O A RIGINAL RTICLE

550
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(4): 550-555, 2013
ISSN 1995-0756
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The Influence of Yoga- on Risk Profiles Programs in Women withDiabetes typeII
1
Najmeh Habibi, 2Zahra Hemati Farsani, 3Behrooz Yazdani, 4Reza Arianshakib, 5Parivash
Noruozi
1
Exercise physiology, Department of exercise physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
2
Exercise physiology, Department of exercise physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
ShahidChamran Ahvaz university , Ahvaz, Iran
3
Department of physical Education ,Central Tehran Branch ,Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran
4
Department of physical Education, Tiran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tiran, Iran
5
Department of physical Education ,ShoshtarBranch, Islamic Azad University , Shoshtar, Iran
Najmeh Habibi, Zahra Hemati Farsani, Behrooz Yazdani, Reza Arianshakib, Parivash Noruozi; The
Influence of Yoga- on Risk Profiles Programs in Women withDiabetes typeII
ABSTRACT
Background: The goal of research is the effect of 12-weeks yoga exercise on physiological factors and
blood sugar of patients who suffer from diabetes type II. Methods: In this semi-experimental research, from the
females who have diabetes in Isfahan Township, 26 women with age range of(45-60)years old and weight rage
of(60-91kg) voluntarily and in access choice and were put in two kinds of experimental(16patients)and
control(10 patients) group.experimental group within the period of 12weeks (3sessions in week, each session 75
minutes) did a selected yoga exercise, Whereas control group had no regular and systematic physical activity. In
this research, variables to be tested were blood sugar, plasma insulin level, leptin level, systolic blood pressure
and also, weight, body mass index that before and after the exercise period these tested variables were
measured. For analyzing the data from the descriptive and inferential statistics were usedT-test for the difference
between the means of the independent groups. A significant level (p<0/05) was considered for all the
examinees. Results: findings of research show a significant difference between average of blood sugar, plasma
insulin level and systolic blood pressure, among experimental and control groups, whereas this difference in
leptin level, weight and BMI in experimental and control groups was not significant (p<0/05). Conclusions:
findings of research showed that a period of selected yoga exercise which caused tosignificant improvement in
blood sugar of patients having diabetes type II.
Key words: diabetes type II, body composition, yoga exercise, blood sugar, leptin
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the single most
important metabolic disorder that effects nearly
every organ system in the body. People with diabetes
are 25times more likely to develop blindness, 17
times more likely kidney disease, 30-40 times more
likely to undergo amputayion, 2-4 times more likely
to develop myocardial in fraction and twice as likely
to suffer a stroke than non- diabetes.1 The prevalence
of Type II diabetes in Iran 7/7%[2] and 14% have
been reported in Tehran [3] Non-insulin dependent
diabetis mellitus (NIDDM) is a common disorder of
glucose homeostasi [4] While diabetes is a glycemic
disorder, diagnosed on the basis of elevated blood
gloucose levels, it is a compelex condition
characterized by multiple, underlying and interlated
metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance
[5,6,7] these alterations, together comprising the
insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome,
collectively and independently predict the
development of DM2and related vascular disorders,
including atherosclerosis and CV [6,8] core features
of the insulin resistance syndrome(IRS) are glucose
intolerance,
insulin
resistance,
atherogenic
dyslipidemia, visceral adiposity and high blood
pressure.9,10 Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is
expected to rise more rapidly in future because of
increasing obesity and reduced physical activity level
[11] Obesity indepennently increases the risk of
developing diabetes 10-fold compared with for
patients who are normal weight [12]
Leptin is the major regulator of body fat. It is
protein released by fat cells into blood and crosses
the blood- brain barrirr (BBB) to interact with its
receptors the accurte nucleus to affect feeding,
Corresponding Author
Najmeh Habibi, Exercise physiology, Department of exercise physiology, School of Physical
Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan university, Isfahan, Iran
551
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(4): 550-555, 2013
thermogenesis and other functions. Within normal
and obese body weight ranges, serum and
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of leptindirectely
correlate with body mass index [13] Physical activity
is a core component of type 2 diabetes prevention
programs [14,15] One important regimen for people
with diabetes and for those at risk for developing
diabetes is engagement in appropriate physical
activity. The benefical effects of physical activity
typically include reductions in glucose level, body
weight, blood pressure (BP) and cholestrole [16] The
