Advances in Environmental Biology

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(7) May 2014, Pages: 2497-2500
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
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Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics in Rice Varieties (Oryza Sativa l.) of
Ratoon Conditions and its Correlation with Plant Yield in Astara Region.
1
Davar Molazem, 2farzin saeidzadeh, 3Jafar Azimi, 4Marefat Ghasemi
1
Department of Agriculture Astara branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran.
Department of Agriculture Astara branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran.
3
Department of Agriculture Ardabil branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
4
Department of Agriculture Ardabil branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
2
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 26 March 2014
Received in revised form 24 April
2014
Accepted 25 May 2014
Available online 10 June 2014
Key words:
Rice ratoon, grain yield, Length of
paddy, w1000 .
ABSTRACT
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ratooning is the production of a second rice crop from the
stubble left after the main crop harvest. Its growth and development are affected by the
environment factors and the growth condition of the main crop. Lowering the maincrop stubble height by harvesting the main crop at a lower than traditional height is
believed to alter growth parameters and increase ratoon yields. In order to determine of
morphological characteristics on some production parameters and the correlation
coefficient of between them, a field experimental was conducted in 2008 at Astara
region in a complete block design with 20 genotype and varieties in three replicates.
After maturation the main crop, rice was harvested from a height of 20 cm at ground
level. Then by the roller stems were marinated and farm irrigation And 50 kg/ ha
nitrogen fertilization were added to the farm. During the experiment, plant height, leaf
numbers, Length of paddy, flag leaf length, and yield characteristics such as panicle
length, weight of 1000 grains and paddy yield per plant, were measured. Results from
the experiment showed that, most traits were significant. And significant for all traits at
1% level high genetic diversity between cultivars and lines indicated. Line of 338,
paddy length, paddy yield per plant, flag leaf length, leaf number and 1000 seed weight
showed higher. The maximum length of paddy was in Hashemi(control), Line 338, Line
507, Shahpasand and Mazandaran Shahpasand. There were no significant differences
between them.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Davar Molazem, farzin saeidzadeh, Jafar Azimi, Marefat Ghasemi., Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics in
Rice Varieties (Oryza Sativa l.) of Ratoon Conditions and its Correlation with Plant Yield in Astara Region.. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(7),
2497-2500, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Rice is the most important food crop and a major food grain for more than a third of the world population
[18]. It is known that rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s most important food crop. More than 40% of the
world’s population depends on rice as the major source of calories [14]. To feed the increasing global
population, the world’s annual rice production must increase from the present 528 to 760 million ton by 2020.
the development of ratooning rice is one of the methods to increase the yield all over the world because
additional rice yields can be achieved with minimal agricultural inputs [5]. Ratooning rice (also called twice
harvesting rice) is one-season rice that has dormant bud on the stubble sprout, head and is harvested on certain
cultivation patterns after harvesting the main rice. The ratoon cropping systems have been used in India,
Thailand, Taiwan, Swaziland, China, the United States and Philippines [11]. Yang et al. [16] began to study on
the ratooning rice in China in 1958. But the yield of the ratooning rice is still lower than the main cropp; so it
was only planted in small areas. However, compared with the traditional rice cultivation, ratooning rice can
provide higher resource using efficiency per unit time and per unit land area. Furthermore, better yield of the
ratoon crop is possible by adopting appropriate management practices for the main crop as well as for the ratoon
crop. For example, the average yield of the main crop was 12633 kg ha-1 and the ratoon was 7115 kg ha-1 in
Fujian province of southeast China [2]. Both of them were higher than the yields of other provinces in China.
Recently, several studies have reported techniques for the cultivation of forage rice [15,8]. Because forage
rice must have low production costs, high dry matter yield is essential. Although forage rice cultivars have been
developed [12], their dry matter yield tends to be very low in production areas. In addition, compared with
cultivars that have a low dry matter yield, those with a high dry matter yield, such as the rice cultivar Taporuri
often lodge during ripening after the heading stage. Since lodging reduces grain yield as a result of self-shading
Corresponding Aurthor: Davar Molazem, Department of Agriculture Astara branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran
E-mail: [email protected]
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Davar Molazem et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(7) May 2014, Pages: 2497-2500
and a reduction in canopy photosynthesis [13], techniques are needed that will permit the cultivation of forage
rice without lodging. Several studies have reported a high grain yield in the second crop in tropical areas [1]. In
short, the potential grain yield in the second crop in tropical areas appears to be higher than that in temperate
areas. However, because these studies investigated food rice, the first harvest occurred at the maturing stage.
