ksfr] vkHkk]
efYydk ¾ ,d izdkj dk li+Qs n lqxafèkr iwQy] edjan ¾
iwQyksa dk jl] vkjlh ¾ vkbuk] niZ.k] 'kh'kk] vacj ¾
vkdk'k] mtkjh ¾ mTToy] izfr¯cc ¾ ijNkb±A
O;k[;k % dfo us ;gk¡ nwfèk;k pk¡nuh ls ugkbZ jkf=k dks ve`r&eafnj
osQ :i esa ekuk gS] tks mTToy LiQfVd dh pV~Vku ij cuk gqvk gSA
LiQfVd vR;ar mTToy l-isQn ikjn'khZ dherh ux gksrk gSA izÑfr esa
pkjksa vksj fc[kjh pk¡nuh dks ns[kdj dfo dks ,slk yxrk gS ekuks ngh
dk lkxj meM+rk pyk vk jgk gSA dfooj nso dgrs gSa fd bl
lqèkk&eafnj dh nhokj Hkhrj&ckgj dgha ls Hkh fn[kkbZ ugha iM+ jgh gS
vkSj blosQ vk¡xu osQ iQ'kZ ij ekuks nwèk dk >kx iSQyk iM+k gSA bl
pk¡nuh jkf=k :ih ve`r eafnj esa tks f>yfeykrs rkjs fn[kkbZ iM+ jgs gSa
ekuks os lc lqanjh lqlfTtr ;qofr;k¡ [kM+h gSa ftuosQ vkHkw"k.kksa dh
vkHkk efYydk iq"i osQ edjan ls feyh eksrh dh T;ksfr osQ leku gSA
laiw.kZ okrkoj.k bruk mTToy 'kqHkz gS fd vkdk'k ekuks LoPN niZ.k
gS ftlesa jkèkk dk eq[kpaæ izfr¯cfcr gks jgk gSA ;gk¡ dfo us paæek
dh rqyuk jkèkk osQ lqanj eq[kMs+ ls dh gSA
fo'ks"kµ
(i) izLrqr dfoRr cztHkk"kk esa jfpr gS] ftlesa rRle 'kCnksa dk
iqV feyrk gS] tSls µ lqèkk] mnfèk] nfèk] izfr¯cc vkfnA
(ii) blesa xs;rk dk ekèkq;Z xq.k fon~;eku gSA
(iii) vyadkjksa dh fujkyh NVk loZ=k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tSls
vuqizkl] miek] :id] mRizs{kk vkfnA
(iv) dfo dh fujkyh dYiuk pk¡nuh jkr dh 'kksHkk dks nqxquk
dj nsrh gSA ikBdksa osQ le{k laiw.kZ izkÑfrd fp=k ltho
gks mBrk gSA
fo'ks"kµ
(i) izLrqr dfoRr cztHkk"kk esa fyf[kr gSA
(ii) dfoRr Nan gSA
(iii) dfo us clar dks ,d f'k'kq osQ :i esa ns[kk gSA blesa
ekuohdj.k vyadkj gSA
(iv) osQdh dhj] gykoS&gqylkoS] iwfjr ijkx] enu eghi vkSj
ckyd clar esa vuqizkl vyadkj dh fujkyh NVk gSA
(v) lqeu ¯>xwyk] oaQtdyh ukf;dk] enu eghi vkfn esa
:id vyadkj gSA
(vi) dfo us izÑfr osQ vewrZ :i dk fp=k.k lqanj ewrZ :i esa
fd;k gSA
(vii) ^iwfjr ijkx lksa mrkjks djS jkbZ uksu* esa mRizs{kk vyadkj gSA
2
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
lesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ iz'uksRrj
û- dfo us Jhcztnwyg fdlosQ fy, iz;qDr fd;k gS vkSj
mUgsa lalkj :ih eafnj dk nhid D;ksa dgk gS\
mRrj %
[CBSE 2011 (Term – II)]
mRrj % dfo us Jhcztnwyg JhÑ".k osQ fy, iz;qDr fd;k gS
D;ksafd JhÑ".k lHkh xksfi;ksa osQ fiz; gSaA xksfi;k¡ mUgsa eu
gh eu viuk nwYgk ekurh gSaA
JhÑ".k dks lalkj :ih eafnj dk nhid blfy, dgk x;k
gS D;ksafd lksyg dykvksa ls iw.kZ JhÑ".k osQ ân; esa
fojkteku gksus ls thou :ih eafnj txexk mBrk gSA Kku
osQ izdk'k ls txexkus osQ dkj.k thou lqanj gks tkrk gS
vkSj mlesa eafnj dh&lh ifo=krk ,oa Js"Brk vk tkrh gSA
ü- igys loS;s esa ls mu iafDr;ksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,
ftuesa vuqizkl vkSj :id vyadkj dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
mRrj % vuqizkl vyadkj
1- dfV&¯dfdfu oSQ èkqfu eèkqjkbZ
2- lk¡ojs vax ylS iV ihr
3- fg;s gqylS cueky lqgkbZ
:id vyadkj
1- g¡lh eq[kpan tqUgkbZ (eq[k :ih paæ)