Amerrican Diabetes Assuciation (ADA) recommends
that individual with type 2 diabetes erform at least
150 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or at
least 90 min of vigorous aerobic exercise per week
[17] However, for many older patients with type 2
diabetes, the presence of diabetic complications or
coexisting conditions such as obesity, degenerative
artritis or cardiovascular disease may preclude
participation in aerobic activitiesOlder adults with
diabetes have significantly greater difficulty walking
one-quarte mile, climbing stairs, or doing house work
and perform worse on measures of physical
performance such as walking speed chairstands, and
tandem stand compred with their counterparts [18]
Yoga, a form of physical activity consisting of
varous postures (Asana) and breathing and mediation
techniques (Pranayama), has been shown to have
therapeutic benefits for individuals with diabetes [19]
In addition adults participating in a yoga intervention
found that yoga was easily learned and performed
Once learened, yoga can be practiced at any time on
an individual basis, thus reducting common barriers
to physical activity such as time conflicts and poor
weather.Despite its popularity and positive
physiologic effects, however, yoga has not been
widely recoguized in efforts to prevent and treat
major chronic health condition [20] The purpose of
this study were to assess the feasibility of
implementing a 12- week yoga program among
adults at high risk for type 2 dibetes, cardiometabolic
risk factors (i.e. blood glucose levels,…)
Methods:
This is a kind of semi-experimental, particical
research
associating
with
a
two
group
plan.thestatiscal population includes all of the
women (affected) with type 2 diabetes.among those
who refered to Iranian health clinic of isfahn,twenty
six patients who were volunteer to participate in the
study and possessed the condition of the study(such
as woman sexuality, affected with diabetes type 2
according to the doctor’s diagnosis and medical
evidences, between 45-60 years, without any record
of cardiovascular diseas and somatic regular activity,
without using insulin and diabetes complications)
were selected by the accessible method(after their
presence interview with useful screening).
Necessary information about the nature, the way
of running the study, and some points that the
subjects are forced to observe in the study were given
to them before getting the testimonial, the subjects
were introduced to the laboratory for implementing
glucose testing and measuring the level of insulin.
Randomaly, they weredivided into experimental (16
persons, weight 47±9/9) and control group (10
persons, weight 75/6±10/3). Experimentl group were
peforming the yoga selected exercise for 12 weeks (3
sesstion in a week,75 minutes)under the coach
observation. Exercise program included the asana
exercise that includes tensional and Flexibility acts
that whole muscles involved in tensional acts
continued painfully muscular contraction for 45
minutes, then pranayama continued that have
performed in a sitting posture with a smooth back
associated with a deep breath and expiration with
special and regular rhythm by keeping breath for a
short time to start the next step of the exercises. And
final step of the exercises included mediation
exercise for 15 to 20 minutes. These exercise were
doing after pranayama exrcises that include sleeping
in privacy, breathing regular rhythm, isometric
contractions of large muscle, tention and release,
unclench and focus.
After completing 12 week exercise period, post
test was done to determine and compare the results of
yoga selected exercise on glucose of insulin plasma
level,leptin level, blood pressure sistol, weight and
BMI and its difference with control group. For
measurement laboratoryFactors study, 10cc venous
blood samples were taken and the following methods
were measured.
Glucose: was measured by enzyme-calorimetry
method and by applying glucose oxidas enzyme with
using kit Pars Azmun Firm and by means of
Biochemistry Auto Analyser, α classic version made
in iran, Sanjesh equipment fair.
The level of insulin plasma: was measured by
Sandwich Elisa and by using Elisa Reader,
Awareness Technology model, made in American.
Sistol pressure: in the sitting posture from the
right arm after fifteen minutes relaxation with an
standard mercurial pressure-gangedenice measured
and the average of two order measurement with a
five minutes relaxation interval was recorded as
glucose.
The level of leptin:Leptin levels were measured
using a sandwich ELISA(DRG Leptin(sandwich)
ELIZA, Germany).
Length and weight: was measured by wall
lenghmetric considering 1 centimeter, seca
laboratory scale, made in Germany, considering 0/1
kilogram.
BMI: was computed by dividing the weight on
length square.
Data analysis of the current study have been
done in descriptive and deductive levels. At the
descriptive level, scattering and central trend
552
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(4): 550-555, 2013
indicators such as mean and standard devation were
used and at the deductive level the impact of yoga
selected exercise and the investigation of the
difference in the obtained changes (t-test, the
difference of independent groups mean) were used.
