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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN February 2010 Revised second edition July 2011 Under review: Laboratory Design Review Committee August 2011 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Executive Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Codes and Standards/References 1.1 Codes and Standards 1.2 References 1.3 Lab Permitting Definitions 2.1 Laboratory 2.2 Chemical Fume Hoods 2.3 Chemical Storage Room 2.4 Commissioning Terminology 2.5 Cryogen 2.6 Lab Programming Terminology 2.7 Critical Environment 2.8 Critical Equipment Sustainability 3.1 General 3.2 Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3.3 Air Quality 3.4 Waste Minimization General Guidelines for Laboratory Design 4.1 General Project Requirements 4.2 Commissioning 4.3 Approvals Architectural Guidelines for Laboratory Design 5.1 Layout Requirements 5.2 Finishes 5.3 Casework 5.4 Furniture 5.5 Lighting 5.6 Storage: (Chemical) 5.7 Storage: (Regulated Medical Waste) 5.8 Acoustic & vibration 5.9 Signage MEP Guidelines for Laboratory Design 6.1 MEP General Design Considerations 6.2 Mechanical 6.3 Building Automation System (BAS) 6.4 Electrical 6.5 Plumbing Safety and Security Guidelines for Laboratory Design 7.1 General 7.2 Eyewash and Safety Showers 7.3 Biosafety 7.4 Fire Life Safety 7.5 Security Special Rooms and Equipment 8.1 Environmental Rooms 2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 9 Appendices Appendix I – Members of LDWG Appendix II – Laboratory Door Signage Cut Sheet Appendix III – Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hood Exhaust Appendix IV – Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hoses and Overhead Emergency Showers Executive Summary Designed for Project Managers (PMs), Architects and Engineers (A/Es) and Laboratory Design Consultants. Good laboratory planning and design will provide a safe, efficient and collaborative environment for scientific research and teaching. This pursuit must, at all times, recognize the University‟s commitment to lessening its environmental footprint, including minimizing the release of airborne particulates and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which stem in large part from the combustion of fossil fuels used in the process of providing illumination, ventilation, and air-conditioning, etc to support the laboratory work environment. It is at this intersection where some of the most difficult design and future operation decisions are considered. In achieving these goals, it is essential for all stakeholders to openly engage in these discussions. Outlined below are Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design (“Guidelines”) by which a design team, and other stakeholder, including client representatives and/or Principal Investigators, using a combination of general laboratory programming, planning, design, documentation and project delivery processes, will develop a safe and efficient lab environment based on the specific needs of the laboratory in an energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable manner. This document provides minimum requirements; more stringent requirements may be necessary depending on the specific laboratory function or contaminants generated. The University is one of the founding members of the PlaNYC University Mayoral Challenge and is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 30% by the year 2017. All laboratory designs shall implement energy efficient measures to achieve this goal. These Guidelines were formulated as a consensus document among all members of the Laboratory Design Working Group (Appendix I). All laboratory design teams shall consult with Columbia University‟s: Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S), Facilities and the Office of Environmental Stewardship (OES) during the schematic design phase. These offices shall be involved throughout the design process. The Guidelines shall be reviewed to incorporate regulatory changes, industry developments and best practices on an annual basis. 3 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 1 Codes and Standards/References 1.1 Codes and Standards Laboratories will be designed to comply with applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations to facilitate compliance and reporting requirements not limited to the latest edition of the following: AAALAC (Association for Assessment & Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care) ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act 29CFR 1630) ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers) Standards, Handbooks and Laboratory Design Guide BBCNY (Building Code of the City of New York) CAMH (Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals): The Official Handbook ECCCNYC (Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State) EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) regulations GLP (United States Food and Drug Administration‟s Good Laboratory Practices) GMP (United States Food and Drug Administration‟s Good Manufacturing Practices) IES (illuminating Engineering Society) Standards JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) Labs21 (Laboratories for the 21st Century) Guidelines LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) for Labs NIH (National Institutes of Health) Design Requirements Manual for Biomedical Laboratories and Animal Research Facilities NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) NYFPC (New York City Fire Prevention Code) NYCRR (New York City Rules and Regulations) OSHA (Occupational Health & Safety Administration) PlaNYC University Mayoral Challenge 1.2 References ACGIH: Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practices, 25th Edition, Cincinnati, OH. American Conference of Government and Governmental Industrial hygienists, 2004. ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 – 2003: Laboratory Ventilation, Fairfax, VA. American Industrial Hygiene Association. 2003. ANSI/ASHRAE 110-1995: Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods. Atlanta, GA. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1995. 4 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institutes of Health-2007: Biological Safety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Columbia University EH&S (www.ehs.columbia.edu) for additional Health and Safety Policies and Procedures. Columbia University Environmental Stewardship (www.environment.columbia.edu) for Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policies and Initiatives. Columbia University Facilities (www.facilities.columbia.edu) for Service Requests and Plant Engineering Standards. NFPA 45-2000: Standard of Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2000. FDNY Code 2702.1: New Fire Code for New York City Section 2702.1 Definitions. 2008 NYC Building Code BC 419.4 N.Y. ADC. LAW § 28-701.2C4: NY Code – Section 28-701.2C4: Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy Section BC 419.4 Non-Production Chemical Laboratories Definitions. NFPA 701: Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2004. OSHA 1910.1450 (B): PART 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Subpart 1910.1450 (B) Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Definitions. RCNY 10-2008: Section FC 2706 Non-Production Chemical Laboratories. New York, NY: NYC FDNY Fire Code, 2008. 1.3 Lab Permitting Laboratories located in New York City where flammable liquids, oxidizers, or corrosivesare used or stored above limits specified by the Fire Department, City of New York (FDNY) must be permitted by the FDNY. Below are the areas of concern under FDNY. This list is not all-inclusive but if not produced, a Violation Order (VO) will be written: A copy of approved floor plans indicating fire rating of walls & partitions (Department of Buildings (DOB) stamp). A copy of approved plans that indicate the run of duct systems for chemical fume hoods. A copy of approved plans indicating the number of air changes per hour (ACH) the ventilation system is designed to achieve. FDNY currently accepts no less than 6 ACH as the laboratory ventilation design. Laboratory ventilation may be designed to operate at greater than 6 ACH and is generally designed to operate at 8 ACH or more. An affidavit from an engineer or an air balance report indicating the actual operating ACH. FDNY currently accepts no less than 6 ACH as the operational ACH for each space requiring a laboratory permit. Laboratory ventilation may operate at greater than 6 ACH. 5 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Chemical Storage Rooms and manifold rooms that service other labs require, along with approval from DOB, that plans be submitted to and approved by FDNY Tech Management Unit. For Blackout Curtains, an affidavit from manufacturer that the curtains are “inherently-flame resistant” and have been tested as per NFPA 701. Must state building and room numbers on affidavit. Also must provide an affidavit from a NYC Certificate of Fitness holder that it has passed flame proofing test. 2 Evidence from the manufacturer that gas manifold headers are capable of withstanding 3000 psig. This can be in the form of the manufacturer‟s literature on specifications. A notarized affidavit/statement from licensed plumber that piping from manifold to workstation has been tested in accordance with NFPA must be provided and include building name, address and room numbers. Definitions 2.1 Laboratory Laboratory means a facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals” occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis [OSHA 1910.1450(B)]. Lab Unit: An enclosed space of a minimum one hour rated construction, designed or used as per a non-production laboratory. Laboratory units may include one or more separate laboratory work areas, and accessory storage rooms or spaces within or contiguous with the laboratory unit, such as offices and lavatories. [FDNY Code 2702.1, NYC Building Code BC 419.4] Permitted Laboratory: A laboratory requiring a permit from the FDNY. 2.2 Chemical Fume Hoods Refer to: Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design: Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hood Exhaust Systems http://www.ehs.columbia.edu/FinalLabDesign409.pdf (Appendix III) 2.3 Chemical Storage Room Shall comply with New York City 2008 Building Code Section 419.9. Approved DOB plans of Chemical Storage Rooms must be submitted to FDNY Tech Management for approval to obtain proper FDNY permits. 2.4 Commissioning Terminology Basis of Design - all information necessary to accomplish the design intent including weather data, interior environmental criteria, other pertinent design assumptions, cost goals, and references to applicable codes, standards, regulations and guidelines. Commissioning - the process of ensuring that the equipment, components and systems are designed, installed, functionally tested, and capable of being operated and maintained to perform in conformity with the design intent. 6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Commissioning Plan - a document defining the commissioning process, this is developed in increasing detail as the project progresses through its various phases. Design intent - a detailed explanation of the ideas, concepts, and criteria that are defined by the owner to be important. This typically is an expansion of the information provided in the Owner‟s Program. The initial document should describe the facility‟s functional needs, intended levels and quality of environmental control and needs. Owner’s Project Requirements – is a written document that details the functional requirements of a project and the expectations of how it will be used and operated. 