2- tS tx&eafnj nhid lqanj (lalkj :ih eafnj)
ý- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk dkO; lkSan;Z Li"V dhft,A
ik¡;fu uwiqj eatq ctSa] dfV ¯dfdfu oSQ èkqfu dh eèkqjkbZA
lk¡ojs vax ylS iV ihr] fg;s gqylS cueky lqgkbZA
mRrj % Hkko&lkSan;Z % JhÑ".k osQ laqnj iSjksa dh ik;y esa yxs
?kq¡?k#vksa dh eèkqj èofu muosQ pyus ls mRiUu gks jgh gSA
dej esa c¡èkh rxM+h dh Hkh eèkqj >udkj lqukbZ iM+ jgh gSA
JhÑ".k osQ lk¡oys 'kjhj ij ihys jax dk oL=k vFkkZr
ihrkacj mudh 'kksHkk c<+k jgk gS vkSj fo'kky ân; ij iM+h
yach cuekyk ls mudh lqanjrk ns[krs gh curh gSA JhÑ".k
dk lkSan;Z vn~Hkqr gSA
f'kYi&lkSan;Z % dfV ¯dfdfu] iV ihr] fg;s gqylS esa
vuqizkl dh NVk gSA cztHkk"kk dk ekèkq;Z] loS;k Nan dk
lqanj iz;ksx] y;kRedrk] xs;rk] laxhrkRedrk vkSj rRle
'kCnkoyh dk blesa lqanj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
þ- nwljs dfoRr osQ vkèkkj ij Li"V djsa fd Írqjkt
olar osQ cky :i dk o.kZu ijaijkxr clar o.kZu ls
fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
vFkok
ÿmRrj %
ömRrj %
÷mRrj %
3
dfo us ckyd olar dk thoar feJ.k fdl :i esa
fd;k gSA
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
ijaijkxr :i esa olar dk o.kZu Ük`axkj jl osQ fo;ksx ;k
la;ksx nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gSA dks;y dh owQd] vkeksa osQ
ckSj] 'khry ean lqxafèkr iou] nwj rd fcNh gjhfrek] laqnj
f[kys iwQy vkfn dk o.kZu Ük`axkj jl osQ uk;d&ukf;dk osQ
izse dks c<+krs gSa tcfd nwljs dfoRr esa Írqjkt olar dks
dkenso osQ f'k'kq osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA f'k'kq&:i
o.kZu esa uje] dksey] gjh&gjh ifRr;ksa dh dksey 'kÕ;k]
Mkfy;ksa dk uwru ifRr;ksa ls Hkj tkuk] jax&fcjaxs iq"iksa dk
f[kyuk] csyksa dk fgyuk] deyksa dk f[kyuk] dks;y] eksj
vkSj rksrksa dh eèkqj èofu rFkk 'khry ean lqxafèkr iou osQ
cgus osQ ekè;e ls olar :ih f'k'kq dks ikyus esa >qykuk]
mlls cfr;kuk] mldh u”kj mrkjuk vkSj mls txkus dk
loZFkk u;k iz;ksx dfo us ;gk¡ fd;k gSA
çkrfg txkor xqykc pVdkjh nS µ bl iafDr dk
Hkko Li"V dhft,A
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
olar Írq esa izkr%dky xqykc osQ iwQy f[ky tkrs gSaA muosQ
f[kyus dks gh dfo pVduk dgrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls f[kyuk
pqVdh ctkuk Hkh gSA ftl izdkj ek¡ vFkok vU; Lusgh tu
èkhjs ls pqVdh ctkdj f'k'kqvksa dks txkrs gSa] oSls gh olar
:ih f'k'kq dks xqykc pqVdh ctkdj txkrk gSA
pk¡nuh jkr dh lqanjrk dks dfo us fdu&fdu :iksa esa
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
ns[kk gS\
pk¡nuh jkr dh lqanjrk dks dfo us LiQfVd dh ikjn'khZ
f'kyk osQ eafnj osQ :i esa ns[kk gSA ngh osQ meM+rs leqæ osQ
:i esa vkSj nwèk osQ li•sQn >kx ls cus iQ'kZ osQ :i esa ns[kk
gSA dfo us eksrh dh ped vkSj efYydk osQ edjan ls rkjs
:ih f>yfeykrh r#.kh osQ :i esa Hkh pk¡nuh jkr dh
laqnjrk dks ns[kk gSA
I;kjh jkfèkdk dks izfr¯cc lks yxr pan*& bl iafDr
dk Hkko Li"V djrs gq, crk,¡ fd blesa dkSu&lk