A significant level was considered for all tests
(P≤0/05). All of the computations have been done
Findings:
Indicators describe the variables glucose,
insulin, leptin, systolic blood pressure, body weight
and BMI in both pre-and post-tests are given in
Table 1.
Table 2 shows the obtained results of t-test and
the amount of changes in blood glucose, plasma
insulin, sistol blood pressure, weight and BMI, in
experimental and control groups(obtained F) are not
significant. That is there is no significant difference
between the scattering of experimental and control
groups and the inserted value in the above tables in ttest are homogeneous with the related values of ttest. The obtained t for comparing the experimental
and control groups shows the significant difference
between the means of two groups in blood glucose
variables, plasma isulin level,Leptin level and sistol
blood pressure while the obtained t in comparing the
experimental and control group with weight and BMI
variables doesn’t show a significant difference
(P≤0/05).
Table 1: the descriptive indicators of the investigative variables of pre-test and post-test
Indicators
Experimental
Control group
group
variable
Groups
Mean
Standard diviation Mean
Standard diviation
Blood glucose
Insulin level
Leptin level
Sistol
pressure
weight
blood
BMI
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
144/5
115/12
10/9
8/9
17/6
15/4
139/2
117/2
74/8
71/18
30/7
29/2
55/6
27/1
4/5
4/7
14/2
8/1
17/1
4/1
9/9
9/4
4/9
4/1
135/5
149
10/4
12/4
19/5
15/1
136/06
136/6
75/6
77/3
28/8
29/5
36/2
35/5
4/3
6/8
17/4
5/8
21/1
17/6
10/3
13/2
3
4/2
Table 2: the results of t-test in post-test associated with groups separation in the investigative variables
Variable
Indicator
Variance homogeneous The
Difference
Degree of
test
subtraction
of
the freedom
of means
subtraction
groups
of means
Blood
glucose
Insulin level
Leptin level
Sistolbloob
pressure
weight
BMI
Expremental
group
Control
group
Expremental
group
Control
group
Expremental
group
Control
group
Expremental
group
Control
group
Expremental
group
Control
group
Expremental
group
Control
group
./..
./98
-29/3
Subtraction
means
9
-33/8
./5
-3/5
-1/9
./3
3/14
-19/4
-./8
-6/1
1/9
./3
t-test
Significant
level
15/8
24
-2/1
./.4
3/9
24
-2/4
./.2
-2/2
24
./32
./75
-22/48
24
-3/7
./..1
5/3
24
1/1
./.7
-2/13
24
-1/8
./.8
13/5
./62
./43
1/9
2
./77
./38
-2/1
-4/3
2
./16
-21/9
./58
./.1
./9
-3/6
1/7
./14
./17
-1/5
./63
of
553
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(4): 550-555, 2013
Disscution:
Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels:
The results of the current study showed that
using yoga selected exercise for 12 weeks caused the
significant decrease in blood glucose and insulin
plasma level. The results of the study in the field of
glucose were in agree with Amitas 11 research
results. Also Yang [16] and Gordon [21] reported the
significant decrease in plasma insulin level and
glucose in their studies.
Type 2 diabetes is association with an increased
plasma insulin concentration (hyperinsulinema). This
occurs as e decrease in carbohydrate utilization and
strong and the resultant increase in blood glucose.
However, even the increased levels of insulin are not
sufficient to maintain normal glucose regulation
because of the greatly diminished insulin sensivity of
the peripheral tissues, a condition referred to as
insulin resistance [22]
The exercise and training studies have supported
the contention that physical activity improves insulin
sensivity independently of any effect of activity on
weight loss and fat distribiution [23]
Exercise training in humans results in numerous
benefical adaptations in skeletal muscles, including
an increase in glucose transporter -4(Glut-4)
expression.A single bout of exercise increases the
rate of glucose uptake into the contracting skeletal
muscles, a process that is regulated by the
translocation of GLUT-4 to the plasmmembrance
and transverse tubules.5 there is evidence that
exercise stimulates muscle glycogen synthesis,
increases insulin sensivity, reduces blood glucose
levels [21]
Various yoga-asanas may be directely
rejuvenating cells of pancreas as a result of which
there may be increase in utilization and metabolism
of glucose in the peripheral tissues, liver and adipose
tissues through enzymatic process [22]
The serum insulin levels comeback to normal
value after 12 week yoga program.thebenefical effect
on the insulin kinetics may be improving the
sensivity of the target tissues thus decreasing insulin
resistance and concequentely, increasing peripheral
utilization of glucose.