Therefore, rice breeders have not yet determined the most effective selection criteria for forage rice in twice
harvesting systems.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In order to determine of morphological characteristics on some production parameters and the correlation
coefficient of between them, a field experimental was conducted in 2008 at Astara region in a complete block
design with 20 genotype and varieties in three replicates. Varieties were: Shahpasand, DomSiah, Salari,
Binam,Sadri , Mazandaran Shahpasand,Bijar , Hasani, garib Siah Reihani, Domzard, Hashemi(control), Zir
Bandpei, Dashti, Hasan saraii, Ghasroldashti, Line 507, Gashangeh, Line 338, Mousa Tarom,Domsiah
soleimane darab. Length of plot, 4 m, width 2 m and size of each plot was 8 m². And the whole land was 750
m². After maturation the main crop, rice was harvested from a height of 20 cm at ground level. Then by the
roller stems were marinated and farm irrigation And 50 kg/ ha nitrogen fertilization were added to the farm.
During the experiment, plant height, leaf numbers, Length of paddy, flag leaf length, and yield characteristics
such as ear length, weight of 1000 grains and yield per plant, were measured. The data were statistically
analyzed by computing MSTAT-C package and SPSS program with randomized block design.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of variance a randomized complete block design was used for ratoon rice. F-test for all traits such
as panicle length, 1000 seed weight and paddy length was significant (Table 1). Significant at the 1% level for
all traits indicated a high genetic diversity and differences between the varieties. Comparison of treatment
means with Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level are shown in Table 3. Varieties, Bijar, Hashemi,
Gashangeh and lines 338 and 507 had the highest paddy yield. 338 Line was higher in paddy length, paddy
yield per plant, flag leaf length, leaf number, thousand seed weight. Bijar varieties having high values for total
biomass yield, number of grains per panicle, thousand seed weight and number of tillers showed a high yield.
507 Line in the biomass yield per plant, number of tillers, number of leaves, plant height, paddy length, paddy
yield per plant showed higher value. Most plant height were measured in Hassan saraii varieties with 100.3 cm,
Line 507 with 92.43 cm and Shahpasand Mazandaran with 85.53 cm. The highest 1000 seed weight was seen in
the varieties of Shahpasand. There was no significant difference with varieties of salari. These varieties were
significantly different from other varieties. The lowest thousand seed weight was seen in the varieties of Hassan
saraii. paddy yield per plant were measured. Most paddy yield was seen in varieties of line 507, line 338 and
Hassani. There were no significant differences between them. But with other varieties were significantly
different. The lowest yield was seen in the varieties of salari. In the length panicle between varieties
Ghasroldashti, line 338, gashange, Hassan saraii, garib siahe rahani and Sadri no significant difference was
observed. Maximum length panicle was observed In the Ghasroldashti. Maximum length of paddy were
measured In the varieties of mousa tarom, line 338, line 507, Ghasroldashti, Hassan saraii, dashti, garib siahe
rahani, Shahpasand Mazandaran, Shahpasand and salari which was not significantly different from
control(hashemi) varieties. The maximum number of leaves in the varieties of Line 338 and Line 507 were
obtained. The difference was not significant. Flag leaf length was measured in the all varieties. Maximum length
of flag leaf was seen in the varieties of domzard, Shahpasand, sadrii, Shahpasand Mazandaran, hassani, dashti,
Hassan saraii, Line 507, Line 338 and mousa tarom. There were no significant differences between them.
Simple correlation coefficient was calculated. Between plant height with panicle length, number of leaves
and height of paddy, significant positive correlations were obtained. Between length panicle with leaves per
plant, paddy length and paddy yield per plant, significant positive correlations were observed. A significant
positive correlation between number of leaf length and paddy yield were observed. Between lengths paddy, with
yield was also positive and significant.
The yield per plant of the ratoon crop was more than 9 gr per plant. It was lower significantly than the
highest yield in Fujian province [2], but it was more than others, for example in the USA located along the Gulf
Coast, the ratoon yield was about 3000 kg ha-1 [5]. The growth of the main crop was important and critical for
the high yield of the ratoon crop. He et al. [7] reported that it was necessary for high yield in main rice to foster
big and erect leaf of canopy and keep the function of root and leaf in the late stage for improving population
growth rate. For example, [1] stated that plant growth regulators generally did not significantly affect ratoon
grain yield or other yield components, except panicles per hill while there are many reports which indicated that
growth regulators could enhance plant growth and crop yield [6,10].