vyadkj gS\
dfo us paæek dks I;kjh jkèkk osQ izfr¯cc osQ leku crk;k
gSA lkfgR; esa paæek dk iz;ksx mieku osQ :i esa gksrk
vk;k gS] ¯drq ;gk¡ I;kjh jkèkk osQ izfr¯cc dks paæek dk
mieku cuk;k x;k gSA tgk¡ mieku mies; cu tk, vkSj
mies; mieku vFkkZr tgk¡ miek vyadkj myVs vFkZ esa
iz;qDr gks] ogk¡ izrhi vyadkj gksrk gSA vr% ;gk¡ izrhi
vyadkj dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
µ enu eghi esa :id vyadkj rFkk vU; vusd LFkyksa
ij vuqizkl dh NVk gSA
µ dfoRr&2 esa 'kjn iwf.kZek dh jkf=k dk vuqie fp=k.k gSA
µ blesa iw.kZpanz dks jk/k osQ izfrfcac osQ leku crk;k
x;k gSA blfy, blesa izrhi vyadkj gSA
µ vusd LFkyksa ij miek vyadkj gSA ^lq/k eafnj* esa
:id vkSj ^rkjk lh r#fu* esa miek vyadkj gSA
µ blesa dfoRr Nan] ek/q;Z vkSj xs;rk osQ xq.k fon~;eku
gSaA
µ bldh Hkk"kk Hkh rRle 'kCnkoyh ;qDr czt Hkk"kk gSA
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
ûú- vius ?kj dh Nr ls iw£.kek dh jkr nsf[k, vkSj mlosQ
lkSan;Z dks viuh dye ls 'kCncn~èk dhft,A
mRrj % vHkh fiNys o"kZ dh gh rks ckr gS tc ge jkr djhc 11
cts vius u, cus ?kj dh Nr ij 'kjn iw£.kek eukus igq¡ps
FksA gekjh vk¡[ksa [kqyh dh [kqyh jg xb± tc geus mtyh]
nedrh] BaMh] e[keyh vglkl nsrh pk¡nuh osQ ve`re;
fu>Zj dks nwj&nwj rd iSQyh èkjrh dh gj ph”k dk ij >jrs
ns[kkA nwj vkdk'k esa pk¡n dk lqugjk nedrk xksyk tSls
vk¡[ksa [kksys gekjh mRlqdrk dks le> eqldjkdj gels
ckrsa djuk pkg jgk FkkA cksyus dks tSls oqQN cpk gh u
FkkA ge lHkh ea=k&eqXèk ls [kM+s Fks fd BaMh lqokflr gok
dk >ksadk gesa lpsru dj x;kA eSa lkspus yxk] vkt tc
bruh lqanjrk ;gha NkbZ gS rks vkxjk esa rktegy ns[krs yksx
rks ikxy gh gks jgs gksaxsA ek¡ us nwèk osQ fxykl lkeus j[k
fn,A muesa pk¡nuh dk ve`r >jus yxkA eSaus ,d dfork
fy[khA esjs fe=k us viuh igys fy[kh dfork lqukb±A ,d
vkSj nwljs fe=k us izÑfr osQ lqoqQekj dfo lqfe=kkuanu iarth
dh pk¡nuh jkr ij fy[kh oqQN dfork,¡ lqukb±A lpeqp
'kjn iw£.kek dh ml vuks[kh T;ksRLuk dks eSa igyh ckj
le> ldk fd izÑfr oSQls geesa dfoRo Hkh txkrh gSA
ø- rhljs dfoRr osQ vkèkkj ij crkb, fd dfo us pk¡nuh
jkr dh mTToyrk dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, fdu&fdu
miknkuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
mRrj % dfo us pk¡nuh jkr dh mTToyrk dk o.kZu djus osQ fy,
fuEufyf[kr miknkuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSµ
1- LiQfVd f'kyk
2- ngh dk leqæ
3- nwèk dk
isQu
4- efYydk osQ iwQy
5- vkbukA
ù- ifBr dforkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij dfo nso dh dkO;xr
fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A
mRrj % ifBr dforkvksa osQ vk/kj ij dfo nso dh dkO;xr
fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
µ dfo us loS;k Nan vkSj czt Hkk"kk esa Jh Ñ".k dk
vR;ar lqanj :i&o.kZu fd;k gSA
µ dfo dh iafDr;ksa esa n`';kRedrk dk xq.k gSA ,slk
yxrk gS fd gekjh vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus JhÑ".k dk lqanj
:i vk x;k gSA