Leptin level:
The results of the current study showed that
yoga selected exercise for 12 weeks don’t cause the
significant decrease in leptin level.
Insulin and leptin are hormones that are secreted
from adipose tissue and through the central nervous
system to regulate food intake and body weight [24]
Leptin is recognized to play an integral role in
endocrine regulation of metabolism. It is clearly
evident that leptin is decreased during calorie
restriction [25] Have reported higher serum leptin
levels were reduced after weight reduction as plasma
leptincocnentrations correlated with BMI [26]
Physical activity may lower leptin concentrations not
only due to decreased body fat mass but potentially
through an increase in leptinsensivity [27]
Sistol blood pressure:
One of the aims of this study was the
investigation of the impact of yoga selected exercises
on sistol blood pressure in diabetic type 2 patients.
Since diabetic people have overweight and high
blood pressure, exercise can be effective in
decreasing blood pressure [28]
The results of the study showed that using yoga
selected exercise for 12 weeks have a significant
impact on decreasing sistol blood pressure. The
results of this study in this field of sistol blood
pressure were in agree with the results of Yang et.al
[16] and Innes research [29] but they were not in
agree with Horden’s research [30] results. The
existing difference between the intensity and
duration of the exercising plans as well as the
difference between age and sex of the research
samples. The exact function of the the impact of
exercise on the decrease of blood pressure is
unknown. Although it relates to the decrease of the
generated catcolamins which are produced by doing
exercise.This reaction associate with the decrease of
the environmental resistance against the blood flow
and then cause the decrease of blood pressure. Also
sportive activities are able to facilitate the repultion
of sodium from kidneys and consequently cause the
decrease of liquid content and blood pressure(31)It
seems that sportive activities are able to decrease the
blood pressure by increasing the number of arterioles
in active skeletal muscles, exhalent increase,
decrease of
because of dilatability, resistance
decrease against the blood flow, the improvement of
bloody vessel neural regulation, decrease of
environmental resistance, decrease of heart beat in
activity and relaxation time [32]
One of the major diffculty of diabetic patients is
insulin resistance. This malady is produced by
decreasing insulin capability for producing its
effectoin environmental aim tissues (especially
muscles and liver). Decreasing in the number of
connection place and the activity of the insulin kynaz
signals are the causes of generating the resistance, if
the patient is fat. Therefore pancreas β cells secrete
more insulin. The increase of insulin secreation and
remaining more in blood flow are the major reasons
of blood pressure. Then sportive activity increase the
sensivity of aim tissue to insulin by increasing the
number of transmitter and decreasing glucose
prevent the extreme secretion of insulin as well as
keeping insulin in blood flow for much time and
cause the decrease of blood pressure.33 Some
researcher believe that after yoga practices and
unclench, an enzyme cause the reduction of the
554
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(4): 550-555, 2013
epinephrine environmental activity in reply to the
feedings and other triggers and help to decrease the
blood pressure. Also performing calmative
techniques cause the decrease of neural system
activity that can decrease heartbeat and blood
pressure. Calmative activities decrease the sampathic
activity and increase the parasampathic neural
system activity that may be the possible reasons to
decrease the blood pressur [34]
4.
5.
6.
Weight and BMI:
The results of the current study showed that
yoga selected exercise for 12 weeks don’t cause the
significant decrease in weight and BMI.
The results of the study were in agree with the
studies of Alexander and et al [35] and they were in
agree with the studies of Mercuri and et al [36] in the
field of BMI. Recently 1/1 milliard adults have
overweight throughout the worldAnd 313 million of
them are fat. Different studies reported the
prevalence of abdominal obesity in diabetic people
[37] Most nutriment reasearchers and specialists
suggest doing permanent and durable aerobic
exercise to consume fats as a source of producing
energy and also suggest using low fat diet (less
than%30) to loss weigh [38]The intensity of exercise
is important to loss the weight since there is no
intense physical moving and activity in yoga
exercise, these changes didin’t occur. High intense
exercise cause to enter more intestinal-abdominal fat
to metabolic cycle and secrete lipolihichormones and
finally increase the oxidation of fat acids.So
calmative yoga exercises didn’t have a significant
decrease in intestinal-abdominal obesity. But some
researchers believe that asana yoga is designed to
control automatic neural system with the activation
of hypothalamus. Hypothalamus controls a part of
sleep, emotions, endocrine glands such as thyroid,
hypophysis, pancrease and aderenal glands and
starvation. Therefore it relates to the decrease or
increase of weight [16]
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Refrences
1.