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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(7) May 2014, Pages: 2497-2500
Kobayashi et al. [8] reported that the highest total dry matter yield in twice harvesting with the first harvest
just before heading was 15.0 t/ha in Sprice. Chauhan et al. [1] discussed the relationships between grain yield
and its components in addition to growth duration in second crops. Das and Ahmed [3] found no significant
correlation between grain yield and growth duration of the second crop, whereas Haque [4] reported a
significant correlation between these traits. Zandstra and Samson [17] reported a significant correlation between
grain yield and tillers per square meter of the second crop. This result agrees with that of Kobayashi et al. [9],
who found that dry matter yield of the second crop was not related to tillers per square meter.
Table 1. Analysis of variance on mean of squares of measured traits on rice ratoon
Source
DF
Mean Square
plant height
leaf numbers
Replication
Variety
Error
2
195.417**
0.514*
19
430.642**
2.185**
38
6.545
0.141
CV%
3.57
10.48
** and *: Significant at 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels.
Length of
paddy
1000Grain
weight
flag leaf
length
panicle
length
paddy yield
per plant
0.789ns
3.870**
0.418
7.66
10.678**
22.438**
0.599
4.71
14.048**
37.823**
4.285
9.81
10.532
34.118
2.599
10.38
2.216**
6.098**
0.157
6.07
flag leaf
length(cm)
panicle
length(cm)
Length of
paddy(cm)
16/99 cd
18/33 c
18/17 c
15/97 cdefgh
14/27 ghi
12/0 ij
9/133 abc
5/833 h
6/3 gh
leaf
numbers
(N/plant)
3/54 e
3/45 ef
2/773 fgh
24/67 a
25/30 a
20/19 bc
18/35 c
22/40 ab
18/67 abcd
13/47 hij
15/75cdefgh
14/79 fghi
15/03 efgh
7/4 efg
9/733 a
7/850 def
8/40 bcde
9/553 ab
4/533 bc
3/483 e
3/42 ef
3/307 efg
3/91 cde
22/87 ab
16/30 cd
17/37bcdef
17/94abcde
8/167 cdef
8/733 abcd
3/66 e
2/533 hi
26/32 a
17/87 c
13/43 d
23/00 ab
24/77 a
22/33 ab
22/87 ab
20/22 bc
25/50 a
22/31ab
15/70 dcefg
16/73cdefg
7/051 k
11/07 j
18/84 abc
20/53 a
16/83cdefg
17/88abcdef
19/88 ab
10/81 j
7/887 cdef
9/60 ab
7/04 fg
8/88 abcd
8/667 abcd
8/843 abcd
9/773 a
8/070 cdef
9/773 a
9/773 a
3/280 efg
3/46 ef
2/517 hi
2/073 I
4/583 bc
4/340 bcd
4/867 ab
3/853 de
5/407 a
2/693 ghi
Table 2: Mean comparison traits in 20 varieties of rice ratoon.
Varieties
plant height
1000Grain
paddy yield
(cm)
weight
per plant
(gr)
(gr)
1-Salari
68/02 fg
20/63 ab
4/083 j
2-Bijar
57/0 j
19/35 bc
6/070 fg
3-Domsiah Solamane
62/50 I
17/83 d
5/83 fgh
Darab
4-Sadri
67/67 fgh
16/10 e
6/017 fg
5-Shahpasand
52/33 k
20/92 a
7/77 cd
6-Domsiah
68/50 fg
13/89 f
6/180 fg
7-Binam
65/10 ghi
12/79 fg
5/723gh
8-Shahpasand
85/53 c
19/46 bc
4/663 ij
Mazandaran
9-Hasani
65/0 ghi
16/34 e
8/553 ab
10-Garib Siahe
62/33 I
13/87 f
7/227 d
Rahani
11-Domzard
84/32 c
17/77 d
6/493 ef
12-Hashemi(Control)
76/87 d
19/44 bc
8/100bc
13-Zirband Pey
62/97 I
13/98 f
5/53 gh
14-Dashti
74/73 de
16/50 de
5/157 hi
15-Hasan Saraii
100/3 a
12/18 g
5/260 hi
16-Gasroldashti
78/0 d
13/64 f
7/210 d
17-Line507
92/43 b
15/95 e
9/197 a
18-Gashange
63/17 hi
13/79 f
7/130 de
19-Line 338
70/53 ef
19/12 c
8/850 a
20-Mousa Tarom
74/67 de
15/38 e
5/523 gh
Different letters indicate significant differences at the level of 5%
0.014
0.397*
0.40*
0.431**
0.33**
0.674**
0.118
0.224
0.1
0.428**
0.342**
1.00
0.304*
1.00
** and *: Significant at 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels.
-0.151
0.028
1.00
panicle length
1000Grain weight
leaf numbers
Length of paddy
paddy yield per plant
Table 3: Correlation coefficients between traits of 20 varieties of rice ratoon.
0.305**
1.00
traits
plant height
panicle length
1000Grain weight
leaf numbers
Length of paddy
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