µ dfV fdafduh] iV ihr] fg;s gqylS vkfn esa vuqizkl
vyadkj gSA
µ eq[kpan vkSj txeafnj esa :id vyadkj gSA
µ dfoRr&1 esa dfo us olar osQ vfHkuo :i dk loZFkk
u, :i esa fp=k.k fd;k gSA blesa mUgksaus olar dks
dkenso osQ f'k'kqiq=k osQ :i esa vafdr fd;k gSA viuh
uohu dYiuk osQ vuqlkj mUgksaus mls isM+ksa dh Mkfy;ksa
osQ >wys esa fyVk;k gSA
µ dfo us izFke dfoRr esa laiw.kZ izÑfr esa olar] dey]
xqykc vkfn dks ewrZ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
µ blesa eksj] rksrk] dks;y vkfn esa ekuohdj.k vyadkj
dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
µ czt Hkk"kk osQ lkFk rRle 'kCnksa dk Hkh lVhd iz;ksx
dkO; dks vR;ar lqanj cukrk gSA
vU; ijh{kksi;ksxh egRoiw.kZ iz'uksRrj (CCE in~èkfr ij vk/kfjr)
û- ckyd Ñ".k us dkSu&dkSu ls vkHkw"k.k /kj.k fd, gSa\
muls dSlh èofu vk jgh gS\
mRrj % ckyd Ñ".k us ik¡o esa ik;y] dej esa dj/uh xys esa ou
iwQyksa dh ekyk rFkk flj ij eqoqQV /kj.k fd;k gSA muls
e/qj èofu vk jgh gSA
ü- ^ean g¡lh eq[kpan tqUgkbZ* esa fufgr vyadkj dk uke
fyf[k,A
mRrj % ^ean g¡lh eq[k pan tqUgkbZ* esa :id vyadkj gSA
(I) fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, rFkk ml
ij vkèkkfjr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k, µ
[CBSE 2011 (Term – II)]
ik¡;fu uwiqj eatq ctSa]
lk¡ojs vax ylS iV
ekFks fdjhV cM+s n`x
tS tx&eafnj&nhid
dfV ¯dfdfu oSQ èkqfu dh eèkqjkbZA
ihr] fg;s gqylS cueky lqgkbZA
papy] ean g¡lh eq[kpan tqUgkbZA
lqanj] Jhcztnwyg ^nso* lgkbZA
4
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
(III) fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'k dks è;kuiwod
Z if<+, rFkk ml ij
ý- tx&eafnj&nhid dk iz;ksx fdlosQ fy, fd;k x;k gS
vkSj bl dk vk'k; le>kb,A
mRrj % txeafnj nhid dk iz;ksx Jh o`Q".k osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA
Hkxoku Ñ".k bl lalkj :ih eafnj esa nhid osQ leku gSa]
tks leLr lalkj dks vkyksfdr dj jgs gSaA
þ- Ñ".k osQ us=k rFkk eq[k dh 'kksHkk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
mRrj % Ñ".k osQ us=k cM+s&cM+s vkSj papy gSaA mudk eq[k panzek
tSlk lqanj gS rFkk eq[k ij ean&ean eqLdku lq'kksfHkr gSA
ÿ- dfo dks o`Q".k osQ psgjs ij iSQyh eqldku oSQlh yx
jgh gS\
mRrj % dfo dks o`Q".k osQ psgjs ij iSQyh eqLdku eq[k:ih pUnzek
dh pk¡nuh osQ leku yx jgh gSA
ûmRrj %
(II) fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, rFkk ml
ümRrj %
ij vkèkkfjr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k, µ
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
ý-
Mkj æqe iyuk fcNkSuk uo iYyo osQ]
lqeu ¯>xwyk lksgS ru Nfc Hkkjh nSA
iou >wykoS] osQdh&dhj crjkoSa ^nso*]
dksfdy gykoS&gqylkoS dj rkjh nSAA
iwfjr ijkx lkSa mrkjks djS jkbZ uksu]
oaQtdyh ukf;dk yrku flj lkjh nSA
enu eghi tw dks ckyd clar rkfg]
izkrfg txkor xqykc pVdkjh nSAA
mRrj %
þmRrj %
vkèkkfjr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k, µ [CBSE 2010]
iQfVd flykfu lkSa lqèkkj~;kS lqèkk eafnj]
mnfèk nfèk dks lks vfèkdkb mexs veanA