2.
3.
Bindu, M., T.R. Raju, 2010. New vistas in
Treating diabetes- Insight into a holistic
Approach. Indian J Med Res., 131: 606- 607.
Esteghamati, A., M.M. Gouya, M. Abbasi, A.
Delavari, S. Alikhani, F. Alaedini, 2008.
Prevalence of diabetes and impairedfasting
glucose in the adult population of Iran: national
survey of risk factors for non-communicable
diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care., 31: 96-98.
Hadaegh, F., M.R. Bozorgmanesh, A. Ghasemi,
H. Harati, N. Saadat, F. Azizi, 2008. High
prevalence
of
undiagnosed
diabetesand
abnormal glucose tolerance in the Iranian urban
population: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMI
Public Health, 8: 176.
16.
17.
18.
Suresh, C.H.J., T. banadana, 1995. role of yoga
in control of hyperglycemia in middle aged
patients of non—insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus.
Indian
Journal
of
Clinical
Biochemistry, 10(2): 62-65.
Douaihy,
K.,
2005.
prediabetes&
atherosclerosis: what’s the connection? Nurse
pract, 30: 24-35.
Caglayan, E., F. Blaschke, Y. Takata, W.A.
Hsueh,
2005.
Metabolic
syndromeinterdeprndence of the cardiovascular and
metabolic pathways. CurrOpinpharmacol., 5:
135-42.
Rrnnert, N.J., P. Charney, 2003. pereventing
cardiovascular disease in diabetes and glucose
intolerance: evidence and implications for care.
Prim Care., 30: 569-92.
McVeigh, G.E., J.N. Cohn, 2003. Endothelial
dyfunction and the metabolic syndrome. Curr
Diab Reb., 3: 87-92.
Isoma, B., 2003. A major health hazard: the
metabolic syndrome. Life Sci., 73: 2395-11.
Reilly, M., D. Rader, 2003. The metabolic
syndrome: more than the sum of its parts?
Circulation., 108: 1546-51
Amita, S., S. Prabhakar, I. Manog, S.
Harminder, N.T. Pava, 2009. Effect of YOGANIDRA on Blood Glucose level in diabetic
pations. Indian J physiolpharmacol., 53(1): 97101.
Richelle, J., J. Swofford Sarah, N. Beard Mark,
E. Meadows Susan, 2009. Obesity and
Metabolic Deasease. Primary care: Clinics in
Office Practice., 36: 257-270.
Banks, W., C. Lable, 2002. Strategies for the
delivery of leptin to the CNS. J. Drug Target.,
10(4): 279-308.
Fretts, A.M., B.V. Howard, A.M. Krisika, N.L.
Smith, T. Lumley, E.T. Lee, et al., 2009.
Physical activity and diabetes in American
Indians. Am J Epidemiol., 170: 632-639.
Kriska, A.M., A. Saremi, R.L. Hanson, P.H.
Bennet, S. Kobes, D. Williams, et al., 2003.
Physical activity, obesity, and Incident of type 2
diabetes in a High – Risk Population. AM J
Epidemiol., 158: 669-675.
Yang, K., L.M. Bernardo, S.M. Sereika, M.B.
Conroy, J. Balk, 2009. Burke Le. Utilization of
3- Month Yoga Program for Adults at High
Risk for Type 2 Diabetes : Apilot Study. ECAM
Doi 10.1093
Arora, E., S.H. Shenoy, J.S. Sandhu, 2009.
Effect of resistance training on metabolic profile
of adults with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Med res.,
129: 515-519.
Kalyani, R.R., C.D. Saudek, F.L. Brancati, E.
Selvin, 2010. Association of diabetes,
corbidities, and A1C with functional disability in
older adults. DIABETES CARE pp: 33,5.
555
Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(4): 550-555, 2013
19. Nayak, N.N., K. Shankar, 2004. Yoga: a
therapeutic approach. Phys Med Rehabil Clin,
15: 783-798.
20. Yang, K.A., 2007. review of Yoga programs for
four leading risk factors of chronic Diseases.
eCAM doi:10.1093
21. Gordan, L., 2008. Effect of yoga and Traditional
physical exercise on Hormones and percentage
Insulin Binding Receptor in patients with Type 2
Diabetes. American Journal of Biotechnology
and Biochemistry, 4(1): 35-42.
22. Singh, S., T. Kyizom, K.P. Singh, O.P. Tandon,
S.V. Madhu, 2008. Influnce of pranayamas and
Yoga-Asana on serum Insulin, Blood glucose
and lipid profile in type2 Diabetes. Indian
Journal of clinical Biochemistry, 23(4): 365-368.
23. Ansari, R.M., 2009. Effect of Physical Activity
and Obesity on Type 2Diabetes in a MiddleAged Population. Journal of Enviromental and
Public Health, doi:10.1155/195285.
24. Ciaraldi, T.P., A.P. Kong, N.V. Chu, D.D. Kim,
S. Baxi, M. Loviscach, R. Plodkowski, R. Reitz,
M. Caulfield, S. Mudaliar, R.R. Henry, 2002.
Regulaton of glucose transport and insulin
signailing by troglizone or metformin in adipose
tissue of type diabetic subjects. Diabetes., 51(1):
30-6.
25. Harder, H., B. Dinesen, A. Astrup, 2004. the
effect of rapid weight loss on lipid profile and
glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic
patients. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 28:
180-192.
26. Sandoval, D., S. Davis, 2003. Leptin, Metabolic
control and regulation. J. diabetes complications,
17(2): 108-13.
27. Chu, N., M. Stampfer, D. Splegelman, 2001.
Dietary and lifestyle factors in relation to plasma
leptin concentrations among normal weight and
overweight men. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Dis.,
25: 106-114.
28. Jarrett, R.J., 1989. Cardiovascular disease and
hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Diab Metab
Rev., 5: 547-58.
29. Innes, K.E., H.k. Vincent, 2006. The influence if
yoga- Based programs on Risk profiles in Adults
with
Type
2
diabetes
Mellitus:
A
systsmaticReview.ecam. pp: 1000-93.
30. Horden, M.D., L.M. Cooney, E.M. Beller, 2008.
Determinants of changes in Blood glucose
response to short-term exercise training in
patient with type2 Diabetes. Clinical Sciense,
pp: 273-281.
31. HsiuHua Chen, Yi Liang Chen, Chih Yang
Huang , Shin Da Lee, Shih Chang Chen, and
Chia HuaKuo, 2010. Effects of One-Year
Swimming Training on Blood Pressure and
Insulin Sensitivity in Mild Hypertensive Young
Patients. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 53(3):
185-189.
32. Andreazzi, A.E., D.X. Scomparin, F.P.
Mesquita, S.L. Balbo, C. Gravena De, J.C.
Oliveira, et al. 2009. Swimming exercise at
weaning improves glycemic control and inhibits
the onset of monosodium L-glutamate-obesity in
mice. Journal of Endocrinology, 201: 351-359.
33. Schotte De, StunkardAj, 1990. The Effect Of
Weight Reduction On Blood Pressure In 301
Obese Patients.Arch Intern Med., 150: 1701-04.
34. Kosuri, M., G.R. Sridhar, 2009. Yoga practice in
Diadetes improves physical and psychological
outcomes.
Metabolic
Syndrom
Related
Disorders., pp: 515-518.
35. Alexander, G.k., A.G. Tylor, K.E. Innes, P.
Kulbok, T.K. Self, 2008. Contextualizing the
effect if Yoga Therapy on Diabetes.Fam
Community Health, 31(3): 228-235.
36. Mercuri, N., E.M. Olivera, A. Souto, M.L.
Guidi, 2003. Yoga practice in people with
diabetes.Interactional Journal of Yoga therapy,
13: 69-73.
37. Hossain, P., B. Kawar, N.M. El, 2007. Obesity
and diabetes in the developing worlda growing
challenge. N Engl J Med, 356(3): 213-5.
38. Cuff, D.J., M.S. Meneilly, A. Martin, A.
Ignaszewski, H.D. Tildesley, J.J. Frohlich, 2003.
Effective Exercise Modality to Reduce Insulin
Resistance in Women With Type 2 Diabetes.
Diabetes Care., 26(11): 2977-82.
39. Romjin, J.A., E.F. Coly, L.S. Sidossis, J.
Rosenblatt, And E. Wolf, 2000. Rr. Substrate
Metabolism
During
Different
Exercise
Intensities In Endurance- Traind Woman. J
ApplPhysiol., 88:1707-14.