2.5 Cryogen Cryogenic Container - A pressure container, low-pressure container or atmospheric container of any size designed or used for the transportation, handling or storage of a cryogenic fluid, and which utilizes venting, insulation, refrigeration or a combination thereof to maintain the pressure within design parameters for such container and to keep the contents in a liquid state. Cryogenic Fluid - A super-cooled substance (usually liquid) used to cool other materials to extremely low temperatures. A fluid having a boiling point lower than -130 °F (-89.9 °C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) (an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa). 2.6 Lab Programming Terminology Blocking and Stacking Diagrams – A programmatic diagram consisting of stacked programmatic groups or blocks that include diagrammatic building components including structural, circulation, Mechanical Engineering and Plumbing (MEP), envelope and lab system elements for the purpose of testing a program against a conceptual building model both vertically and horizontally. ELF – Equivalent Linear Feet of Bench. ELF is used interchangeably between hi/low bench configurations and floor mounted lab equipment depending on the type of research and facility needs. Detailed Space Program – A Detailed Space Program is a program document that breaks every room or space in a building with specific details of the nature and requirements of each space. FAR – Floor Area Ratio is floor area defined by the applicable Zoning regulations and typically excludes infrastructure and building core elements. GFA – Gross Floor Area, typically includes all Building Components on a floor by floor basis excluding exterior wall, shafts, and multiple height spaces above the floor they are assigned to. GSF – Gross Square Feet, typically includes all Building Components. Macro Program – A program document at a high level or order usually at the Departmental Level. The intent of a Macro Program is to briefly summarize the larger programmatic functions into rolled up categories. Macro Programs are typically followed by a more Detailed Space Program. 7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN NSF – Net Square Feet, typically excludes any Building Core and Shell elements such as elevators, shafts, stairs, columns, public corridors, exterior skin and other such building components. Proximity Matrix – A programmatic matrix identifying what degrees of adjacencies and separations are required. RDS – Room Data Sheets, which are comprised of a generic plan/layout configuration, detailed room finish, circulation, HVAC, system/utility requirements, and equipment layouts. ZSF – Zoning Square Feet, typically limited to square feet assignable to FAR. 2.7 Critical Environment A laboratory space can be classified as Critical Environment if any of three conditions is satisfied: A laboratory space where the temperature cannot fluctuate more than + or - 2° C from the design condition. A laboratory space where humidity control requires the use of either a humidifier or the need for reheat. A laboratory space where the research being performed cannot tolerate an unscheduled outage or disruption of a central Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system supporting the space. Laboratories not fitting into any of these criteria will be considered “non critical environments”. 2.8 Critical Laboratory Equipment Critical Laboratory Equipment shall be defined as equipment that cannot experience an interruption or fluctuation in the one or more utility service which support it. 3 Sustainability 3.1 General Columbia University is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. With over 24 environmental academic programs, and approximately 30 centers relating to environmental programs, the University occupies a world leader position in the environmental sphere. This environmental stewardship commitment extends to all administrative departments. 3.2 Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions All laboratory designs must factor in a gross square footage energy load estimate to meet the PlaNYC goal. This estimate shall be reviewed by the Office of Environmental Stewardship (OES) to be evaluated for consistency with the University‟s commitment. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for lab renovations of more than 3000 square feet shall be conducted to evaluate long-term budget, energy, and environmental impacts in 8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN considering lab design options. No energy-efficiency measure shall be eliminated for a less energy-efficient option without first being part of a life cycle cost analysis. Consultants shall assist the owner in identifying potential design solutions in support of project goals pertaining to funding from New York State Energy Research Development Authority (NYSERDA) and other government and private sources, including the Department of Energy (DOE), as part of design process so as to maximize the University‟s eligibility for funding for energy-efficient design and equipment, and the budget and life-cycle analysis. 3.3 Air Quality The University‟s Manhattan campuses are situated in areas that have amongst the highest rates of asthma and childhood asthma in the United States. Moreover, these campuses are located in environmental justice zones. Particulate emissions and other air pollutants shall be considered in laboratory design and operations so as to minimize such emissions and promote the health of the residents of the surrounding communities. 3.4 Waste Minimization Construction and demolition debris and material shall be recycled or reused at a rate consistent with the overall project‟s LEED goals. Following laboratory clearance by EH&S, surplus equipment and furniture must be made available to the OES Surplus Reuse Program for consideration. 4 General Guidelines for Laboratory Design 4.1 General Project Requirements Meeting the educational and research goals of the academic department alongside health, safety and operational goals should be the guiding principle for the Architect/Engineer (A/E). Attention to detail is extremely important to the success of laboratory space. It is incumbent upon the A/E to ascertain the needs of the project. AE shall be responsible for satisfying design requirements stipulated by any granting sources. 4.2 Commissioning All laboratory projects shall be commissioned in accordance with a commissioning plan developed by either in-house facilities operations personnel or a third party provider. The A/E will develop, draft and finalize the “owner‟s project requirements”, “design intent”, and “basis of design” portions of the commissioning plan with the support from the assigned University Project Manager, Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S), Facilities, commissioning provider and the University client. The commissioning provider will develop verification and functional performance testing requirements and operation and maintenance criteria. Parameters for energy, water consumption, sizing of utility services and distribution, must be established early in the project. These parameters must be established in the schematic level. 9 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 4.3 Approvals A Professional Engineer (PE) or Registered Architect (RA) must provide signed and sealed documents with code compliant design with necessary affidavits and documents for full Department of Buildings (DOB) and FDNY compliance and approvals. A/E shall be responsible for responding to comments from the University underwriter (e.g., FM Global) for conformity with underwriter‟s policy design requirements. 4.4 Speculative Projects For projects that have speculative tenancy in part or in whole, shall be designed under the guidance of the Executive Committee. 5 Architectural Guidelines for Laboratory Design 5.1 Layout Requirements To the extent possible, laboratories should be oriented to take advantage of natural lighting (with consideration for controlling sunlight and glare). This desire must be balanced against the energy modeling goals established for sustainability, therefore operable windows must be in conformance with the intent of the project and space, and must be accounted for in the HVAC design. Operable windows are acceptable in office areas, but not laboratory space. Operable windows in laboratory space shall only be permitted based on a demonstrated research need or Facilities requirement, and following consultation between the end-user, CUF and/or CUMC CPM, and EH&S. Laboratory space shall be separate from offices, common space and equipment room space. Occupants should not have to go through a laboratory space to exit from nonlaboratory areas. Laboratories shall be designed to minimize foot traffic in areas where air flow sensitive devices (biological safety cabinets, fume hoods) are in use. Each door from a hallway into a lab should be a minimum of 36” wide and have a view panel. Door sizes shall be coordinated to allow for equipment and cart access and wall protection if required. Modular design is a preferable approach and is highly encouraged for flexibility. Mechanical and electrical devices shall be readily accessible with localized shut off per direction by Facilities. A break out area will be provided on every floor for collaboration and where eating and drinking will be permitted. This shall be external to permitted lab space. To the extent practical, projects with heavy computing programmatic requirements such as bioinformatics shall have servers situated in a computer room external to a wet lab environment. Such projects shall be designed for maximum energy efficiency suitable for the programmatic and functional 10 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN requirements of the project. Off site options shall be reviewed as part of the due diligence process. 5.2 Finishes Acoustic, maintenance and durability considerations should be the primary concerns in finishes for laboratories. Sound transmission classification (STC) ratings of structural components and finishes should be taken into consideration when selecting materials and systems. Interior finishes shall contain low or no Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), and to the greatest extent possible be obtained to achieve the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) credit for local sourcing. Materials shall to the greatest extent possible contain recycled content, be recyclable, be sustainably produced and meet cradle-to-cradle standards. Examples include recycled steel, ceiling tiles, and wallboard as well as rubber flooring. Rapidly renewable materials shall also be considered where suitable. 5.2.1 Walls and Doors Designers to select materials that allow for normal cleaning, upkeep, and maintenance. Wall & corner protection should be provided where cart or equipment traffic occurs regularly. Doors into laboratories should be provided with vision panels (to see if lab is in us), self closing door hardware and kick plates. 5.2.2 Floors Wet chemical laboratories must have chemically resistant flooring. Floors shall be level, non-slip. Floor drains shall only be installed based on a demonstrated engineering need (e.g., in conjunction with the installation of an overhead emergency shower), and following consultation between the end-user, CUF and/or CUMC CPM, and EH&S. Where floor drains are indicated, they must be outfitted with a trap seal primer to prevent the escape of sewer gas. Finished flooring shall be installed throughout the laboratory to accommodate flexible laboratory conditions and room modifications. Floors shall have a minimum 4-inch high cove base. Where an integral continuous base is not provided, a continuous bead of sealant will be provided between wall plates and floors. If needed, conductive tile should be set in approved conductive adhesive and provided with an appropriate grounding strip for connection to an external ground. Ground connection to an external ground shall be indicated. Conductive flooring shall be provided with a conductive cove base. Special cleaning and maintenance requirements should be specified. 11 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 5.2.3 Ceilings Concern for proper acoustics should prevail in selection of ceiling materials. For acoustic panel ceilings, the preference is for a removable panel system. No concealed-spline ceilings. Seal joints at suspended ceiling perimeters and transitions with hard construction. Suspended ceilings shall be designed to avoid narrow or sliver panels, and unequal placement of panels on perimeter. Wet areas, Vivarium, or other special lab areas shall have hard, Fiber reinforced panel (FRP) or other special ceiling system that provides compliance with Association for Assessment & Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) or Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements as applicable. Retaining clips shall be provided where required. Access panels as determined by Facilities Operations and/or Engineering shall be provided to sufficiently access all volume dampers, fire and smoke dampers, valves and equipment for maintenance and repair. 5.2.4 Window Treatment Review need for sunlight filtering in laboratories, but 1% to 3% is recommended. Standard room darkening shades may be manual or motorized. Room Darkening vs. Solar Controls - Solar controls to support the HVAC needs must be considered for both the exterior and interior of the laboratory space in new construction. 5.3 Casework Work surfaces should be chemical resistant, smooth, and readily cleanable. Back and side splashes shall be provided along the perimeter of lab benches. Transitions from standing to sitting height benches shall have work surface transition for continuous chemical resistant surfaces for wet labs. Filler Panels shall be provided at all inside corners to allow for smooth, full open door and drawer operation. Work surfaces, including computer areas, should incorporate ergonomic features, such as adjustability, task and day lighting and equipment layout. Bench work areas should have knee space to allow room for chairs near fixed instruments, equipment or for procedures requiring prolonged operation. Cup sinks on bench tops shall be installed only after the determination of specific research need based on consultation among the end user and EH&S. If approved, a lip must be installed around the basin perimeter to prevent inadvertent release of spilled material into the drain. Cup sinks shall be outfitted with a trap seal primer to prevent the escape of sewer gas. Open shelving must be designed so that maximum shelf height is no closer than 36 inches from the ceiling to maintain a minimum of 18 inches clear above stored items. 12 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 5.4 Furniture Furniture shall be scheduled to the extent possible with standardized dimensions and parts and in compliance with university-wide campus standards. 5.5 Lighting 5.5.1 General Day lighting shall be maximized where possible for user comfort. Lighting should be even across the room, with a maintained light level capable of 75 foot-candles on the work surface. Non-laboratory space shall follow Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) standards. A combination of lighting zones, dimmable fixtures, and controlled daylight and occupancy sensors with adjustable sensitivity in the room is ideal. Fixtures should control glare and should not produce veiled reflection in the room or on equipment and render colors accurately and uniformly with minimum eye strain. If a room is multifunctional, the A/E is responsible to account for the lighting design considerations for the various tasks that are to occur in the different sectors of the room. If a space has a ceiling above 12‟ in height, the project team shall review all access requirements for light fixture maintenance and incorporate any fixed requirements such as access panels, into the documents. Much of the public space lighting on the University campus is controlled by occupancy sensors. Typically, at least one light in a space will be on an emergency circuit or per building code which ever one governs. The occupancy sensor is to be wired upstream of a conventional light switch so it operates as a vacancy sensor. The operation of occupancy sensors should be carefully coordinated with the room use. All designs must comply with applicable codes Ceiling mounted ultrasonic sensors (or better) shall be used in corridors to turn off lights. Select fixtures shall remain “on” at all times in sufficient quantity to maintain a minimum of 2 foot candles for security and safety. (It is the intent that these select fixtures be part of the back-up generator powered emergency egress lights, rather than a set of additional fixtures.) Lab area lighting is to have automatic controls (day-lighting, sensors, etc.) as previously described unless lab functions require special consideration. Task lighting at lab benches need not be automatically controlled. Lighting fixtures should not be placed where they will obstruct or interfere with the spray pattern of sprinkler heads. (Refer to NFPA 13). 5.5.2 Lighting types T-5 fluorescent lighting or Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) are standard for the University. Indirect/direct lighting is preferred for its even quality, however should only be considered when ceiling height is adequate (9‟-6” minimum). For any needed down lighting or highlighting, a compact fluorescent lamp, T-5 fluorescent or LED may be used as appropriate. Incandescent fixtures are not to be used; an LED fixture may be used to mitigate RFI concerns. 13 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 5.6 In public spaces or where special lighting is required, the A/E may submit alternate lighting systems to the CUF or CUMC CPM for review and approval. Storage (Chemical) NYC campuses must adhere to 2008 NYC Building, 2008 Fire Code, Title 3 Section 4827-01(G) (1), and NFPA 45, 2004 edition. The A/E is responsible to confirm all hazard, code and regulatory issues that apply to the design of the project and be coordinated and approved by EH&S, and CUF or CUMC CPM. Minimum code required clearances for sprinklers shall be maintained including considerations for JCAHO spaces, where applicable. (See „Casework‟, above). Explosion-proof or flammable-proof refrigerator shall be used if flammable materials must be stored. Explosion-proof hoods, equipment, finishes, systems, etc. shall be designed and specified where required by applicable codes. Chemical storage is not permitted underneath sinks; prohibition label will be affixed to the cabinets. Cabinets for chemical storage should be of solid, sturdy construction, with built-in partition for separation of incompatible chemicals for secondary containment, and vented as required by applicable code. Flammable gases or liquid storage, use or dispensing is not permitted below grade or near a means of egress. Storage of corrosive chemicals (acids and bases) shall be so arranged that there will be no contact with bare unprotected metals or casework. Storage cabinets for corrosive materials must be poly-lined and protected. Additionally, oxidizing acids cannot be stored on cellulosic material. Laboratories which operate High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or related equipment must have a workstation which is designed so that waste bottles are not stored on the floor. Laboratories using compressed gases should have areas designated for cylinder storage and be equipped with devices to secure cylinders in place. Cylinders must not be secured to plumbing or electrical conduits. Cylinder Manifold systems shall be designed to be readily accessible for FDNY inspection and have required permit information readily available. Flammable Storage Cabinets whether stand alone or incorporated under chemical fume hoods are suggested as flammable limits are allowed to be increased (or doubled) with the presence of a Flammable Storage Cabinet in a laboratory 5.7 Storage (Regulated Medical Waste) Adequate storage/staging shall be provided for containers awaiting removal and for an adequate reserve. Sites where Regulated Medical Waste (RMW) is staged prior to pick up shall incorporate the following features: 14 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 5.8 Protection from the environment and limitation of exposure to the public. RMW must be maintained in a non-putrescent state, using refrigeration, if necessary. Storage area shall be provided with locks to prevent unauthorized access. Design The A/E shall be responsible to provide a vermin control specification that meets the applicable bio-safety, AAALAC and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) requirements. to prevent storage area from becoming a breeding place or food source for vermin. Acoustic and Vibration The A/E shall consider maximum acceptable noise and vibration criteria in each equipment selection, location, and system design and discuss those considerations with CUF or CUMC CPM. The A/E shall ensure appropriate application of noise and vibration control devices. 5.9 Signage 6 Laboratory signage within New York City shall be provided by means of the standard EH&S “Laboratory Sign,” (Appendix II) which includes space for up to four different hazard-specific inserts. The sign shall be placed adjacent to the latch side of the door leading to the laboratory located in the area of the midpoint of the height of the door. (RCNY Title 3, Chapter 2706-01). MEP Guidelines for Laboratory Design 6.1 MEP General Design Considerations Overall, MEP distribution shall be based on a modular layout. Systems shall be designed to ensure reliability, maximize operational flexibility and capacity for renovation, allow service to occur without interfering with research, and to minimize potential for disruption due to single point failures and routine maintenance. At the same time, systems will be “right-sized” so as to maximize energy efficiency and take account of fewer air changes as appropriate (Appendix III). A primary goal for distribution systems is to minimize floor penetrations in laboratory areas. A/E shall utilize efficient capacity methods for sizing primary equipment to provide required redundancy and overage while maintaining energy efficient operation for the normal operating load profile. Early planning and coordination with the entire design team is critical and close coordination between mechanical, electrical, and structural 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN disciplines is required to minimize interference of piping/ventilating systems and electrical systems, with structural framing. Whenever connections are made into existing systems to serve new equipment, additions, or renovated areas, the A/E shall ensure the existing system will not be adversely affected or in any case fall below the standards of code as a result of the new work. This may require the A/E to study existing infrastructure and systems capacity far beyond the actual planned point of connection to ensure adequacy. The design shall carefully consider cost effective approaches that shall result in economical arrangements of MEP services including risers, mains, branches, run outs for both valving and circuiting arrangements that allow for shutdown of individual laboratories, as well as independent isolation of each floor, building wing, and zone without affecting other areas. Space shall be provided for accessibility to permit modifications and maintenance to the system. Equipment shall include, but not be limited to, valves, cleanouts, motors, controllers, and drain points, etc. Where required, access doors or panels shall be provided. MEP materials and methods shall be compatible with system application. The selection of materials and installation methods shall incorporate special requirements unique to individual program areas, such as consideration of magnetic fields, special materials, shielding, also all types of chemical exposure etc. in accordance with equipment and functional operation requirements. In existing facilities renovated to accommodate a new lab program, the A/E should specify sealing existing penetrations. Utility metering shall be provided for primary utility services, capable of automatically registering peak flow and totalization to the building automation utility monitoring systems to the extent possible. The AE shall coordinate all metering requirements with Facilities during the early schematic design phase of the project. Equipment and piping installations shall be designed to preclude noise and vibration transfer beyond referenced limits, including but not limited to use of resilient supports, vibration dampening equipment bases, flexible connectors or braided hoses as appropriate, and other considerations as required for the intended operation of the facility. 6.2 Mechanical 6.2.1 Design Considerations Summer Outdoor design conditions: Research facilities where mechanical systems are being greatly modified shall be designed for 92° F Dry bulb, 74° F Wet bulb. Open cell cooling towers shall be designed for 78 ° F Wet bulbs. Evaporative condensing units shall be designed for 105° F ambient. 16 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Heat recovery systems shall be utilized unless analysis demonstrates nonfeasibility. 6.2.2 Critical Environment spaces Critical environment spaces shall be served from a dedicated cooling system. Ideally these systems should be 100% redundant and be provided both normal and emergency power. The financial commitment must be evaluated with the value of the research which could be lost in a brief or prolonged outage. Centralized campus chilled water systems that are adequately sized and available on a year round basis can provide backup cooling support with the understanding that this system could experience unexpected shutdown and is not on emergency power. 6.2.3 Dedicated (year round) chilled water Dedicated chilled water refers to year round, 24/7, chilled water used to cool lab spaces and occupants (environmental comfort). It is a University goal to minimize the production of all central plant chilled water, particularly dedicated chilled water. The use of air side economizers is encouraged for environmental comfort where practical. All proposed uses of dedicated chilled water require approval from Plant Engineering. Where that need is established, Plant Engineering will evaluate if the existing building infrastructure has the capacity to support the additional load. When infrastructure upgrades are required, it is intended that they be performed on a building wide basis and include forecasted load growth. 6.2.4 Process chilled water Process chilled water refers to chilled water used to cool critical and non critical lab equipment. Process chilled water systems generally operate year round, 24/7. All new and substantially renovated science buildings are required to provide process chilled water systems to serve these needs and include a realistic building growth factor. Process chilled water systems shall be designed in a manner that allows expansion of the system with minimal disruption to the building. In consultation with CUF, consideration should be made for future routing and deployment of systems. Roof and mechanical space shall be reserved to install additional chillers, pumps and ancillary equipment. Process chilled water systems should be designed with 100% redundancy. Connect of laboratory equipment to the process chilled water loop shall be through a heat exchanger which hydraulically isolates the loop from the equipment. The use of centralized campus chilled water to cool laboratory equipment is prohibited. The use of domestic water to cool laboratory equipment is prohibited. NOTE: Water cooled equipment is preferred in lieu of air cooled equipment. 6.3 Building Automation System (BAS) 6.3.1 Design Considerations The University Morningside campus has standardized on Andover Controls and Siemens Building Technologies as the acceptable manufacturers for building automation systems. The CUMC campus has standardized o Johnson Controls 17 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN and no other system shall be considered for approval without CUMC Facilities Operations/Engineering. For renovation work in existing buildings the existing Building Automation System (BAS) shall be utilized. A second system should not be installed. Provisions for future expansion shall be made as determined by Columbia University Operations Department on a project-by-project basis. The BAS is to be configured as a network with workstations, file servers, field controllers and necessary interfacing controls. Field controllers shall have the ability for local control in the event of a network outage. All operator devices shall have the ability to access all point status and application report data, or execute control functions for any and all other devices, via the local area network. Communication between all Direct Digital Control (DDC) units, servers and the workstations shall be by way of high speed network communication cable utilizing Ethernet that is coordinated with Columbia Universities‟ IT (CUIT) department assigned project manager. As program requires, emergency power should be provided for the entire DDC system. All DDC software must be web enabled for remote communications. 6.3.2 Typical Laboratory Temperature Control Where laboratory variable volume systems are specified in new and substantially renovated science buildings they shall be furnished with a stand-alone DDC electronic controllers, pressure independent, variable air volume laboratory flow tracking system. The flow tracking system includes VAV boxes, reheat coils, damper and valve operators, with all control devices to monitor the following as minimum: room temperature, °F, room humidity, % RH, reheat coil valve position, reheat coil temperature °F, supply cfm, exhaust cfm. 6.3.3 Monitoring and Security System An environmental monitoring and security system shall be provided to monitor critical equipment such as freezers, designated environmental rooms, cabinets, and other types of equipment as indicated in the lab program. This system shall be interfaced with the BAS system to provide emergency alarm/reporting only. 6.4 Electrical 6.4.1 General: Laboratories should have a sufficient number of electrical outlets and informed from the Researcher, to eliminate the need of extension cords and multi-plug adapters. Electric outlets should be coordinated with the electrical characteristics of the lab equipment. 18 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Each laboratory in a major renovation shall have a dedicated panel board located in an unobstructed accessible area preferably adjacent to the lab door, labeled with the room number. Or, if panels are centrally located, they must be on the same floor, labeled with the room number(s) they are serving. All electrical outlets and dedicated shut-off switches shall have a label on the cover plate with the corresponding panel and circuit number they are energized from. Laser laboratories shall have an emergency shut-off switch installed near the entrance of the laboratory to turn off the laser remotely. Power conditioners and UPS are the responsibility of the end user. Each electrical panel board shall be provided with a panel number marked (at the exterior panel face) that is coordinated with the panel board schedules on the electrical construction drawings. 6.4.2 Main Building Distribution System In new construction, the electrical service is to be extended from the main service switchboards to distribution panels located in electric closets on each floor. These local floor panels will serve the interior floor distributions system as described below: Sensitive equipment and laboratory loads shall be segregated from large motor loads. Lighting loads shall be segregated from other loads and an individual panel on each floor. The interior distribution system to each lab shall also include as a minimum dedicated 120/208 V, 3 phase, 4 wire plus ground panel boards, 150 amp main circuit breaker with forty-two (42) branch circuit breakers. Each panel will be door-in-door construction with copper bus bars (no aluminum) and an integral digital meter (3 phase amps and volts) and integral Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS). These panels which are also typically located in the lab to serve lab convenience outlets, lab equipment, etc. Space in each electric closet should be reserved for future panel boards. Vivarium lighting, equipment and convenience outlets shall be served from separate dedicated panels located in each electric closet and 120/208V distribution system. 6.4.3 Emergency Power Distribution System Emergency power shall only be derived from the building emergency power distribution system, not from adjacent buildings. An emergency power load study is required for all new laboratories where applicable. Emergency power distribution shall be considered as required to serve the following equipment and loads as a minimum: domestic water system, environmental rooms, critical equipment, refrigerator, freezers, cold rooms, etc., critical laboratory equipment and their required support systems, one circuit per lab module for discretionary convenience receptacle, fume hoods and their exhaust and makeup air systems, 33% of lighting in laboratories, procedure rooms, and equipment areas, equipment and communications technology power distribution systems, entire animal facilities. 19 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN The AE shall be responsible to validate emergency power requirements beyond the minimum stated above and to validate against the load study. 6.4.4 Life Safety System An integrated fire alarm, smoke detection and sprinkler alarm system shall be provided. The system shall be a fully addressable distributed processing topology providing alarm and communication features to a central processor. All detectors shall be addressable and self testing. Provide photoelectric type for area detection and ionization type for duct mounting. Smoke detectors shall be considered in all laboratory modules. 6.4.5 Isolated Grounding System The AE shall determine in conjuction with information from the researcher if an isolating grounding system is required for the design of the project and, as required, coordinate with Facilities to avoid potential conflicts. 6.5 Plumbing 6.5.1 General: Building services to the extent possible (such as centralized bottled gases, Reverse Osmosis Deionized (RODI) water and compressed air required for research), shall be considered in the design to facilitate modular systems and services for the facility. Manifolding gases and decentralizing some services shall be evaluated as required to accommodate the addition of future loads on a project-byproject basis. Piping above major electrical, telecommunications, or other critical equipment rooms (including service access for such items) should be avoided where possible. Isolation valves shall be provided to accommodate easy maintenance at each module, laboratory, group of toilet rooms, or program suite where routine service shall be required without affecting other areas. Isolation valves shall be accessible and located on the floor being served. All valves shall be clearly identified (labeled/tagged), and correspond to the facility valve numbering and identification system, keyed to submitted charts. Drains shall be provided at the base of all water risers and include National Pipe Threads (NPT) threads, valve, and cap. All utility pipelines shall be clearly labeled to identify the service provided and direction of flow within each module. In installations where gas is piped throughout the building, provide emergency laboratory isolation valves outside of each lab. Panic buttons may be considered for natural gas lines. 20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Use flexible connections for connecting gas and other plumbing utilities to any free standing device. 6.5.2 Gas Cylinders: When compressed gas cylinders are required inside a laboratory, the following conditions shall apply: 6.5.3 Provide strapping and anchoring devices to a permanent building member. The number of devices shall be adequate for the number of cylinders, bearing in mind that local regulations may restrict the number of cylinders of an individual gas permitted to be stored in a laboratory. The cylinder restraint system is subject to the review and approval of both Facilities and EH&S. The storage site shall be protected from heat sources. The site shall be in area that minimizes that opportunity for accidental contact with the cylinders. The site shall be in a well ventilated, dry location, with easy accessibility for periodic exchange of cylinders. Gas cylinders shall not be stored in an unprotected in public corridors. Cylinders may be stored in properly constructed corridor storage closets with proper wall ratings, ventilation and monitor equipment. Water Treatment Provide acid neutralization and any other treatment of water sent to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) as per all applicable laws and regulations. Provide storage space for spill prevention materials in each laboratory. Use only efficient water treatment systems that comply with the following criteria: i. For buildings with a Building Management System (BMS) system, all filtration processes, remote notification shall be provided (by means of BMS) along with local pressure gauges to determine and display when to backwash or change cartridges; ii. For all ion exchange and softening processes, recharge cycles shall be set by volume of water treated or based upon conductivity or hardness; iii. For reverse osmosis and nanofiltration equipment, with capacity greater than 100 liter/hr, reject water shall not exceed 60 % of the feed water. iv. Simple distillation is not acceptable as a base system for water purification. 6.5.4 Vacuum Pumps Vacuum pumps shall be used in lieu of aspirators. Vacuum systems shall not be provided as a centralized system unless authorized by CUF based on a demonstrated research need, and following consultation between the end-user, Project Manager, and EH&S. Provisions shall be made to appropriately vent exhaust individual vacuum pumps. 6.5.5 Fire Protection 21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 7 A central combined fire standpipe/sprinkler system is to be provided for all buildings on the Campus. Pre-action sprinkler systems should be given consideration for specialized imaging equipment and IT server rooms. See section 6.4.4 for other details. Safety and Security Guidelines for Laboratory Design 7.1 General Utility shut-off controls should be located outside the laboratory. Environmental chambers where evacuation or other alarms cannot be heard shall be equipped with strobe lighting or additional alarms. The requirements for monitoring and control of laboratories using toxic gases shall be reviewed with EH&S. 7.2 Eye-Face Wash & Emergency Showers 7.3 Refer to Appendix IV – Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hoses and Overhead Emergency Showers Biosafety Laboratory spaces for work with biological materials shall incorporate the following features. 7.4 Self closing doors. Sinks for hand washing. Wall, floor and working surfaces designed to be easily cleaned. Carpets and rugs are not permitted. Bench tops impervious to water and resistant to heat, organic solvents, acids, alkalis and other chemicals. Spaces between benches, cabinets, and equipment accessible for cleaning. Chairs must be covered with a non-porous material that can be easily cleaned and decontaminated. Biological safety cabinets (BSC) must be installed in such a manner that fluctuations of the room supply and exhaust air do not cause the BSCs to operate outside their parameters for containment. Locate BSCs away from doors, windows that can be opened, heavily traveled laboratory areas, and from other possible airflow disruptions. HEPA filtered exhaust air from a Class II Biological Safety Cabinet may be recirculated back into the laboratory environment. Connection to the laboratory‟s exhaust system must be approved by EH&S and must by means of a canopy and not a hard connection. Fire Life Safety 7.4.1 Fire Suppression Systems Sprinkler Systems – Laboratory units shall be provided throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NYC Building Code. 22 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Standpipe System - standpipes shall be installed in accordance with NYC Building Code. 7.4.2 Laboratory Units In accordance with NFPA 45, NYC Building and Fire Codes. Storage Limits - Flammable and combustible liquids. The density and total quantity of flammable and combustible liquids allowed within a laboratory unit, excluding storage rooms, shall be in accordance with NFPA 45 for laboratory unit fire hazard classes B and D. EH&S shall be consulted regarding flammable chemical quantity limits in order to validate the minimum code fire rating. 7.4.3 Chemical Storage Rooms In addition to the quantities that may be stored, handled and used in a laboratory unit, chemicals for use in a laboratory unit may be stored in a dedicated storage room (up to 300 Gallons). Such rooms may enhance the efficiency of laboratory operations and should be considered if space considerations allow. Consult with EH&S for specific code requirements. 7.4.4 Oxygen (O2) Sensors Where O2 sensors are required, they may be portable or hardwired. Consult with EH&S for specific code requirements. 7.4.5 Black-out Curtains Black-out curtains are required to be made of an inherently flame resistant material (IFR). These curtains require documentation from the manufacture stating they are incompliance with NFPA 701. These curtains must also be tested and documentation issued by a FDNY Certificate of Fitness holder for Flame Retardant Treatment C-15 to their flame resistance. Copies of both documents must be provided to EH&S. 7.4.6 Fire Blankets As all new laboratories using flammable or hazardous chemicals are to be provided with eyewash/drench hose units at all sinks, the provision of fire blankets is to be at the discretion of the laboratory. If installed, fire blankets shall be placed by the means of egress. 7.4.7 Fire Extinguishers 10 pound ABC extinguishers (or other appropriate type extinguisher*) shall be installed in accordance with NFPA and NYC Fire Codes. Fire extinguishers shall be placed in external cabinets which are identifiable by proper signage. Initial cabinet placement shall be located near (within 10 ft.) of main entrance doors. Maximum travel distance to any extinguisher must be within 50 ft. *Please consult EHS-Fire Safety to determine if different types of extinguishers are required. 23 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 7.5 Security The A/E shall review security requirements with the Principle Investigator, Project Manager and Public Safety. The University employs access control (e.g., Lenel Systems), as part of a campus-wide system, at the entrances of many of its buildings, and to some interior spaces as well. 8 Special Rooms and Equipment 8.1 9 Environmental Rooms Environmental Rooms may be constant or variable temperature, cold rooms, or warm rooms. These rooms shall be located to accommodate maintenance and visual monitoring from outside the room space. Environmental rooms that require ventilation shall be ventilated as per manufacturer‟s guidelines. Environmental rooms shall be fed by processed chilled water systems as outlined in section 6.2.4. APPENDICIES Appendix I – Members of LDWG Appendix II – Laboratory Door Signage Cut-sheet Appendix III – Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hood Exhaust System Appendix IV – Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hoses and Overhead Emergency Showers 24 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Appendix I – Members of the Laboratory Design Work Group Members of the Laboratory Design Work Group Muhammad Akram, EH&S Helen Bielak, Environmental Stewardship Gary Brown, Manhattanville David Carlson, CU Facilities Kathleen Crowley, EH&S Matthew Early, CU Facilities (left CU Summer 2010) Wil Elmes, Manhattanville George Hamawy, EH&S Radiation Safety John LaPerche, EH&S Fire Life Safety Joseph Mannino, CU Facilities Frank Martino, CU Capital Project Management Jeremiah Meehan, EH&S Fire Safety Patrick O‟Reilly, Facilities Management, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Chris Pettinato, EH&S Christopher Pitoscia, EH&S Cathy Resler, Environmental Stewardship Paul Rubock, EH&S Biological Safety Ben Suzuki, CUMC Capital Project Management (CPM) Larry Wisbeski, CU Capital Project Management 25 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Appendix II – Laboratory Door Signage Cut-Sheet CAUTION: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 26 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Appendix III – Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hood Exhaust System COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for Laboratory Design: Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hood Exhaust Systems April 2009 Revised second edition April 2011 27 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Executive Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Codes and Standards/References 1.1 Codes and Standards 1.2 References Definitions 2.1 Laboratory 2.2 Chemical Fume Hood 2.3 Cryogen Ventilation 3.1 General Laboratory 3.2 Animal Satellites Fume Hood Exhaust System (FHES) Design Criteria 4.1 Exhausting 4.2 Components 4.3 Regulatory 4.4 Site Conditions Commissioning Identification and Labeling 6.1 Ductwork 6.2 Exhaust Fan Assembly 6.3 Radioactive Material 6.4 Power/Circuit Breaker Switch 6.5 Sash Window Position 6.6 Label Colors 6.7 Hood Operating Instructions Criteria for Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods 7.1 Special Hazard 7.2 Hood Designation 7.3 Exhaust Requirements 7.4 Exhaust Scrubbers 7.5 Wash Down Facilities 7.6 User Controls 7.7 Wash Down Frequency 7.8 Non-Corrosive Materials 7.9 Commissioning 28 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 8 9 Criteria for Radioactive Fume Hoods 8.1 High Volatility 8.2 Medium Volatility 8.3 Low Volatility 8.4 General Requirements Appendices 9.1 Appendix 1 – Distance Recommendations for the Installation of Fume Hoods in a Laboratory 9.2 Appendix 2 – Members of the LDWG 2009 29 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Executive Summary The purpose of laboratory ventilation is to help provide a safe environment for scientific research and teaching. Outlined below are Guidelines by which a design team, using a combination of general laboratory ventilation, fume hood exhaust systems and other local exhaust ventilation, will design a safe and energy efficient system to contain emissions within the laboratory, depending on the specific needs of the laboratory. This document provides minimum requirements; more stringent requirements may be necessary depending on the specific laboratory function or contaminants generated. The University is one of the founding members of the PlaNYC Mayoral challenge committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 30% by the year 2017. All laboratory designs shall consider energy efficient measures to achieve this goal. These Guidelines were formulated as a consensus document among all members of the Laboratory Design Working Group (listed in Appendix I). All laboratory design teams shall consult with Environmental Health &Safety (EH&S), Facilities Operations (Facilities) and Office of Environmental Stewardship (OES) during the schematic design phase. These offices shall be involved throughout the design process so as to ensure that University safety and energy efficiency goals and commitments are met in a timely and cost-effective manner. The Guidelines shall be reviewed to incorporate regulatory changes, industry developments and best practices on a regular basis. 30 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 2. Codes and Standards/References 2.1 Codes and Standards The HVAC systems will be designed in accordance with the following codes and standards, latest edition: Building Code of the City of New York (BCCNY) New York City Fire Prevention Code (NYFPC) New York City Rules and Regulations (NYCRR) ASHRAE HVAC Applications, Chapter 14, Laboratories ASHRAE 62.1, 2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality ASHRAE 90.1, 2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State (ECCCNYS), 2002 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), latest edition 2.2 References ACGIH: Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practices, 25th Edition, Cincinnati, OH. American Conference of Government and Governmental Industrial hygienists, 2004. ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 – 2003: Laboratory Ventilation, Fairfax, VA. American Industrial Hygiene Association. 2003. ANSI/ASHRAE 110-1995: Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods. Atlanta, GA. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1995. NFPA 45-2000: Standard of Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2000. RCNY 10-2008: Section FC 2706 Non-Production Chemical Laboratories. NYC FDNY Fire Code, New York, NY 2008. EH&S (www.ehs.columbia.edu) for additional Health and Safety Policies and Procedures. 31 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Facilities (www.facilities.columbia.edu) for Service Mechanical Engineering (ME) Design Guideline. Requests and Environmental Stewardship (www.environment.columbia.edu) for Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policies and Initiatives. National Research Council 1996: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5140 2 Definitions 2.1 Laboratory Laboratory means a facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals” occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis [OSHA 1910.1450(B)]. 2.2 Chemical Fume Hoods Chemical Fume Hoods - means a device located in a laboratory, enclosed on five sides with a movable sash or fixed partially enclosed on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to draw air form the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure without insertion of any portion of the worker‟s body other than hands and arms. The purpose of a chemical fume hood is to contain airborne substances, to prevent them from entering the breathing zone of laboratory workers and occupants and to trap or exhaust the airborne substances without increasing the risk to the user, occupants of the area, or the environment. The hood should be designed to incorporate user needs, room configuration and general ventilation and must have adequate space for hood service and utility connections. Fume hoods must be selected from among the following manufacturers: Bedcolab Limited Lab-Crafters Inc. Labconco Corporation Thermo Fisher Scientific The selection of any other fume hood model must be justified on the basis of program requirements and be approved by CUF, CUMC CPM and EHS. 32 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 2.3 Cryogen Cryogenic Container - A pressure container, low-pressure container or atmospheric container of any size designed or used for the transportation, handling or storage of a cryogenic fluid, and which utilizes venting, insulation, refrigeration or a combination thereof to maintain the pressure within design parameters for such container and to keep the contents in a liquid state. Cryogenic Fluid - A fluid having a boiling point lower than -130 °F (-89.9 °C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) (an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa). Cryogen -A super-cooled substance (usually liquid) used to cool other materials to extremely low temperatures 3. Ventilation 3.1 General Laboratory 3.1.1 All laboratories shall have mechanical ventilation. 3.1.2 All laboratory rooms shall use 100% outside air and exhaust to the outside. 3.1.3 Laboratory ventilation systems shall be designed to operate 24 hours per day, 7 days per week with a minimum of six (6) air changes per hour (ACH). 3.1.4 Locate supply and exhaust for good mixing and temperature control. 3.1.5 Provide excess capacity for equipment aging and future expansion. 3.1.6 Design for noise levels in the laboratories must not exceed ASHRAE guidelines. 3.1.7 Do not provide operable windows. 3.1.8 Direct airflow from low hazard to high hazard areas. 3.1.9 Design to maintain negative pressure relative to adjacent non-lab areas. 33 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 3.1.10 Provide adequate makeup air (90% of the exhaust). 3.1.11 Locate casework and equipment so as not to interfere with ventilation. 3.1.12 Do not line duct with insulation or acoustic treatment. 4. 3.2 Animal Satellites 3.2.1 Animal Satellite Facilities are research laboratories that have been approved for the housing of research animals for 24-hours or more by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). 3.2.2 Animal Satellite Facilities must be provided with 10-15 ACH. Fume Hood Exhaust System (FHES) Design Criteria 4.1 Exhausting 4.1.1 FDNY Code requires a face velocity of 80-120 linear feet per minute (lfpm) across the vertical plane of the sash face when the sash face opening is 12 inches high. 4.1.2 Hood face velocities can be reduced to a minimum of 60 lfpm at a sash height greater than 12 inches provided the follow three requirements are satisfied: 4.1.2.1 The hood is recognized by Columbia University as a “low flow” type. 4.1.2.2 The hood passes both a factory and a field ASHRAE 110 test. (Note the factory test can be a representative sample of a particular size and model fume hood. The field installed test must be for each hood.). 4.1.2.3 Mechanical sash height constraints or stops shall be provided at the 60 lfpm face velocity sash height. 4.1.3 Low flow fume hoods are required unless safety would be compromised. Building precedent shall govern in minor renovations where practical. 4.1.4 Constant air volume (CAV) and variable air volume (VAV) systems are acceptable. A life cycle cost analysis shall determine use in new 34 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN building installations and major renovations. Building precedent shall govern in minor renovations where practical. 4.1.5 All hoods shall have a minimum exhaust volume of 25 cfm/ft2 of work surface area through air bypass as per (NFPA 45)4. 4.1.6 Fume hood diversity should be applied to FHES (Fume Hood Exhaust System). The value of the diversity should reflect the operations and practices of the particular facility. 4.1.7 Manifold fume hood exhaust systems where practical and code permitted, are required unless safety would be compromised. Notable exceptions include where: strong reactive, perchloric acid and volatile radioactive compounds are used which all require dedicated exhaust. 4.1.8 For research FHES there shall be no local on/off or high/low control. 4.1.9 Ductless hoods are not permitted. 4.1.10 Unless otherwise approved by EH&S/Facilities all fume hoods shall be exhausted with all welded 316L stainless steel duct risers, minimum 20 gauge. (FDNY Code does not permit “ducts constructed of combustible materials”.) 35 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 4.2 Components 4.2.1 Under hood storage units shall comply with NYC Fire Code. 4.2.2 Lighting devices in the interior of the hood must meet all applicable codes. 4.2.3 Cup sinks, where installed, shall have a lip above the fume hood work surface per FDNY code requirements. 4.2.4 Hood baffles must be tamper proof and configured in such a way that they may not be adjusted to restrict the volume flow rate of air exhausted from the hood. 4.2.5 Controls for laboratory hood services (gas, water, air, lighting, power, etc.) must be mounted exterior to the hood and within easy reach. They should be labeled clearly with standardized labels. 4.2.6 Exhaust fans must meet the fire, explosion and corrosion resistant requirements set forth in local codes and standards. The rotating element of the fan must be of nonferrous or spark resistant construction. Motors and their controls shall be located outside of the air stream. 4.2.7 All internal and working surfaces of the hood and the exhaust ducts should be impervious to moisture and attack of chemicals used in the hoods and be configured for easy cleaning. 4.2.8 The exhaust fan should be mounted as close to the discharge point of the duct as possible (preferably outside the building envelope) so that a negative pressure with respect to the ambient is maintained within the duct at all points along the duct run. 4.3 Regulatory 4.3.1 The respective Radiation Safety Office should be consulted to evaluate the need and type of filter where special radioactive materials are considered to be used. 4.3.2 Dedicated FHES are required for such hoods when radioactive materials are planned to be used in a fume hood. 4.3.3 Plans for exhaust ductwork must be approved by the NYC Building Department prior to installation of the ductwork. 36 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 4.4 Site Conditions 4.4.1 The discharge of FHES into the atmosphere shall be engineered in a manner that prevents re entrainment of the exhaust stream back into the building or surrounding buildings. 4.4.2 Where this is a cause for concern, a CFD computer model, wind wake analysis or a physical model with wind tunnel shall demonstrate acceptable exhaust stream dilution rates. 4.4.3 These analyses should include the potential of additional hoods being added to the point of discharge at a future date. 4.4.4 In locations where residential, university housing or noise sensitive adjacencies are a concern, an acoustic study should be performed in coordination with the exhaust stream dilution analysis. 4.4.5 Under no circumstances shall a lab discharge be less than 10 feet above the surface of the roof. 37 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 5. Commissioning 5.1 Requirements 5.1.1 Each hood installation must be inspected and tested in accordance with ASHRAE 110 for proper operation and airflow conditions prior to acceptance of the work by the University. This applies to new installations, and alterations or additions to existing systems. 5.1.2 Provide information on instrumentation including calibration dates and results. 5.1.3 Provide test results, to both EH&S and Facilities, once above criteria are met. 5.1.4 After review of test results, EH&S will certify the hood to confirm adequate performance, label it appropriately, and approve for use. 5.1.5 EH&S shall certify chemical fume hoods annually in accordance with the CU fume hood policy (www.ehs.columbia.edu/fhPolicy.html). 5.1.6 The Radiation Safety Office shall certify chemical fume hoods used for radioactive materials at CUMC annually in accordance with the CU fume hood policy. 6. Identification and Labeling 6.1 Ductwork Label clearly the ductwork at each access point. The label should state the location of the hood and warning statement. Example of Wording: CAUTION THIS DUCT IS CONNECTED TO THE CHEMICAL FUME HOOD IN ROOM 123. DO NOT OPEN UNTIL THE LABORATORY SUPERVISOR OR AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OFFICER HAS BEEN NOTIFIED. CONTACT EH&S (CUMC 212-305-6780, MORNINGSIDE 212-854-8749) FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR IN AN EMERGENCY. 38 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 6.2 Exhaust Fan Assembly The exhaust fan assembly should be clearly marked with a caution statement indicating the location of the hood and the power switch (es). Example of wording: CAUTION THIS FAN ASSEMBLY IS ATTACHED TO THE CHEMICAL FUMEHOOD IN ROOM 123. THE DISCONNECT IS LOCATED IN ROOM 456. DO NOT WORK ON OR TURN OFF UNIT UNTIL THE LABORATORY SUPERVISOR OR AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OFFICER HAS BEEN NOTIFIED. CONTACT EH&S (CUMC 212-305-6780, Morningside 212-854-8749, Lamont 845-365-8860) FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR IN AN EMERGENCY. An indication of the proper direction of rotation should be affixed to fan assembly. 6.3 Radioactive Material If radioactive materials are to be used in the hood, an additional label must be placed next to the labels specified in items 1 and 2. The label must contain the radiation caution symbol and the following information: CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS MAY BE USED IN THIS HOOD. CONTACT THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE (CUMC 212-305-0303, Morningside 212-854-8749, or Lamont 845-365-8860) BEFORE WORK IS PERFORMED ON THIS EQUIPMENT. 6.4 Power/Circuit Breaker Switch Each electrical power/circuit breaker switch should be labeled with a Caution label indicating the location of the Hood and a warning. Example: Fume Hood/Room 123 39 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN CAUTION DO NOT TURN OFF UNTIL LAB SUPERVISOR OR EH&S (CUMC 212-305-6780, Morningside 212-854-8749, or Lamont 845-3658860) HAS BEEN NOTIFIED. 6.5 Sash Window Position A sticker indicating the proper sash window position/height to provide adequate air flow speed should be affixed to each hood. 6.6 Label Colors LABEL COLORS: The labels for items 1-2 must have bright yellow background with wording in a color of high contrast (black). The radiation symbol of item 3 must be magenta or purple. 6.7 Hood Operating Instructions A “Hood Operating Instructions” label should be affixed conspicuously on each hood. HOOD OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS This hood is the primary safety device for containing and exhausting hazardous materials and should be used for any operation that may result in exposure to such materials. The following rules must be observed so that air currents are not disturbed and containment is maintained: 1. Work with hood sash as low as possible. Use the sash height indicator as guide. 2. Keep objects at least 10 cm behind the plane of the sash and at least 10 cm from the rear air slots. Do not block the slots. 3. Keep the amount of equipment and containers in the hood to a minimum. 4. Raise large equipment on stand to allow for unimpeded air flow across the surface. 5. Do not store chemicals permanently in hood. 6. Do not turn off the exhaust system. 7. Do not install portable air movement devices near hood that could affect hood performance. 8. Do not use hood to dispose of hazardous materials through evaporation. 9. Notify Facilities (212-305-HELP at CUMC, or 212-854-2222 at Morningside, or 845-365-8600 at Lamont) of any malfunction. 10. Consult EH&S website (www.ehs.columbia.edu) for other information. 40 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN DO NOT USE, BOIL OFF OR EVAPORATE PERCHLORIC ACID IN THIS HOOD. 7. Criteria for Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods 7.1 Special Hazard An additional label shall be provided for ductwork at each access point. The label should state a warning such as follows: WARNING THIS DUCT IS CONNECTED TO A PERCHLORIC ACID FUME HOOD AND MAY CONTAIN EXPLOSIVE SHOCK SENSITIVE CRYSTALS. DO NOT OPEN UNTIL THE DUCTWORK HAS BEEN WASHED DOWN. CONTACT EH&S (CUMC 212-305-6780, Morningside 212-854-8749) FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR AN EMERGENCY. 41 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 7.2 Hood Designation Perchloric Acid (HClO4) may only be used in fume hoods designated and designed for its use. The hood must be clearly labeled as a “PERCHLORIC ACID FUME HOOD.” Where confusion is possible, other hoods shall be labeled “NO PERCHLORIC ACID” in 2” tall black letters on a yellow background. 7.3 Exhaust Requirements 7.3.1 Each hood installation must have a dedicated exhaust stack and fan equipped with its own wash down system and fan on/off control. 7.3.2 Perchloric Acid Fume Hood (PAFH) exhaust may not be connected to a non-PAFH exhaust system for energy recovery or other convenience. 7.3.3 To mitigate risk and cost associated with the PAFH exhaust system, it is recommended that PAFH be installed on the top floor of laboratory buildings. 7.3.4 Bends in ductwork should be avoided, but where necessary pairs of 45 degree bends will be used in lieu of 90 degree bends. Round ductwork is recommended. 7.3.5 Since the user will have on/off control of the PAFH exhaust fan, air flow exhausted through the PAFH must not be used by designers to satisfy the required laboratory ventilation rate (air changes per hour.) It is recommended that a separate general lab exhaust be provided with a motorized VAV damper interlocked to the PAFH exhaust fan control to reduce the general exhaust while the fume hood is in operation. 7.3.6 The user should turn off the PAFH exhaust fan when the fume hood is not in use to conserve energy. 7.4 Exhaust Scrubbers Exhaust scrubbers are difficult to monitor and maintain, and are not recommended for new installations. A thorough evaluation of more reliable alternatives must be presented before a retrofit to an existing laboratory of a PAFH equipped with a scrubber will be approved. 42 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 7.5 Wash Down Facilities 7.5.1 Each PAFH must be provided with a laboratory waste (acid) drain and a cold water supply. 7.5.2 The PAFH exhaust stack, fan, and internal hood baffles must be provided with cold water spray nozzles activated by a series of electric solenoids controlled by a wash down timer control system. 7.5.3 When wash down is initiated, the fan will shut down, and the water spray solenoids will activate sequentially starting at the very top of the exhaust stack and completing below the stack washing down the internal baffles of the fume hood. All wash down water will be collected by the laboratory waste drain provided. 7.5.4 The PAFH user who initiated the wash down and is familiar with the normal operation of the control system will remain present in the lab during wash down to report a malfunction or leak to Facilities. 7.5.5 The PAFH user must wash all surfaces of the interior work space of the hood to complete the wash down. It is recommended that a hand held spray nozzle capable of flowing 1 to 2 gpm and drain be provided within the workspace to facilitate this operation. 7.6 User Controls 7.6.1 Complete automation (remote or BMS control) of the wash down facilities must not be provided. 7.6.2 The PAFH user must clear all apparatus and chemicals from the hood prior to initiating a wash down to avoid damaging equipment or causing spills and/or injury. 7.6.3 The PAFH user must be trained in the safe operation and maintenance of the fume hood and the handling of Perchloric Acid. The user‟s safety is best assured by his or her knowledge and control of the work space. 43 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 7.7 Wash Down Frequency 7.7.1 Occasional or Intermittent Use: The user shall perform a wash down at the conclusion of the experiment prior to turning the fume hood over to another user or leaving the hood unused. 7.7.2 Continuous Use: Once per month continuous use operations shall be interrupted and a responsible user shall perform a wash down. 7.7.3 Maintenance Activity: Facilities personnel shall perform a wash down prior to commencing any maintenance activity on the fume hood, fan, drain, or exhaust stack. When maintenance personnel are unfamiliar with the wash down procedure, they will enlist the aid of experienced laboratory personnel prior to lock out/tag out of the fan. 7.8 Non-Corrosive Materials The use of non-corrosive, smooth and water tight materials is required for all components involved in the construction of the hood, exhaust stack, drain, water supply and fan. Compatible plastic materials are ideally suited, but likely to require a variance in NYC for ductwork. Welded stainless steel is an alternative where plastic may not be used. 7.9 Commissioning Application of a water soluble dye and camera inspection are recommended for commissioning the PAFH wash down facilities. Wash down timers should be field adjusted to achieve satisfactory cleaning with minimal wasted water. Additional spray nozzles are likely to be required where bends are made in ductwork. 8. Criteria for Radioactive Fume Hoods Radioactive Materials, as far as fume hoods are concerned can be divided into three categories: High, Medium, and Low Volatility. 8.1 High Volatility For example: radioactive iodine (I-125; I-131) The use of fume hoods in these cases is mandatory. The exhaust of fume hoods, used for iodination, must be vented directly to the 44 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN roof of the building. Activated Charcoal filters are optional depending on the amount and frequency of the iodine used. 8.2 Medium Volatility For example: 5 millicuries or more of Sulfer-35 in the form of Methionine or Cystien 100 millicuries or more of Hydrogen-3 in the form of Tritiated Water. The use of fume hoods in these cases is recommended and is decided by the Radiation Safety Committee and the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO). 8.3 Low Volatility For example: Phosphorus-32 compounds No fume hood is required unless the amount of activity is 1 millicuries or more. Note: When working with an unsealed alpha emitter radioactive material such as Polonium-210, a glove box with HEPA filtered exhaust must be used. The RSO must be consulted before the use of such an apparatus. 8.4 General Requirements 8.4.1 Laboratory hoods in which radioactive materials are handled must be labeled with the radiation hazard symbol. 8.4.2 Fume hoods intended for use with radioactive materials must be constructed of stainless steel or other materials that will not be corroded by chemicals used in the hood. 8.4.3 The cabinet on which the hood is installed must be adequate to support shielding of the radioactive material being used. 8.4.4 The air velocity at the hood opening follows the ANSI standards. 8.4.5 Laboratory hoods must be provided with means of containing minor spills. 8.4.6 Liquid radioactive waste with high activity must be stored inside a fume hood with adequate shielding 45 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN 9 Appendices 9.1 Appendix 1 – Distance Recommendations for the Installation of Fume Hoods in a Laboratory Architectural Feature Common Pedestrian Walkway Opposite Bench Used by Chemist Opposite Hood Used by Chemist Opposing Wall Adjoining Wall Non Egress Doorway Min Distance from Hood Face (feet) Reference 3.3 1 4.9 2 9.8 2 6.6 2 1 2 1 2 1. British Standards Institute 2. Ventilation Control for the Work Environment by William Burges, Harvard University Press, MJ Ellenbacker, University of Massachusetts, MA 9.2 Appendix 2 – Members of the Laboratory Design Work Group Members of the Laboratory Design Work Group 2009 Muhammad Akram, EH&S Gary Brown, Manhattanville David Carlson, CU Facilities Kathleen Crowley, EH&S Matthew Early, CU Facilities Wil Elmes, Manhattanville George Hamawy, EH&S Radiation Safety Joseph Mannino, Capital Project Management, Morningside Frank Martino, CU Facilities Nilda Mesa, Environmental Stewardship Patrick O‟Reilly, Facilities Management, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Cathy Resler, Environmental Stewardship Paul Rubock, EH&S Biological Safety Ben Suzuki, Capital Project Management, CUMC 46 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Appendix IV - Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hose and Overhead Emergency Shower EYE-FACE WASH/DRENCH HOSE COMBINATION UNIT Definition A plumbed unit that provides water to both eyes simultaneously and face upon activation without the need to be held in the user‟s hand while operating and with the capability of serving as a drench hose, providing water to any part of the body, when held. Provision Plumbed eye-face wash/drench hoses shall be provided in all new or renovated laboratories where there is a risk of a hazardous material splash to the eye or body. For a laboratory, a unit will be installed on each sink in the work area unless otherwise indicated by a specified research or facility need/condition. A determination, with EH&S shall be made for non-laboratory spaces where the need for an eye-face wash/drench hose may exist, including, but not limited to glass washing facilities and mechanical spaces. Units shall be manufactured and installed to comply with the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1. See Figure 1. for representative acceptable eye-face wash/drench hose combination units. Performance Units shall perform in accordance with all criteria of the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1, including, but not limited to, those addressing: o Flow rate o Water temperature o Operation of unit Installation Units shall be installed on each sink in the work area in accordance with the most current edition of ANSI Z358.1. Installation shall result in all units being in an immediately accessible location with no more than 10 seconds travel distance to a unit from anywhere in the work area. In new or renovated laboratories in New York City, units must also be installed in accordance with New York City Fire Code for Non-Production Laboratories, which calls for a flexible hand-held (or fixed overhead) device within 25 feet of the laboratory unit (or chemical storage room). The architect/engineer must propose equipment location(s) which conform to ANSI Z358.1 and New York City Fire Code, where applicable. 47 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN When mounted on counter tops adjacent to sinks, units shall be positioned within 6 inches of the front of the counter top. All other units shall be positioned between 33 and 45 inches from the level on which the user stands and 6 inches from the nearest wall or other obstruction. A mixing valve shall be used to provide tepid water in accordance with the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1 specifications). When installation involves penetration of suspected asbestos-containing material (e.g., lab bench top), EH&S shall be contacted before initiation of work. Upon installation, units shall be thoroughly flushed by the installer to confirm proper water delivery and to remove any metal shavings or other debris. The installer shall operate the valve to determine that both eyes will be washed simultaneously at a velocity low enough to be non-injurious to the user in accordance with the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1 specifications. Maintenance Contractors shall provide Facilities with operation, and maintenance instructions. Units shall be activated weekly by laboratory personnel to verify proper operation, as per the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1. Units that do not appear to be operating properly shall be repaired by Facilities upon notification or discovery. EH&S training for laboratory personnel with potential exposure to hazardous materials shall include instructions on the location, operation, and weekly verification procedures. OVERHEAD EMERGENCY SHOWER Definition: A plumbed device capable of providing uninterrupted water flow to the entire body upon activation and until intentionally deactivated. An overhead emergency shower shall be available for laboratories where there is the potential for a hazardous material splash to the body. Provision Overhead emergency showers shall be provided for all new laboratories or laboratories undergoing major renovation where there is a risk of injurious bodily exposure to a hazardous material or where the Department Chair or designee requests one. Situations necessitating the default installation of overhead emergency showers inside of a laboratory include, but are not limited to, need-based possession of corrosive materials in excess of 5-gallons; discrete procedural handling of an excessive volume of flammable, corrosive, or materials acutely toxic via dermal 48 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN exposure; or manipulation of such materials (e.g. synthetic chemistry laboratories) in a way as to increase the potential for spill or gross bodily contamination. Units shall be manufactured and installed to comply with the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1. The PI, EH&S, and CUF or CUMC CPM, shall collaborate on the siting of overhead emergency showers. A determination shall be made for non-laboratory spaces where the need for an overhead emergency shower may exist, including, but not limited to, glass washing facilities, acid neutralization tank rooms, and chemical storage rooms. Floor drains shall be provided in conjunction with the installation of an overhead emergency shower and must be outfitted with a trap seal primer to prevent the escape of sewer gas. Performance Units shall perform in accordance with all criteria of the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1, including, but not limited to, those addressing: o Flow rate o Water temperature o Operation of unit o Location Installation Units shall be installed in accordance with the most current edition of ANSI Z358.1. Installation shall result in all units being in an immediately accessible location with no more than 10 seconds travel distance to a unit from anywhere in the work area. In new or renovated laboratories in New York City, units must also be installed in accordance with New York City Fire Code for Non-Production Laboratories, which calls for a fixed overhead (or flexible hand-held) device within 25 feet of the laboratory unit (or chemical storage room). The architect/engineer must propose equipment location(s) which conform to ANSI Z358.1 and New York City Fire Code, where applicable. Units shall be activated by a „delta‟ or circular ring attached to a rigid (not chain link) metal bar. A mixing valve shall be used to provide tepid water in accordance with the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1 specifications. Units shall be constructed so that water flow can be readily shut at the site of activation. (For example, the rigid metal bar referenced above, may be connected to a paddle lever so that pushing up on the bar returns the lever to the „closed‟ position. Maintenance Contractors shall provide operation, inspection, and maintenance instructions with equipment, which shall be accessible to maintenance and training personnel. 49 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN Units shall be activated annually by Facilities to verify operation and results shall be recorded on a tag or other record at the location of the shower. Units that do not appear to be operating properly shall be repaired by Facilities upon notification or discovery. EH&S training for laboratory personnel with potential exposure to hazardous materials shall include instructions on the location and operation. SIGNAGE: Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hoses and Overhead Emergency Showers All locations must be identified with a highly visible sign positioned so that it is visible within the area served by the unit. For Overhead Emergency Showers located in the corridor, a tent sign shall be used. (Adopted from American National Standards Institute, Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment, Z358.1-2008) Figure 1. Recommended Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hose WaterSaver Model EW1022 50