ckgj rs Hkhrj ykSa Hkhfr u fn[kS, ^nso*]
nwèk dks lks isQu iSQY;ks vk¡xu iQjlcanA
rkjk lh r#fu rkesa Bk<+h f>yfeyh gksfr]
eksfru dh tksfr feY;ks efYydk dks edjanA
vkjlh ls vacj esa vkHkk lh mtkjh yxS]
I;kjh jkfèkdk dks izfr¯cc lks yxr panAA
dfo us blesa fdldk o.kZu fd;k gS\
dfo us blesa iwf.kZek dh mft;kjh pk¡n&rkjksa ls txexkrh
jkr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
vkdk'k dks vkjlh D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
panez k dh nwf/;k pk¡nuh ls ugkbZ jkf=k esa vkdk'k LoPN niZ.k&lk
izrhr gks jgk gSA bl dkj.k vkdk'k dks vkjlh dgk x;k gSA
nw/] ngh] LiQfVd vkfn dk mYys[k djosQ dfo us
D;k dguk pkgk gS\
pk¡nuh jkr dh lqanjrk dk c[kku djus osQ fy, dfo us
nwèk] ngh] LiQfVd vkfn dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
dfo us paæek dh rqyuk fdlls dh gS\ pkjksa vksj
fc[kjh pk¡nuh dks ns[kdj dfo dks D;k yxrk gS\
dfo us panzek dh rqyuk jk/k osQ lqanj eq[kM+s ls dh gSA
pkjksa vksj fc[kjh pk¡nuh dks ns[kdj dfo dks yxrk gS tSls
ngh dk lkxj meM+rk vk jgk gSA
jkbZ uksu mrkjus dk D;k vk'k; gS\
jkbZ uksd mrkjus dk vk'k; ckyd dh u”kj mrkjus ls gSA
oaQtdyh ukf;dk ckyd olar dh u”kj mrkjus osQ fy,
mlosQ Åij ljlksa osQ nkus rFkk ued mrkj dj isaQd jgh
gSA rkfd mls fdlh dh u”kj u yx tk,A
bl dfoRr esa fdu&fdu vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k gS\
bl dfoRr esa :id] ekuohdj.k rFkk vuqizkl vyadkj
dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
û- f'k'kq clar fdldk iq=k gS\ dfo ,slh dYiuk D;ksa
ÿdj jgs gSa\
mRrj %
mRrj % f'k'kq clar jktk dkenso dk iq=k gSA dfo blfy, dYiuk
dj jgs gSa D;ksafd clar :ih ckyd dh ns[kHkky osQ fy,
izÑfr esa fofo/ ph”ksa fon~;eku gSa] tks izR;sd rjg ls
clar :ih ckyd dh lsok dj jgh gSaA
6ü- ckyd olar dk dkSu vkSj dSls txkrk gS\
mRrj % xqykc dk iwQy clar :ih iq=k dks pqVdh ctkdj izfrfnu
mRrj %
lqcg&lqcg txkrk gSA
ý- ckyd clar dks >wys esa >qykus vkSj cky&ØhM+k,¡
vfr y?kwRrjkRed iz'uksRrj
djkus dk dke oSQls laiUu gksrk gS\
mRrj % ckyd clar dks >wy esa >qykus vkSj cky&ØhM+k,¡ djkus fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
dk dke gok] eksj vkSj rksrs osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA gok
û- f'k'kq clar fdldk iq=k gS\
isM+ksa dh Mkfy;ksa dks fgykdj clar dks >qykus dk dke
mRrj % iwQyksa osQ >cys dks igus gjs u, iRrksa ls <osQ uje fcNkSus
djrh gSA eksj vkSj rksrk viuh vkok”k ls ekuks mlls ckrsa
okys isM+ dh Mkfy;ksa esa ysVk] f'k'kq clar lkSan;Z osQ jktk
djrs gSaA dks;y viuh ehBh cksyh ls rFkk rkyh ctkdj
dkenso dk iq=k gSA
mls [kq'k dj jgh gSA
5
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
ü- ckyd clar dk ikyuk dkSu >qyk jgk gS\
mRrj % ok;q osQ cgus ls tc isM+ dh Mkfy;k¡ fgyus yxrh gSa] rks
dfo dYiuk djrs gSa ekuks ckyd clar dk ikyuk gok
>qyk jgh gSA
ý- ckyd Ñ".k osQ lqanj eq[k dh rqyuk fdlls dh xbZ gS\
mRrj % ckyd Ñ".k osQ lqanj eq[k dh rqyuk panzek ls dh xbZ gSA
D;ksafd dfo dks ,slk yxrk gS fd ckyd Ñ".k dk eq[k
panzek dh rjg lqanj ean&ean eqLdku :ih pk¡nuh fc[ksj
jgk gSA
þ- vkdk'k esa rkjs oSQls yx jgs gSa\
mRrj % vkdk'k esa f>yfeykrs rkjs lqUnj vkHkw"k.kksa ls lqlfTtr
;qofr;ksa osQ leku izrhr gks jgs gSaA
5- lq/k&eafnj D;k gS\
mRrj % dfo us pk¡nuh jkr dks lq/k eafnj dgk gSA
6- izLrqr dfork fdl Nan esa fy[kh xbZ gS\
mRrj % izLrqr dfork esa dfoRo NUn esa fy[kh xbZ gSA
7- vuqizkl vyadkj dk ,d mnkgj.k Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
mRrj % ^iQfVd flykfu lksa lq/kj;ksa lq/k eafnj* esa ^l* dh
ckj&ckj vo`fRr gksus ls vuqizkl vyadkj gSA
8- isM+] iRrs vkSj lqeu dks dfo fdl :i esa ns[krs gSa\
mRrj % isM+ vkSj mldh Mkyksa dks f'k'kq clar osQ ikyus osQ :i esa
iRrksa dks fcNkSus osQ :i esa rFkk iwQyksa dks >cys osQ :i esa
dfo ns[krs gSaA
9- eksj] rksrk] dks;y vkSj iou D;k dj jgs gSa\
mRrj % eksj vkSj rksrk clar :ih f'k'kq ls ckrsa djrs izrhr gks jgs
gSaA dks;y dHkh viuh ehBh vkok”k esa xkrh gS rks dHkh
rkyh ctk jgh gSA iou f'k'kq dk iyuk >qyk jgh gSA
10- dfo us iQfVd f'kykvksa dh miek fdlosQ fy, nh gS\
mRrj % dfo us iQfVd f'kykvksa dh miek pk¡nuh jkr dh mTToyrk
vkSj nwf/;k ped osQ fy, nh gSA
11- yrkvksa dks ns[kdj dfo D;k dYiuk djrs gSa\
mRrj % lqanj iwQyksa ls lqlfTtr yrk,¡ ns[k dj dfo us dYiuk dh
gS ekuks ukf;dk us lqanj iwQynkj lkM+h flj rd vks<+ j[kh gSA
ü- ckyd clar dh u”kj dkSu oSQls mrkjrk gS\
mRrj % ckyd clar dks u”kj yxus ls cpkus osQ fy, dey dh
dyh :ih ukf;dk yrk :ih lkM+h dks flj ij vks<+ dj
ijkx :ih jkbZ ued fc[ksj dj u”kj mrkj jgh gSA
ý- dfo us pk¡n dh rqyuk jk/k osQ eq[k ls D;ksa dh gS\
mRrj % dfo us panzek dh rqyuk I;kjh jk/k osQ izfrfcac ls dh gSA
pkjksa vksj panzek dh pk¡nuh iSQyh gSA laiw.kZ okrkoj.k
mTToy gSA vkdk'k LoPN niZ.k osQ leku izrhr gks jgk gSA
mlesa jk/k dk eq[k :ih panzek izfrfcafcr gks jgk gSA
þ- dfo us vkdk'k ls /jrh rd iSQyh pk¡nuh dh lqanjrk
dks fdu fcacksa osQ ekè;e ls rFkk oSQls fpf=kr fd;k gS\
mRrj % pk¡nuh jkr esa vkdk'k esa LiQfVd f'kyk,¡ ,d lqèkk&eafnj
lh izrhr gks jgh gSA izÑfr esa pkjksa vksj fc[kjh pk¡nuh ,slh
yx jgh gS fd ekuks ngh dk lkxj meM+rk pyk vk jgk
gSA eafnj osQ vk¡xu osQ iQ'kZ ij ekuks nw/ dk >kx fc[kjk
iM+k gSA f>yfeykrs rkjs ekuks lqanj lqlfTtr ;qofr;k¡ gSa]
ftuosQ vkHkw"k.kksa dh vkHkk efYydk iq"i osQ edjan ls
feyh eksrh dh T;ksfr osQ leku gSA
ÿ- dfo us Ñ".k osQ nwYgs :i dk o.kZu oSQls fd;k gS\
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % nwYgs osQ :i esa Ñ".k osQ euksgkjh :i dk o.kZu djrs gq,
dfo dgrs gSa fd muosQ iSjksa esa ik;y rFkk dej esa dj/uh
lq'kksfHkr gSA muosQ lk¡oys&lyksus 'kjhj ij lqanj ihyk oL=k
rFkk Nkrh ij ouiwQyksa dh ekuk mudh lqanjrk dks fu[kkj
jgk gSA mudh cM+h&cM+h papy vk¡[ksa rFkk eq[k ij ean&ean
eqLdku vR;ar eueksgu gSA bl lalkj :ih eafnj esa os nhi
osQ leku gSa tks leLr ladlkj dks vkyksfdr dj jgs gSaA
ö- nso n~okjk jfpr loS;k vkidks larq"V djus esa dgk¡
rd lkFkZd gS\
mRrj % nso us vius loS;s esa Ñ".k osQ lkSan;Z dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
Ñ".k dks cztnwYgs osQ :i esa mudk tks euksgkjh o.kZu
fd;k gS] og vR;ar lq[kdkjh gSA Ñ".k dk ,slk :i o.kZu
lqudj yksxksa dks vkRe&larqf"V feyrh gS rFkk bZ'oj osQ
lk{kkRdkj osQ ije lq[k dh Hkh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA
÷- nso osQ dfoRr vkidk euksjatu djrs gSAa fln~/ dhft,A
mRrj % nso osQ dfoRrksa esa izkÑfrd lkSan;Z dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
ftl izdkj ge fdlh izkÑfrd lqanjrk dks ns[kdj rFkk
dfo;ksa dh lqanj dYiukvksa dks lqudj izlUu gksrs gSa] mlh
izdkj dh dykRed larqf"V gesa nso osQ dfoRrksa dks i<+dj
izkIr gksrh gSA nso us igys dfoRr esa clar ½rq esa miyC/
lkjh phtksa dk vuqie o.kZu fd;k gSA nwljs dfoRr esa
iwf.kZek dh mft;kjh pk¡n&rkjksa ls txexkrh jkf=k dk lqanj
o.kZu fd;k gSA nksuksa dfoRr vR;ar euksjatd gSaA
y?kwRrjkRed iz'uksRrj
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
û- ckyd Ñ".k osQ euksgkjh :i dk o.kZu dhft,A
vFkok
nso dfo osQ loS;k osQ vk/kj ij Jh o`Q".k dh
os'kHkw"kk dk o.kZu dhft, [CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % ckyd Ñ".k osQ iSjksa esa ik;y vkSj dej esa dj/uh
lq'kksfHkr gks jgh gSA muosQ lk¡oys&lyksus 'kjhj ij ihrkacj
vkSj ân; ij ouiwQyksa dh ekyk lq'kksfHkr gSA muosQ flj ij
eqoqQV osQ lkFk eksj ia[k cgqr lqanj yx jgk gSA
6
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
11- oaQtdyh :ih ukf;dk D;k dj jgh gS vkSj D;ksa\
ø- nso us vius loS;s esa Ñ".k osQ fdl :i dk o.kZu
fd;k gS\
mRrj % dfo nso us vius loS;s esa Ñ".k osQ papy rFkk uV[kV :i
dk o.kZu fd;k gSA mudh os'kHkw"kk dk o.kZu djrs gq,
mUgksaus crk;k gS fd Ñ".k osQ iSjksa esa ?kqa?k: rFkk dej esa
dj/uh gSA ,slk yxrk gS ekuks os u`R; djus tk jgs gSaA ;g
muosQ dykdkj :i dk ifjp; nsrk gSA muosQ 'kjhj ij
lqanj ihys oL=k] flj ij eqoqQV] mudh cM+h&cM+h papy
vk¡[ksa rFkk mudh ean&ean eqldku muosQ uV[kV :i dk
ifjpk;d gSA
ù- nso osQ loS;s vkSj dfoRr i<+dj fln~/ dhft, fd
nso njckjh dfo FksA
mRrj % nso osQ rhuksa dkO;ka'kksa dks i<+dj njckjh ped&ned osQ
n'kZu gksrs gSaA igys loS;s esa Ñ".k dks nwYgs osQ :i esa
izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA clar ½rq dk o.kZu djrs gq, mUgksaus
clar dks jktk dkenso osQ iq=k osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k gS]
ftldh ns[kjs[k esa laiw.kZ izÑfr yxh gqbZ gSA rhljs dfoRr
esa nwf/;k pk¡nuh ls ugkbZ jkf=k dks ve`r eafnj tks mTToy
LiQfVd dh pV~Vku ij cuk crk;k gqvk gS] ftlesa jk/k
viuh lf[k;ksa osQ lkFk jkl jpkus dks rS;kj gSA bu lcdks
i<+dj njckjh lkSan;Z dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA blls fln~/ gksrk
gS fd dfo nso vius vkJ;nkrkvksa dks izlUu djus osQ
fy, fy[krs FksA vr% og ,d njckjh dfo FksA
10- ^vkjlh ls vacj esa vkHkk&lh mtkjh yxSA* dk vk'k;
Li"V dhft,A
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % ^vkjlh ls vacj esa vkHkk&lh mtkjh yxsA* dk vk'k; ;g
gS fd pkjksa vksj iSQyh /oy pk¡nuh esa LoPN vkdk'k niZ.k
lk eglwl gks jgk vkSj mTToy pk¡nuh rkjs :ih rjQ.kh osQ
eksfr;ksa osQ gkj dh vkHkk osQ leku izrhr gks jgk gSA
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % oaQtdyh :ih ukf;dk ckyd olar osQ Åij jkbZuksu
vFkkZr~ ljlksa rFkk ued ls mrkjk ^U;ksNkoj* dj jgh gSA
vFkkZr utj mrkj jgh gSA rkfd ckyd olar dks fdlh dh
u”kj u yx tk,A mldk oqQN vfgr u gks tk,A
12- olar :ih ckyd dks dkSu&dkSu vkSj oSQls izlUu dj
jgk gS\
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % olar :ih ckyd dks gok >wyk >qykdj] rksrk vkSj eksj
ckrsa djosQ] dks;y ml fgykMqyk dj rFkk rkyh ctkdj
mls izlUu dj jgh gSA
13- paæek fdl izdkj dk izrhr gksrk gS\
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % paæek jk/k th osQ izfrfcac osQ leku izrhr gks jgk gSA
dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jk/kk th osQ eq[k dh lqanjrk
osQ vkxs pUnzek oqQN Hkh ugha gSA mudk eq[k panzek ls Hkh
dgha lqanj gSA
14- ^mnf/ nf/ dks lks vf/dkbZ mexs vean* dk D;k
vk'k; gSS\ Li"V dhft,A [CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
mRrj % ^mnf/ nf/ dks lks vf/dkbZ mexs vean* dk vk'k; gS fd
pk¡nuh bruh vf/d gS fd ekywe gksrk gS fd LiQfVd osQ
iQ'kZ ij ngh dk leqnz meM+rk pyk vk jgk gSA
15- ^ean g¡lh eq[k pan tqUgkbZ* dk D;k vk'k; gS\ Li"V
[CBSE 2010 (Term – I)]
dhft,A\
mRrj % ^eang¡lh eq[k pan tqUgkbZ* dk vk'k; ;g fd tc d`".k
ean&ean eqldjkrs gS rks ,slk yxrk gS fd muosQ eq[k :ih
panzek dh pk¡nuh iSQy jgh gSA
I+kQkWjesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
fØ;kdyki
^vkHkk&lh mtjh yxS* esa dkSu&lk vyadkj gSA
loS;k Nan fdls dgrs gSa\
dfork&okpu
jhfrdkyhu dfo nso osQ loS;s vkSj dfoRr esa y;] rky] ek/q;Z
Jh ^cztnwyg* dkSu gSa vkSj D;ksa\
vkSj xs;kRedrk gSA vr% bu dforkvksa osQ vk/kj ij vè;kid@vè;kfidk
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ls dfork&okpu djok ldrs gSaA
x`g&dk;Z
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa n~okjk v'kqn~/ okpu djus vFkok mfpr rky] y;]
vè;kid@vè;kfidk d{kk esa Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa dks ikB ls lacaf/r
xfr] vkjksg vkSj vojksg osQ lkFk okpu u djus ij mUgsa Lo;a okpu fuEufyf[kr dk;Z x`gdk;Z osQ :i esa ns ldrs gSaA
djosQ fn[kk,¡A
nso dk thou ifjp; i<+saA
d{kk&dk;Z
^jhfrdkyhu dfo* 'kh"kZd ls ,d izkstsDV rS;kj djsa] ftlesa
vè;kid@vè;kfidk d{kk esa Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa ls ikB ls lacaf/r
fofHkUu dfo;ksa osQ uke] mudh o`Qfr;ksa rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa dk
ekSf[kd iz'u iwN ldrs gSaA tSls&
mYys[k gksA bl dk;Z osQ fy, fon~;ky; osQ iqLrdky; ,oa
ik¡;fu] /qfu] nwyg] lgkb] lksgS] vf/dkj vkfn r#fu] mtkjh
Hkk"kk&vè;kid&vè;kfidkvksa ls lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA
vkfn 'kCnksa osQ rRle :i crkb,A
7
© GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN