la via del risveglio planetario

ĕĖĝĝĒ ĤĥĖĤĤĒ ĒĦĥģĚĔĖ
ēĒģēĒģĒ ĞĒģĔĚğĚĒĜ
&EJ[JPOF PSJHJOBMF
ēģĚğĘĖģĤ Ġė ĥęĖ ĕĒĨğ ĥĖĒĔęĚğĘĤ ėģĠĞ ĥęĖ ġĝĖĚĒĕĚĒğ ǺȂȂǻ
o ēĖĒģ é ĔĔĠĞġĒğĪ o
&EJ[JPOF JUBMJBOB
ĥĦ ęĒĚ ĤĔĖĝĥĠ ĕĚ ĖĤĤĖģĖ ĢĦĒ ǺȂȂȀ
o ėĦĥĦģĒ ĖĕĚīĚĠğĚ o
&EJ[JPOF PSJHJOBMF
ĖĒģĥę ġĝĖĚĒĕĚĒğ ĜĖĪĤ ĥĠ ĥęĖ ĝĚħĚğĘ ĝĚēģĒģĪ ǺȂȂǾ
ĝĒ ħĚĒ ĕĖĝ ģĚĤħĖĘĝĚĠ
ġĝĒğĖĥĒģĚĠ
ĤĒĘĘĖīīĒ ġĝĖĚĒĕĚĒğĒ ġĖģ ĝĖħĠĝĦīĚĠğĖ ĦĞĒğĒ
o ēĖĒģ é ĔĔĠĞġĒğĪ o
&EJ[JPOF JUBMJBOB
ĖĒģĥę ǺȂȂȀ
o ėĦĥĦģĒ ĖĕĚīĚĠğĚ o
&EJ[JPOF PSJHJOBMF
ėĒĞĚĝĪ Ġė ĝĚĘęĥ ġĝĖĚĒĕĚĒğ ĥĒĝĖĤ Ēğĕ ĝĖĤĤĠğĤ Ěğ ĝĚħĚğĘ ǺȂȂȂ
o ēĖĒģ é ĔĔĠĞġĒğĪ o
&EJ[JPOF JUBMJBOB
ĔĚ ĤĠğĠ ĔĠĤĖ ĔęĖ ğĠğ ĔĠğĠĤĔĚ ǺȂȂȂ
o ėĦĥĦģĒ ĖĕĚīĚĠğĚ o
ĖĕĚīĚĠğĚ
ĤĥĒīĚĠğĖ ĔĖĝĖĤĥĖ
5JUPMP PSJHJOBMF EFMMPQFSB
ġĒĥę Ġė ĖĞġĠĨĖģĞĖğĥ
ĚğĕĚĔĖ
-JOHVB PSJHJOBMF EFMMPQFSB
ĚğĘĝĖĤĖ
&EJUPSF JO MJOHVB PSJHJOBMF
ğĖĨ ĨĠģĝĕ ĝĚēģĒģĪ ĦĤĒ
1SJNB FEJ[JPOF JO MJOHVB PSJHJOBMF
ǻǹǹǽ
5SBEV[JPOF
ġĒĠĝĒ ĞĒĘğĒğĚ
ĤĦĤĒğğĒ ĒğĘĖĝĒ ģĠĤĤĚ
%FTJHO EJ DPQFSUJOB
ĘĚĦĤĖġġĖ ĤĔĒĘĝĚĠğĖ
*NNBHJOF EJ DPQFSUJOB
ĞĒģĚĒ īĠėĦ
4UBNQB
ĝĚğĖĒĘģĒėĚĔĒ ĔĚĥĥŚ ĕĚ ĔĒĤĥĖĝĝĠ ġĘ
1SPHFUUP FEJUPSJBMF
ġĚĖĥģĠ ĒēēĠğĕĒğīĒ
ª ǻǹǹǽ ēĒģēĒģĒ ĞĒģĔĚğĚĒĜ
ª ǻǹǹȀ ĖĕĚīĚĠğĚ ĤĥĒīĚĠğĖ ĔĖĝĖĤĥĖ
ġģĚĞĒ ĖĕĚīĚĠğĖ ğĠħĖĞēģĖ ǻǹǹȀ
ĤĥĒĞġĒĥĠ Ěğ Ǿǹǹǹ ĔĠġĚĖ
ĚĤēğ ȂȀȁȁȁǿǻǺǾǹǹǹǻ
ĖĕĚīĚĠğĚ
ģĚğĘģĒīĚĒĞĖğĥĚ
YJ
ĚğĥģĠĕĦīĚĠğĖ ĕĖĚ ġĝĖĚĒĕĚĒğĚ
$BQJUPMP 6OP
ĝĒ ģĖĒĝĥŚ ĞĦĝĥĚĕĚĞĖğĤĚĠğĒĝĖ
Ė Ěĝ ĕĚĤĖĘğĠ ĕĖĝĝĖĤĚĤĥĖğīĒ
$BQJUPMP %VF
ĖğĖģĘĚĒ Ė ėģĖĢĦĖğīĒ
Ħğ ğĦĠħĠ ĤġĒīĚĠ ģĚĔģĖĒĥĚħĠ ĕĖĝĝĒ ĞĖğĥĖ
$BQJUPMP 5SF
ĝĖğĖģĘĚĒ ĒĔĔĖĝĖģĒĥĒ Ė ĝĖĤġĒğĤĚĠğĖ
ĕĖĝĝĒ ĞĖğĥĖ ğĖĝ ğĒğĠĤĖĔĠğĕĠ ĕĖĝ ĥĖĞġĠ
$BQJUPMP 2VBUUSP
ĝĚğĥĚĞĒ ĕĒğīĒ ĕĖĝĝĖ
ĔģĖĕĖğīĖ Ė ĕĖĝĝĖ ĖĞĠīĚĠğĚ
$BQJUPMP $JORVF
ĘĦĒģĚģĖ ĤĦĝĝĖ ĝĚğĖĖ ĕĖĝ ĥĖĞġĠ
$BQJUPMP 4FJ
Ěĝ ġĠĥĖģĖ ĕĖĝĝĒ ĤĖĤĤĦĒĝĚĥŚ ĦĞĒğĒ
$BQJUPMP 4FUUF
Ěĝ ĘĚĠĔĠ ĕĖĝĝĖĤĚĤĥĖğīĒ
$BQJUPMP 0UUP
ĝĒ ĤĔĖĝĥĒ ġģĠēĒēĚĝĖ
ĤĥĒīĚĠğĖ ĔĖĝĖĤĥĖ
ħĚĒ ĞĠğĥĖģĠĤĒ ēĒģīĒğŬ ĝĔ
ĨĨĨĖĕĚīĚĠğĚĤĥĒīĚĠğĖĔĖĝĖĤĥĖĚĥ
ģĚğĘģĒīĚĒĞĖğĥĚ
4DSJWFSF RVFTUP MJCSP Ò TUBUP VO JODSFEJCJMF FTFSDJ[JP EJ
EJTDJQMJOB SFTQPOTBCJMJUË DPOTBQFWPMF[[B F GPOEBNFOUBM
NFOUF EJ BSSJDDIJNFOUP QFSTPOBMF 7J PĊSP RVFTUP MJCSP
DPNF PQFSB EBNPSF VO EPOP F VOB TPMV[JPOF QSPCBCJMF QFS
VO NPOEP DIF TJ USPWB OFM NF[[P EJ VOB NBFTUPTB USBTGPSNB
[JPOF DPTÖ DIF UV MFUUPSF F NJMJPOJ EJ BMUSJ QPTTJBUF FTQBO
EFSF MB WPTUSB QJFOB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B F BĊFSNBSF MB DBQBDJUË EJ
BSSJDDIJSF MB WPTUSB WJUB
4POP QSPGPOEBNFOUF SJDPOPTDFOUF B UVUUF MF DPTDJFO[F
DIF IBOOP DPOUSJCVJUP DPO MB MPSP GPS[B BMMB DSFB[JPOF EFM
MJCSP -B 7JB EFM 3JTWFHMJP 1MBOFUBSJP (SB[JF B +PIO &MEFS F
BMMP TUBĊ EFMMB DBTB FEJUSJDF QFS MBNNJSBCJMF QB[JFO[B F mEV
DJB DIF IBOOP BWVUP JO RVFTUP QSPHFUUP
*M NJP BĊFUUVPTP SJDPOPTDJNFOUP F TQFDJBMJTTJNJ SJOHSB
[JBNFOUJ B ,BSFO .BSDJOJBL QFS JM TVP JODPSBHHJBNFOUP
MJTQJSB[JPOF F MJODPNQBSBCJMF EFEJ[JPOF BM OPTUSP MBWPSP QFS
FTTFSF VOB TPSFMMB F BNJDB NBHOJmDB F VOFDDF[JPOBMF DSPOJTUB
EFHMJ JOTFHOBNFOUJ 1MFJBEJBOJ "MUSFUUBOUJ SJOHSB[JBNFOUJ BM
NJP FEJUPSF F BNJDP +PIO /FMTPO QFS BWFSNJ GPSOJUP BODPSB
VOB WPMUB MB TVB HVJEB FTQFSUB F QSF[JPTB MF TVF DBQBDJUË FEJ
UPSJBMJ F JM TVP mEBUP TVQQPSUP OFM UFOFSNJ GPDBMJ[[BUB TVM
NFTTBHHJP EFM SJTWFHMJP
&TUFOEP EJ DVPSF J NJFJ TQFDJBMJ SJOHSB[JBNFOUJ BJ NJFJ
TUVEFOUJ BMMP TUBĊ EFM 1MFJBEJBO 5JNFT BMMB NJB GBNJHMJB
BNJDJ TQPOTPS MFUUPSJ F TUVEFOUJ PWVORVF OFM NPOEP QFS
JM WPTUSP JOFTUJNBCJMF JOUFSFTTF F TPTUFHOP BM OPTUSP MBWPSP
(SB[JF B 3PCFSU )FOLFM QFS MB TVB DPNQFUFO[B JOGPSNBUJDB
B /PFNJ 4DIJSNBOO QFS MB TVB TBHHF[[B F B (PSHF 8BSE F
-PVJT "DLFS QFS J MPSP DPOTJHMJ BTUSPMPHJDJ F JM MPSP TVQQPSUP
&E JOmOF VOP TQFDJBMJTTJNP SJOHSB[JBNFOUP B +BOF 3PCFSUT
F BMMJODPNQBSBCJMF 4FUI JOFHVBHMJBUJ QJPOJFSJ EFMMB QFSDF
[JPOF
& JOmOF JM NJP QSJODJQBMF SJOHSB[JBNFOUP WB BJ OPTUSJ
BNJDJ 1MFJBEJBOJ QFS MB MPSP QB[JFO[B F UFOBDF MFBMUË DPNF
JOTFHOBOUJ QFS JM MPSP JODSFEJCJMF TFOTP EFMMVNPSJTNP F
MJOFTUJNBCJMF DPOUSJCVUP BM SJTWFHMJP EFMMVNBOJUË (SB[JF
1MFJBEJBOJ QFS BWFS DPOEJWJTP JM WPTUSP QSPGPOEP F JNQBHB
CJMF QVOUP EJ WJTUB
ĝĒ ħĚĒ ĕĖĝ ģĚĤħĖĘĝĚĠ
ġĝĒğĖĥĒģĚĠ
2
ĚğĥģĠĕĦīĚĠğĖ ĕĖĚ ġĝĖĚĒĕĚĒğĚ
" NJB NBESF DPO BNPSF F HSBUJUVEJOF
$J DIJBNJBNP 1MFJBEJBOJ & QFS QSFTFOUBSDJ WJ EJDJBNP
DIF TJBNP WJBHHJBUPSJ EFM UFNQP F EFMMF NVMUJEJNFOTJPOJ
4JBNP VO DPMMFUUJWP EJ FOFSHJF DPTDJFOUJ UFTP BE FTQMPSBSF PHOJ
BOHPMP EFMMFTJTUFO[B WBHBOEP QFS NPOUJ F WBMMJ DPTNJDIF BMMB
SJDFSDB EJ SJTQPTUF BMMB NBFTUPTJUË EFJ NJTUFSJ EFMMB WJUB 5VUUB
MFTJTUFO[B Ò VOB HSBOEF SFUF EJ FOFSHJB F TFNCSBOP FTTFSDJ
JOmOJUF F BĊBTDJOBOUJ EJSF[JPOJ DPMMFHBNFOUJ FWFOUJ F EJWFS
UFOUJ BMUFSOBUJWF EB FTQMPSBSF 5VUUBWJB BM NPNFOUP TJBNP
TPQSBUUVUUP JOUFOTBNFOUF GPDBMJ[[BUJ TV VOP TQFDJmDP TQB[JP F
UFNQP o MB 5FSSB OFHMJ BOOJ EBM BM 4FNCSB DIF JO
RVFTUP QFSJPEP RVFTUP MVPHP TBMWBHVBSEJ MB QSPCBCJMJUË EJ VO
TVDDFTTP USJPOGBOUF JO DVJ QFS VO CSFWF NPNFOUP TJ QPUSBOOP
SFBMJ[[BSF F SJWFMBSF BMDVOJ USB J QJá NFSBWJHMJPTJ NJTUFSJ EFMMB
WJUB 4JBNP RVJ QFS PTTFSWBSF F QBSUFDJQBSF B RVFTUP FWFOUP
HSBOEJPTP -B OPTUSB QSPTQFUUJWB IB VOP TDPQP F VO SBHHJP
EB[JPOF NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF QPJDIÏ TJBNP VO NFSBWJHMJPTP
DPMMFUUJWP DIF TUB DPOTBQFWPMNFOUF FTQBOEFOEP MF QSPQSJF
DSFEFO[F TVMMB OBUVSB EFMMFTJTUFO[B OFMMF EJWFSTF TJUVB[JPOJ
MFHBUF BM UFNQP * DJFMJ TPOP SJDDIJ EJ WJUB F JM OPTUSP WJBHHJP
BMMB SJDFSDB EJ TBQFSF F EJ VOB NJHMJPSF DPNQSFOTJPOF TV DIJ
TJBNP DJ IB QPSUBUJ B WPJ
"UUVBMNFOUF MB 5FSSB TUB TQFSJNFOUBOEP VO UVNVMUVPTP
SJTWFHMJP EFMMF DPTDJFO[F EJ VOBNQJF[[B NBJ SFHJTUSBUB QSJNB
OFMMB TUPSJB EFMMVNBOJUË &QQVSF OFMMF NFNPSJF DFMMVMBSJ EFM
MVPNP TJ BHHJSBOP WBHIF JNNBHJOJ TUSBOBNFOUF GBNJMJBSJ
4JFUF QSPGPOEBNFOUF JNNFSTJ JO VO QFSJPEP EJ DBNCJBNFOUJ
EFDJTJWJ MVNBOJUË Ò TVMMB TPHMJB EJ BWFSF VOB OVPWB DPNQSFO
TJPOF EFM QPUFSF EFMMFOFSHJB DPTNJDB /BUVSBMNFOUF NPMUJ EJ
OPJ TJ EPNBOEBOP DPTB GBSFUF EJ RVFTUB DPOPTDFO[B *O BMUSF
FQPDIF MB OBUVSB EJ RVFTUP QPUFSF Ò TUBUB NBM DPNQSFTB F EJ
4
DPOTFHVFO[B NBMF VUJMJ[[BUB QPSUBOEP JOFWJUBCJMNFOUF BMMB
WPTUSB BVUPEJTUSV[JPOF $JÛ OPOPTUBOUF HMJ JNNFOTJ DJDMJ
EFMMB WJUB F EFMMBQQSFOEJNFOUP DPOUJOVBOP QB[JFOUFNFOUF
BE PĊSJSWJ MF TUFTTF MF[JPOJ QFSDIÏ BODIF TF MB WJUB TFNCSB
EJTUSVHHFSTJ MB DPTDJFO[B QFSEVSB TFNQSF DBNCJBOEP TPMP MB
GPSNB
-VNBOJUË TJ TUB SBQJEBNFOUF BWWJDJOBOEP BMMB TPHMJB EJ
VO HSBOEF TBMUP DPTNJDP EJ DPTDJFO[B $JÛ DIF WPJ GBUF PSB MF
TDFMUF DIF QSFOEFUF EFUFSNJOFSBOOP VO DPSTP EJ FTQFSJFO[F
QJá DPNQMFTTP F TUVQFGBDFOUF EJ RVBOUP QPTTJBUF BM NPNFOUP
JNNBHJOBSF -BMCB EJ VOB OVPWB SJWPMV[JPOF EFMMB DPTDJFO[B
Ò B VO QBTTP /PO QPUFUF TPUUSBSWJ BMMB OFDFTTJUË EJ HFTUJSF
RVFTUP QPUFSF BEFTTP P NBJ 1PJDIÏ BCCJBNP VOP TQJSJUP
BWWFOUVSPTP TJBNP RVJ QFS DPOEJWJEFSF MB OPTUSB WJTJPOF
TVMMB WPTUSB WJUB JO SBQJEP DBNCJBNFOUP F QFS PĊSJWJ JM OPTUSP
TPTUFHOP F BMDVOJ UFNQFTUJWJ TVHHFSJNFOUJ TVMMB HFTUJPOF
EJ VOFOFSHJB DPTÖ BDDFMFSBUB DIF QPUSFCCF USBORVJMMBNFOUF
SJWPMUBSF JM WPTUSP QJBOFUB
* 1MFJBEJBOJ
$BQJUPMP 6OP
ĝĒ ģĖĒĝĥŚ ĞĦĝĥĚĕĚĞĖğĤĚĠğĒĝĖ
Ė Ěĝ ĕĚĤĖĘğĠ ĕĖĝĝĖĤĚĤĥĖğīĒ
7PHMJBNP DPOEJWJEFSF MB OPTUSB WJTJPOF TVMMB OBUVSB
EFMMFTJTUFO[B F WF MB PĊSJBNP BċODIÏ JO RVFTUJ UFNQJ EJO
RVJFUVEJOF F DBNCJBNFOUP QPTTJBUF QSFOEFSMB JO DPOTJEFSB
[JPOF -P GBDDJBNP QFS QSPWPDBSF JO WPJ VO SJTWFHMJP DIF WJ
QPSUJ BE BTTVNFSWJ MB QJFOB SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB
0HOJ JOEJWJEVP Ò RVJ TVMMB 5FSSB QFS QBSUFDJQBSF F DPOUSJCVJSF
BE VOB QSFTB DPMMFUUJWB EJ DPTDJFO[B DIF WJ GBSË QSFOEFSF BUUP
EFM GBUUP DIF J WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ QPTTPOP DSFBSF MB WPTUSB SFBMUË
$PNQSFOEFSF RVFTUP Ò GPOEBNFOUBMF QPJDIÏ TJFUF DPOOFTTJ B
TUSBUJ QPTUJ TV QJá MJWFMMJ EJ SFBMUË DIF TJOUSFDDJBOP QFS DSFBSF
FE FTQMPSBSF MB NBFTUPTB OBUVSB NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF EFMMFTJ
TUFO[B -B DPOPTDFO[B Ò TBDSB F MB TDFMUB USB MFTTFSF JOGPS
NBUJ P MFTTFSF TFNQMJDFNFOUF iJOUSBUUFOVUJw Ò OFM NPOEP
PEJFSOP VO UFTU DSVDJBMF &TQBOEFSF MB NFOUF QFS QFOFUSBSF JM
TJHOJmDBUP QJá QSPGPOEP EFMMB WJUB OPO TPMP SFOEF MJCFSJ NB
Ò EFDJTJWP QFS JM WPTUSP CFOFTTFSF QPJDIÏ TBQFSF Ò QPUFSF F JM
NPEP JO DVJ WPJ VUJMJ[[BUF JM WPTUSP QPUFSF EFUFSNJOB JOFWJUB
CJMNFOUF JM DPSTP EFMMB WJUB QFSTPOBMF F DPMMFUUJWB
-F TJUVB[JPOJ QPMJUJDIF F TPDJBMJ DIF WJ USPWBUF BE BĊSPO
UBSF JO RVFTUP NPNFOUP TJB QFSTPOBMNFOUF DIF HMPCBM
NFOUF JODMVEPOP VOB TFSJF EJ QPUFOUJ MF[JPOJ EJ EJTDFSOJ
NFOUP 4JFUF UVUUJ JOWJUBUJ B WFEFSF PMUSF MP TUVQFGBDFOUF F
CFO BSDIJUFUUBUP CVTJOFTT EFMMB QBVSB DIF IB JOWBTP JM QJB
OFUB "ODIF TF OPO TFNQSF Ò GBDJMF NBOUFOFSF MB GFEF DIF
DJ TBSË VO SJTWPMUP QPTJUJWP JO UVUUP DJÛ DIF JODPOUSBUF Ò
JNQPSUBOUF SJDPSEBSF DIF UVUUF MF SFBMJ[[B[JPOJ DIF IBOOP
WBMPSF TPOP QSFDFEVUF EB FTQFSJFO[F EJċDJMJ F QSPWPDBUPSJF
-F TDFMUF DIF GBUF F J SJTDIJ DIF TJFUF EJTQPTUJ BE BTTVNFSWJ
JO RVFTUP NPNFOUP TPOP FTTFO[JBMJ TJB QFS JM QSPDFTTP EJ SBG
GPS[BNFOUP EFMMB WPTUSB EFUFSNJOB[JPOF DIF QFS JM QSPDFTTP
6
$BQJUPMP 6OP
EJ SJDPOPTDJNFOUP F NFTTB JO PQFSB EFM WPTUSP QPUFSF QFSTP
OBMF 4F BMMB mOF TJ DSFB UVUUP DJÛ DIF TJ JODPOUSB Ò QFSDIÒ DJ
TPOP EFMMF PUUJNF SBHJPOJ
4UBUF WJWFOEP JO VO UFNQP JO DVJ MF PQQPSUVOJUË QFS TWJMVQQBSF
MF WPTUSF QPUFO[JBMJUË FTQBOEFSF MB DPTDJFO[B F DSFTDFSF TQJSJUVBM
NFOUF TFNCSBOP JMMJNJUBUF
5VUUP DJÛ DIF FTJTUF Ò JNQSFHOBUP EJ VOB GPSNB EJ QPUFSF
F BODIF WPJ MP TJFUF $POTJEFSBUF QFS VO NPNFOUP MF WPTUSF
DPOWJO[JPOJ SJHVBSEP BJ DPODFUUJ EJ iQPUFSFw F iQPUFO[JBMF
QFSTPOBMFw 2VBMJ JNNBHJOJ WJ BSSJWBOP 2VBMF GPSNB EJ
iQPUFSFw JNNBHJOBUF SJTJFEB EFOUSP EJ WPJ 'JO EBMMBOUJDIJUË
MFTQBOTJPOF EFMMB DPTDJFO[B F VOP TWJMVQQP BSNPOJDP EFMMF
QSPQSJF QPUFO[JBMJUË WFOHPOP DPOTJEFSBUF DPOUSPQBSUJ JOTFQB
SBCJMJ DPNF EVF MBUJ EFMMB TUFTTB NFEBHMJB -B DPNCJOB[JPOF
EJ RVFTUF RVBMJUË Ò TUBUB DVTUPEJUB DPO DVSB F BQQSF[[BUB RVBMF
GPOEBNFOUBMF DPEJDF EJ TBHHF[[B JO UVUUF MF EJNFOTJPOJ F JO
UVUUJ HMJ BOOBMJ EJ TQB[JP F EJ UFNQP QPJDIÏ Ò DPOTJEFSBUB
MB CBTF QFS MB DSFB[JPOF F JM NBOUFOJNFOUP EFMMB WJUB & PSB
BMMJOJ[JP EFM UFS[P NJMMFOOJP OFM NPNFOUP JO DVJ JM HFOFSF
VNBOP BĊSPOUB VOB HSBOEF MF[JPOF DPTNJDB TVM WBMPSF EFMMB
WJUB RVFTUB BOUJDB DPOPTDFO[B DPNF VO DJNFMJP EJ GBNJHMJB
EB MVOHP UFNQP QFSEVUP Ò QSPOUB QFS FTTFSF SFDMBNBUB F
SJQPSUBUB BM TVP MFHJUUJNP QPTUP OFMMB WFUSJOB EFJ WBMPSJ VNBOJ
7JWFUF JO VO UFNQP JO DVJ MF PQQPSUVOJUË EJ TWJMVQQP EFMMF
WPTUSF QPUFO[JBMJUË JO UFSNJOJ EJ FTQBOTJPOF EFMMB DPTDJFO[B F
DSFTDJUB TQJSJUVBMF TFNCSBOP JMMJNJUBUF %B VOBMUSB QSPTQFU
UJWB RVFTUP Ò iJM NPNFOUP F JM QPTUP HJVTUP EPWF FTTFSFw USB
MF NPMUF SFBMUË QSPCBCJMJ MF JOmOJUF EJNFOTJPOJ F J NPMUFQMJDJ
QFSDPSTJ EFMMFTJTUFO[B
%J DPOTFHVFO[B J UFNQJ JO DVJ WJWFUF TPOP QBSUJDPMBSNFOUF
JNQFHOBUJWJ QFSDIÏ BM NPNFOUP TJFUF JNNFSTJ OFMMFTQMPSB[JPOF
EJ VO USBUUP DPNQMFTTP EFM QFSDPSTP EFMMFWPMV[JPOF VNBOB
F VO QPUFOUF JNQVMTP B SBHHJVOHFSF TUBUJ EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B
F EJ TFOTJCJMJUË FMFWBUJ WJ TUB QPSUBOEP B DPNQSFOEFSF HVB
SJSF F BĊSPOUBSF MF TJUVB[JPOJ EFMMB WPTUSB FTJTUFO[B 5VUUJ
HMJ BCJUBOUJ EFMMB 5FSSB TPOP JO DSJTJ F RVFTUB DSJTJ EFSJWB
-B SFBMUË NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF F JM EJTFHOP EFMMFTJTUFO[B
7
EBMMB QBVSB QSPGPOEBNFOUF SBEJDBUB JO WPJ EJ DPOPTDFSF
MB WFSJUË 1FS MJCFSBSWJ EB RVFTUB TDIJBWJUá DPMMFUUJWB EFMMB
QBVSB EPWFUF FTTFSF EJTQPTUJ B WFEFSF JO QSPGPOEJUË F
B FOUSBSF JO DPOUBUUP DPO DJÛ DIF DPOPTDFUF µ RVFTUP JM
UFNQP EJ JOUFHSBSF MB WPTUSB FTTFO[B TQJSJUVBMF F EJWFOUBSF
DPOTBQFWPMJ TV DPNF VUJMJ[[BSF MB WPTUSB NFOUF 7J USPWBUF JO
NF[[P B VOB UVNVMUVPTB USBTGPSNB[JPOF VOJOJ[JB[JPOF DIF
QBTTB BUUSBWFSTP MPTDVSB OPUUF EFMMBOJNB F EPWFUF FTTFSF
QSPOUJ F EJTQPTUJ B JEFOUJmDBSF J QSPCMFNJ DIF TJ QSFTFOUBOP
OFMMB WJUB QFSTPOBMF F DPMMFUUJWB F B TDPQSJSOF MB TPMV[JPOF
4J TUB BWWJDJOBOEP VOB TPSQSFOEFOUF SJWPMV[JPOF TQJSJUVBMF
NPOEJBMF F OFM EJWFOUBSOF DPOTBQFWPMJ Ò FTTFO[JBMF SJDPS
EBSF DIF MF PQQPSUVOJUË EJ DSFTDJUB TPOP TFNQSF BCCPOEBO
UFNFOUF EJTQPOJCJMJ CBTUB JNQBSBSF B DSFBSMF
-B RVFTUJPOF DSVDJBMF QJá VSHFOUF DIF JM HFOFSF VNBOP
EFWF BĊSPOUBSF TJB B MJWFMMP JOEJWJEVBMF DIF EJ NBTTB Ò
SJDPOPTDFSF JM QPUFSF EFM QFOTJFSP F EFMMF DPOWJO[JPOJ
$PNQSFOEFSF RVFTUF EVF JNQPSUBOUJ DIJBWJ EJ DPOTBQFWP
MF[[B QVÛ BQSJSF MB DPTDJFO[B VNBOB B VOB OVPWB WJTJPOF
NPOEJBMF QJFOB EJ QPTTJCJMJUË JMMJNJUBUF F EJ TPMV[JPOJ BMUB
NFOUF DSFBUJWF -F DPOWJO[JPOJ TPOP FTTFO[JBMNFOUF DSF
EFO[F TVMMB SFBMUË F DIF TJBOP QFSTPOBMJ P DPMMFUUJWF GPSNBOP
MB TUSVUUVSB F J QBSBNFUSJ EFMMB WPTUSB FTQFSJFO[B EJ WJUB JO
PHOJ NPNFOUP $SFEFO[F QFOTJFSJ F TFOTB[JPOJ MBTDJBOP VOB
EJWFSTB JNQSPOUB QMBTUJDB TVM DBNQP EFMMFOFSHJB WJUBMF DIF
BWWPMHF JM WPTUSP NPOEP 7PJ TJFUF DSFBUPSJ F DPNF UBMJ DSFBUF
JO DPOUJOVB[JPOF F JM HFOFSF VNBOP TUB QSFOEFOEP TFNQSF
QJá DPOTBQFWPMF[[B EJ RVFTUB TCBMPSEJUJWB SFBMUË * UFNQJ
JO DVJ WJWFUF TPOP DBSBUUFSJ[[BUJ EB JNNFOTJ DBNCJBNFOUJ
F QFS HFTUJSF RVFTUP FDDF[JPOBMF QSPDFTTP EJ USBTGPSNB[JPOF
EFM HFOFSF VNBOP TPOP OFDFTTBSJ VOB HSBOEF nFTTJCJMJUË F VO
DIJBSP JOUFOUP 4WJMVQQBSF MB DBQBDJUË EJ FTTFSF DPOTBQFWPMJ
EJ DJÛ DIF TJ QFOTB NFOUBMNFOUF TJ TFOUF FNPUJWBNFOUF F TJ
EJDF WFSCBMNFOUF F TUSVUUVSBSF MB QSPQSJB WJUB DPO DIJBSF[[B
DSJTUBMMJOB BUUSBWFSTP QFOTJFSJ QBSPMF F B[JPOJ Ò FTTFO[JBMF
QFS WJWFSF VOB WJUB BM QJFOP EFMMF TVF QPUFO[JBMJUË "DDFUUBSF
MB QJFOB SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EFM QPUFSF DIF JODBSOBUF Ò MB MF[JPOF
GPOEBNFOUBMF F QSJODJQBMF EJ RVFTUB USBTGPSNB[JPOF
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6OFTQBOTJPOF EJ DPTDJFO[B TUB JOWFTUFOEP JM HMPCP DPO VO JNQFUP
TUVQFGBDFOUF TUJNPMBOEP MVNBOJUË B MJWFMMP DFMMVMBSF BĆODIÏ TJ
SJTWFHMJ F SJTDPQSB JM QSPQSJP QPUFSF
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NPOEP JO HFOFSBMF OPO Ò NBJ TUBUB QJá HSBOEF F QFS BMDVOJ MJO
UFOTJUË OFDFTTBSJB QFS RVFTUP DPNQJUP Ò TDIJBDDJBOUF *O RVFTUJ
UFNQJ EJ DBNCJBNFOUP BQSJSF MB QSPQSJB NFOUF QFS DPOTJEF
SBSF QVOUJ EJ WJTUB F QSPTQFUUJWF EJ WJUB EJWFSTF DIF TJ FTUFOEBOP
GVPSJ EBJ DPOmOJ EFM QFOTJFSP DPNVOFNFOUF BDDFUUBUP Ò TJB
TBHHJP DIF MPEFWPMF -F TUSBPSEJOBSJF EJċDPMUË QSPWPDBUF EBMMF
FOFSHJF BDDFMFSBUF EJ RVFTUJ UFNQJ TFSWPOP WFSBNFOUF EB TUJ
NPMP QFS GBSWJ QFSDFQJSF MB SFBMUË JO NPEP OVPWP 7PJ BWFUF
TDFMUP EJ FTTFSF RVJ JO RVFTUP NPNFOUP QFS GBS QBSUF DPO JM
WPTUSP TQFDJmDP F VOJDP QVOUP EJ WJTUB EFM HSVQQP EJ FTTFSJ
DPTDJFOUJ DIF TUBOOP QSPEVDFOEP iJM HSBOEF SJTWFHMJP TQJSJ
UVBMFw TVM QJBOFUB 5FSSB -B DPTDJFO[B Ò VOP TUBUP EFMMFTTFSF
NB Ò BODIF JM iOPNF EFM HJPDPw DIF TJ TUB HJPDBOEP JO RVFTUJ
UFNQJ EJ HSBOEJ DBNCJBNFOUJ $PNF VOB DPMPTTBMF UFNQFTUB
VOFTQBOTJPOF EJ DPTDJFO[B TUB JOWFTUFOEP JM HMPCP DPO JNQFUP
TUVQFGBDFOUF TUJNPMBOEP MVNBOJUË B MJWFMMP DFMMVMBSF BċODIÏ
TJ SJTWFHMJ F SJTDPQSB JM QSPQSJP QPUFSF %PWFUF FTTFSF POFTUJ DPO
WPJ TUFTTJ DFSDBOEP EJ EJSF MF DPTF DPNF TUBOOP DIJBNBOEPMF
DJPÒ DPO JM MPSP WFSP OPNF 'BUFMP DPO DPSBHHJP F DIJBSF[[B -B
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DPNF MB QFSDFQJUF F RVFTUP WBMF TJB B MJWFMMP JOEJWJEVBMF DIF DPM
MFUUJWP -F WPTUSF MF[JPOJ EJ WJUB JNQMJDBOP BODIF EJċDJMJTTJNF
RVFTUJPOJ MFHBUF BMMB WPTUSB DBQBDJUË EJ EJTDFSOJNFOUP DPN
QSFTB MB WPTUSB SFMB[JPOF DPO MB SFBMUË mTJDB F OPOmTJDB 0HOJ
HJPSOP MF TDFMUF DIF GBUF TPOP EFDJTJWF QFS JM WPTUSP CFOFTTFSF F
DPTB BMUSFUUBOUP JNQPSUBOUF J WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ OPO TPMP TUBCJMJ
TDPOP JM DPSTP F MB EJSF[JPOF EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB OFM NPOEP mTJDP
B USF EJNFOTJPOJ NB TJ QSPQBHBOP JOnVFO[BOEP NPMUF BMUSF
SFBMUË JOWJTJCJMJ -B QPTUB JO RVFTUP iHJPDP EFMMB DPTDJFO[Bw
WJFOF DPTUBOUFNFOUF BM[BUB F WPJ TJFUF QJá DIF NBJ TQSPOBUJ
B JEFOUJmDBSF J WPTUSJ QJá JOUJNJ TFOUJNFOUJ SJDPOPTDFOEPMJ
DPNF MB GPOUF QSJODJQBMF DIF DSFB MB WPTUSB SFBMUË
-B QPTTJCJMJUË EJ EJWFOJSF QJá DPOTBQFWPMJ Ò JO DPOUJOVP
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BVNFOUP HSB[JF BODIF BMMJNQSFTTJPOBOUF WFMPDJUË DPO DVJ TJ
TDBNCJBOP OVPWF JEFF F TJ DPODSFUJ[[BOP J MPSP QPUFO[JBMJ
"ODIF TF BODPSB EJQFOEFUF EBMMB QBSPMB TDSJUUB QFS BDRVJTJSF
FE FTQBOEFSF MB WPTUSB DPOPTDFO[B F MB WPTUSB DPTDJFO[B TUBUF
EJWFOUBOEP GPSUFNFOUF UFMFQBUJDJ %J BOOP JO BOOP B QBSUJSF
EBM JM nVTTP EFMMF FOFSHJF DPTNJDIF DIF JOnVFO[BOP JM
WPTUSP QJBOFUB Ò HSBEVBMNFOUF BVNFOUBUP EJ JOUFOTJUË BDDF
MFSBOEP MB QVMTB[JPOF EFMMB WJUB QPUFUF SFOEFSWJ DPOUP EJ RVF
TUP QSPDFTTP PTTFSWBOEP MB WPTUSB FTJTUFO[B NVPWFSTJ TFNQSF
QJá WFMPDFNFOUF DPO MF EJċDPMUË DIF PQFSBOEP B WFMPDJUË
MPHPSBOUJ JODPOUSBUF NFOUSF DFSDBUF EJ TPEEJTGBSF UVUUF MF
SJDIJFTUF TPMP QFS SJVTDJSF B NBOUFOFSF WPJ TUFTTJ "MMP TUFTTP
NPEP RVFMMP B DVJ QFOTBUF F TV DVJ WJ GPDBMJ[[BUF TJ NBOJGFTUB
DPO VHVBM QSPOUF[[B * UFNQJ OPO TPMP FTJHPOP DIF EJWFOUJBUF
QJá DPOTBQFWPMJ EJ RVFMMP DIF TUB BWWFOFOEP B MJWFMMP HMP
CBMF NB SJDIJFEPOP BODIF VO OVPWP MJWFMMP EJ SFTQPOTBCJMJUË
F EJ POFTUË OFM SBQQPSUP DPO WPJ TUFTTJ *M NPOEP FTUFSOP Ò
JM SJnFTTP TQFDVMBSF EFMMB WPTUSB SFBMUË JOUFSJPSF 1FS OBWJHBSF
MF NVUFWPMJ DPSSFOUJ EFMMB DPTDJFO[B VNBOB EPWFUF FTTFSF
EJTQPTUJ BE BTTVNFSWJ MB SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB F B
TQFDJBMJ[[BSWJ JO VO OVPWP NPEP EJ QFOTBSF
1FS BMDVOJ RVFTUJ TPOP EBWWFSP UFNQJ EJ USFNFOEP TUSFTT
F UVNVMUVPTJ DBNCJBNFOUJ .PMUF WJUF WFOHPOP TUSBWPMUF F
TJB MF GBNJHMJF DIF J TJOHPMJ JOEJWJEVJ QPTTPOP USPWBSTJ B EPWFS
WJWFSF MB THSBEFWPMJTTJNB TFOTB[JPOF EJ TFOUJSTJ NFTTJ BMMBO
HPMP 4UB BVNFOUBOEP B VO SJUNP USBWPMHFOUF MB QSFTTJPOF
WFSTP VOB NBHHJPSF BQFSUVSB BM DBNCJBNFOUP EFMMB QSPQSJB
WJUB F EFMMF QSPQSJF DPOWJO[JPOJ -FDPOPNJB NPOEJBMF Ò JO
VOP TUBUP EJ DPTUBOUF nVUUVB[JPOF F DPOGVTJPOF EJTBTUSJ mOBO
[JBSJ IBOOP EJTUSVUUP MB mEVDJB F MB GFEF OFMMF HSBOEJ JNQSFTF
J MJDFO[JBNFOUJ DPOUJOVBOP B DSFBSF VMUFSJPSF JODFSUF[[B JM
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QJá HFOUF TJ EPNBOEB DPNF SJVTDJSË BE BSSJWBSF B mOF NFTF
*M EJMBHBSF EJ NBMBUUJF TJB USB HMJ BOJNBMJ DIF USB HMJ VNBOJ
SJnFUUF MB TDPODFSUBOUF DSJTJ EFMMB TBMVUF NPOEJBMF MB QPMJUJDB
Ò JORVJOBUB EBHMJ BĊBSJ TQPSDIJ J UBNCVSJ EJ HVFSSB OFM DJS
DVJUP DPOUSPMMBUP EFJ NFEJB DPOUJOVBOP B SVMMBSF HMJ BUUBD
DIJ OVDMFBSJ F JM UFSSPSJTNP EJWFOUBOP MB NJOBDDJB OVNFSP
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VOP WJPMFO[F TFTTVBMJ F BUUJ EJ QFSWFSTJPOF TPOP BMMPSEJOF EFM
HJPSOP JM SBQQPSUP EFCJUPDSFEJUP Ò EJWFOUBUP JOTPTUFOJCJMF
GVSUP GSPEF JOHBOOJ F CVHJF TPOP UFSNJOJ DPNVOFNFOUF
VTBUJ OFM SJGFSJSTJ B VOB DMBTTF EJSJHFOUF NPOEJBMF DPSSPUUB
4FNCSB DIF J DPTJEEFUUJ MFBEFS BCCJBOP GBMMJUP MJODBSJDP B MPSP
BTTFHOBUP EJ NBOUFOFSF F EJGFOEFSF MB MJCFSUË 0SB B RVFTUP
QVOUP EFM HJPDP UVUUJ DPNJODJBOP B TPSQSFOEFSTJ EFM GBUUP
DIF JM NPOEP TJ USPWJ JO VO UBMF TDPOWPMHJNFOUP & RVFTUP Ò
VO PUUJNP TFHOP QPJDIÏ JNQMJDB MJNQPSUBOUF F OFDFTTBSJB
SJnFTTJPOF F SJWBMVUB[JPOF EFM TFOTP EFMMB WJUB DIF PHOJ QFS
TPOB Ò UFOVUB BE BĊSPOUBSF
6O BVNFOUP NBTTJDDJP EFMMJOUFOTJUË EJ JSSBHHJBNFOUP EFMMFOFS
HJB DPTNJDB TUB TUJNPMBOEP MVNBOJUË BĆODIÏ BQSB HMJ PDDIJ TV
VO QJá BMUP QSPQPTJUP TQJSJUVBMF
5VUUB MFTJTUFO[B Ò SJDPMNB EJ VOFOFSHJB SFBUUJWB WJWB
JOUFMMJHFOUF WJCSBOUF nFTTJCJMF F UFMFQBUJDB F QPJDIÏ WPJ TJFUF
VOB QBSUF EJ UVUUP DJÛ DIF FTJTUF BODIF WPJ TJFUF JNQSFHOBUJ
EFMMF TVF TUFTTF RVBMJUË 7JBHHJBOEP OFMMF QSPGPOEJUË EFMMP
TQB[JP JM WPTUSP TJTUFNB TPMBSF BUUSBWFSTB VO DBNQP EJ SBEJB
[JPOF DPTNJDB BE BMUB FOFSHJB DPMNP EJ VOB SFUF BQQBSFO
UFNFOUF JOmOJUB EJ NPEFMMJ EJ DPTDJFO[B 2VFTUP GB TÖ DIF
VOJOUFOTB QJPHHJB EJ FOFSHJB JNQFUVPTB DPMQJTDB DPOUJOVB
NFOUF MB 5FSSB HFOFSBOEP VOJNNFOTB RVBOUJUË EJ QBSUJDFMMF
BUPNJDIF DIF QFOFUSBOP OFMMF DFMMVMF F OFHMJ BUPNJ EJ PHOJ
DPTB GPSOFOEP VOB TPSUB EJ FMFUUSJDJUË DFMFTUF DPMNB EFMMFOFS
HJB EFMMB GPS[B WJUBMF -B GPOUBOFMMB MB [POB NPSCJEB DIF TJ
USPWB TVMMB TPNNJUË EFM DBQP EFJ OFPOBUJ FSB DIJBNBUB EBHMJ
BOUJDIJ TBHHJ wMB QPSUB DIF DPOEVDF WFSTP JM QBSBEJTPw QFSDIÏ
FSB SJDPOPTDJVUB DPNF MJOHSFTTP OFJ HBOHMJ DFSFCSBMJ EFM nVTTP
EJ FOFSHJB DPTNJDB F EJ JOUFMMJHFO[B TQJSJUVBMF -B SBEJB[JPOF
DPTNJDB DBSJDB JM TJTUFNB OFSWPTP DFOUSBMF DPO MFOFSHJB EFMMB
GPS[B WJUBMF GVO[JPOBOEP DPNF VOFTUFOTJPOF JOWJTJCJMF EFM
TJTUFNB OFSWPTP DPMMFHBUB BMMB WBTUJUË EFM DPTNP
*O RVFTUJ UFNQJ EJ DBNCJBNFOUP VO BVNFOUP NBTTJDDJP
EFMMJOUFOTJUË EJ JSSBHHJBNFOUP EFMMFOFSHJB DPTNJDB TUB TUJNP
MBOEP MVNBOJUË BċODIÏ BQSB HMJ PDDIJ TV VO QJá BMUP QSPQP
-B SFBMUË NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF F JM EJTFHOP EFMMFTJTUFO[B
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TJUP TQJSJUVBMF F QFSDFQJTDB VOB QSPTQFUUJWB QJá USBTDFOEFOUF
EFMMFTJTUFO[B 1PQPMJ QSPWFOJFOUJ EB DVMUVSF EJWFSTF IBOOP
EB UFNQP TDPQFSUP MB QSFTFO[B EJ RVFTUF NJTUFSJPTF FOFSHJF
DPTNJDIF VTBOEP EJĊFSFOUJ OPNJ QFS EFmOJSMF DBNQP VOJm
DBUP RJ P DIJ QSBOB FOFSHJB PSHPOJDB FUFSF GPS[B EFM ESBHP
GPS[B WJUBMF F SBEJB[JPOF DPTNJDB SJGFSFOEPTJ TFNQSF BMMP
TUFTTP NJTUFSP " QSFTDJOEFSF EB DPNF MB TJ DIJBNJ EVSBOUF
MB WPTUSB WJUB WPJ VUJMJ[[BUF RVFTUB FOFSHJB DPNF VOJMMJNJ
UBUB GPS[B EJ QPUFSF QFS QSPJFUUBSF JM WPTUSP TÏ OFMMFTJTUFO[B
"MMJOUFSOP EFM WPTUSP TQFDJmDP DBNQP EFTQFSJFO[B J WPTUSJ
QFOTJFSJ TFOUJNFOUJ F EFTJEFSJ TPOP MB DBMDF F J NBUUPOJ DIF
VUJMJ[[BUF QFS DSFBSF JM WPTUSP NPOEP *M QPUFSF EJ DSFBSF TJ
USPWB JO UVUUF MF GPSNF EJ DPTDJFO[B F MF DPTDJFO[F FTJTUPOP JO
VOP TUBUP EJ DPPQFSB[JPOF TVQSFNB DIF BUUSBWFSTB UVUUB MFTJ
TUFO[B -B DPTDJFO[B Ò FTJTUFO[B F MBNPSF Ò MB GPOUF QSJNBSJB
EJ BQQSPWWJHJPOBNFOUP MB WJCSB[JPOF EFMMB QVMTBOUF FOFSHJB
DPTNJDB DIF BMJNFOUB PHOJ BTQFUUP EFMMFTJTUFO[B
2VFTUP HSBOEJPTP DBNQP EJ FOFSHJB Ò DPOUJOVBNFOUF
TUJNPMBUP F JOnVFO[BUP EBMMF BUUJWJUË EFHMJ JOUFOTJ GFOP
NFOJ DFMFTUJ DIF QFSNFBOP MF FTUFOTJPOJ EJ UFNQP F TQB[JP
*O CBTF BMMF WPTUSF DSFEFO[F MF TQFUUBDPMBSJ NBOJGFTUB[JPOJ
EFMMF JNQMPTJPOJ F EFMMF FTQMPTJPOJ EJ HBT F NBUFSJB DPTNJDB
BQQBJPOP DPNF BWWFOJNFOUJ DBTVBMJ DIF NPTUSBOP VO VOJ
WFSTP JO DPTUBOUF DPMMJTJPOF DPO TF TUFTTP *O SFBMUË DJÛ BDDBEF
NPMUP SBSBNFOUF 7PJ OPO BWFUF BODPSB PTBUP DSFEFSF BMMFTJ
TUFO[B EJ VO QSPGPOEP PSEJOF DIF Ò BMMB CBTF EJ UVUUP DJÛ DIF
FTJTUF VO*OUFMMJHFO[B $PTNJDB DPMMFUUJWB JO FWPMV[JPOF DIF
NVPWF QJBOJmDB F QSPHFUUB MFTJTUFO[B DPO EFWP[JPOF F DPO
TBQFWPMF[[B *O WFSJUË PHOJ GPSNB EJ DPTDJFO[B IB JM QPUFSF
JOUSJOTFDP EJ QJBOJmDBSF F DSFBSF MF FTQFSJFO[F F EB VOB QSP
TQFUUJWB QJá BNQJB RVFTUP JNNFOTP OFUXPSL JOUFSDPOOFTTP
EJ DPTDJFO[B DPTNJDB Ò MB DIJBWF QSJODJQBMF EFM iHJPDPw EFMMB
WJUB * DPSQJ DFMFTUJ QPTTPOP FTQSJNFSF EJWFSTJ SVPMJ NB FTTFO
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DPOOFTTJ B VOJOUSJDBUB F NFSBWJHMJPTB SFUF EJ DPMMFHBNFOUJ
UFMFQBUJDJ * DBOBMJ EJ RVFTUB SFUF TPOP VUJMJ[[BUJ EB NPMUJ FTTFSJ
JOUFMMJHFOUJ DPNF TUSVNFOUJ QFS JOWJBSF USBNJUF NPEVMB[JPOJ
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0HOJ MBNQP EJ MVDF TVQFSOPWB P FSV[JPOF TPMBSF PHOJ B[JPOF
o JNQPOFOUF P NJOVTDPMB o Ò EJ GPOEBNFOUBMF JNQPSUBO[B
QFS MP TWJMVQQP EJ UVUUF MF QBSUJ EJ RVFTUP OFUXPSL DPTNJDP
BUUJWBUP JO VOB P JO VOBMUSB SFBMUË NFEJBOUF MB WPMPOUË
/FM DPTNP MB 5FSSB Ò TJUVBUB WJDJOP BM CPSEP FTUFSOP EFMMF
TQJSBMJ EFMMB 7JB -BUUFB B NPMUF NJHMJBJB EJ BOOJ MVDF EBM
NJTUJDP $FOUSP (BMBUUJDP 4FDPOEP J WPTUSJ DBMDPMJ JO VOP EFJ
WPTUSJ BOOJ MB MVDF QFSDPSSF DJSDB EJFDJNJMB NJMJBSEJ EJ DIJMP
NFUSJ QFSUBOUP TJFUF DPMMPDBUJ B VOJNQPOFOUF EJTUBO[B mTJDB
EBMMB GPOUF QSJNBSJB EJ MVDF FE FOFSHJB $JÛ OPOPTUBOUF TFC
CFOF TFNCSJ DIF TVMMB NBQQB HBMBUUJDB EFM DJFMP WJWJBUF JO VO
BOHPMP SFNPUP PHOJ QBSUF EFMMFTJTUFO[B Ò DPMMFHBUB F JOUSJO
TFDBNFOUF DPOOFTTB HSB[JF B RVFTUB QPUFOUF QVMTBOUF WJWB
BNPSFWPMF F DSFBUJWB SFUF EJ FOFSHJB DPTNJDB & QPJDIÏ TJFUF
GBUUJ EJ RVFTUB FOFSHJB BWFUF JM EPWFSF F MB SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EJ
HFTUJSF RVFTUB BCCPOEBO[B EJ WJUBMJUË QPDP JNQPSUB JO RVBMF
DBNQP EJ SFBMUË SJTJFEJBUF
*M WPTUSP NPOEP TUB BQQFOB DPNJODJBOEP B TDPQSJSF RVFMMB NPM
UJUVEJOF EJ DBQBDJUË JOTJUF OFMMB GPSNB VNBOB
1FS WPJ Ò EJ QSJNBSJB JNQPSUBO[B BDDFUUBSF EJ FTTFSF VO
FTTFSF QPUFOUF *M DPSQP mTJDP WJ GPSOJTDF VO FTFNQJP FTQMJDJUP
EFMMJNQFDDBCJMF EJTFHOP EFMMB WJUB MJOUSJDBUB F NFSBWJHMJPTB
PSHBOJ[[B[JPOF EFMMF WPTUSF DFMMVMF EFMMF PTTB F EFHMJ PSHBOJ
JMMVTUSB JM WBTUP OFUXPSL EJ DPMMFHBNFOUJ F JOUFSB[JPOJ DIF WJ
DJSDPOEB SJnFUUFOEPWJ DPNF VOP TQFDDIJP MB WJTJPOF EFMMB
OBUVSB GPOEBNFOUBMF EFMMFTJTUFO[B 7PJ TJFUF VOB SFBMJ[[B
[JPOF SBċOBUB VO DPNQVUFS PSHBOJDP VOJDP QJFOBNFOUF JO
HSBEP EJ TQFSJNFOUBSF DPTDJFOUFNFOUF J EJWFSTJ MJWFMMJ EFMMB
WPTUSB SFBMUË QFSTPOBMF DPTÖ DPNF RVFMMJ EJ NPMUF BMUSF
*O WFSJUË JM WPTUSP NPOEP TUB BQQFOB DPNJODJBOEP B TDP
QSJSF MB NPMUJUVEJOF EJ DBQBDJUË JOTJUF OFMMB GPSNB VNBOB
1FS NJHMJBJB EJ BOOJ UBOUJ BTUVUJ EJWFSTJWJ IBOOP JNQFEJUP
BMMVNBOJUË EJ DBQJSF MB WFSB OBUVSB EFM QPUFSF QFSTPOBMF F
EFM QSPQSJP UBMFOUP OBUVSBMF EJ DSFBUPSF EFM NPOEP 1FS NPMUJ
NJMMFOOJ JO UVUUP JM NPOEP TJ TPOP BDDFUUBUF DSFEFO[F MJNJ
UBOUJ TVMMB NBODBO[B EJ QPUFSF QFSTPOBMF F DJÛ Ò BWWFOVUP
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QFSDIÏ BWFUF QPTUP TV RVFTUF DSFEFO[F MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF
5BMJ DSFEFO[F TPOP EFMMF DPOEJ[JPOJ JNQPTUF TVMMB SFBMUË
DIF EFmOJTDPOP MB TDFOB EFM QBMDPTDFOJDP EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB
*M WPTUSP MJWFMMP EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B EFUFSNJOB QPJ MB WPTUSB
SFB[JPOF BJ ESBNNJ EFMMB WJUB DIF WPJ TUFTTJ BWFUF DSFBUP
0HOVOP EJ WPJ IB JM MJCFSP BSCJUSJP EJ TDFHMJFSF DJÛ DIF WVPMF
F DJÛ DIF TFNJOB SBDDPHMJFSË 0TJBNP EJSF DIF TJFUF NPMUP
QJá DPNQMFTTJ F NFSBWJHMJPTJ EJ RVBOUP QPTTJBUF JNNBHJOBSF
$PO VOB HJVTUB RVBOUJUË EJ GFEF mEVDJB F EFTJEFSJP F DPO
MBHHJVOUB EJ VOBCCPOEBOUF EPTF EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B DPTNJDB
VOJUB B VO QP EJ CVPO TFOTP QPUSFUF DFSUBNFOUF JNQBSBSF
B GPDBMJ[[BSF MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF F TF OFM DPOUFNQP TBSFUF
DIJBSJ TVMMF WPTUSF JOUFO[JPOJ NBOJGFTUFSFUF DJÛ DIF EFTJEFSBUF
OFMMB WPTUSB WJUB
-BVUPSFBMJ[[B[JPOF Ò VO SJTVMUBUP EFHOP EJ OPUB JO PHOJ
SFBMUË TFCCFOF OPO TJB OFDFTTBSJBNFOUF VOP TUBUP NFOUBMF
GBDJMF EB SBHHJVOHFSF DPNF PHOJ DBQBDJUË EFWF FTTFSF GPDBMJ[
[BUB TWJMVQQBUB F SJDIJBNBUB 6OB WPMUB JODPSBHHJBUB B SJTWF
HMJBSTJ QFSÛ FTTB mPSJSË F DSFTDFSË EB TPMB DPNF VOB QJBOUB
WJHPSPTB DIF QSPTQFSB F mPSJTDF TUBHJPOF EPQP TUBHJPOF -P
TWJMVQQP EFM QJFOP QPUFO[JBMF QFSTPOBMF Ò MB mPSJUVSB QJá QSF
[JPTB EJ VOB NFOUF SJTWFHMJBUB /FMMB QSPGPOEJUË EFMMF WPTUSF
DFMMVMF TJ BOOJEBOP MF NFNPSJF EFMMF FTQFSJFO[F WJTTVUF EB UVUUJ
J WPTUSJ BOUFOBUJ BMDVOJ EFJ RVBMJ IBOOP BĊSPOUBUP HMJ TUFTTJ
QSPCMFNJ DIF JODPOUSBUF WPJ PHHJ -F QFSDF[JPOJ EFMMB SFBMUË
TPOP JNQSFTTF OFM DPEJDF HFOFUJDP F USBNBOEBUF BJ EJWFSTJ
DPNQPOFOUJ EJ VOB TUFTTB MJOFB EJ EJTDFOEFO[B *O UVUUF MF
MJOFF EJ UFNQP F JO UVUUF MF SFBMUË EFMMFTJTUFO[B MB MJCFSUË
JOEJWJEVBMF Ò JM SFRVJTJUP GPOEBNFOUBMF DIF BQSF MB TUSBEB B
OVPWF QPTTJCJMJUË FQQVSF TFCCFOF BMDVOJ EFJ WPTUSJ BOUFOBUJ
TBQFTTFSP QFSGFUUBNFOUF DIF HMJ JOEJWJEVJ DPOTBQFWPMJ EFJ
QSPQSJ QPUFSJ TPOP BVUPEFUFSNJOBUJ F OPO OFDFTTJUBOP EFMMF
MF[JPOJ JOHBOOFWPMJ EJ VOB MFBEFSTIJQ MB MJCFSUË F J SJTVMUBUJ
DIF VOB HFOFSB[JPOF SBHHJVOHF OPO TPOP OFDFTTBSJBNFOUF
HBSBOUJUJ BE VOBMUSB 0HOJ HFOFSB[JPOF TDFHMJF J QSPQSJ WBMPSJ
DPTÖ DPNF TDFHMJF DJÛ DIF Ò JNQPSUBOUF QFS MB DSFTDJUB TQJ
SJUVBMF F WPJ QSPTQFSBUF RVBOEP JOEJWJEVBMNFOUF FTQMPSBUF
FE FTQBOEFUF JM WPTUSP QPUFSF QFSTPOBMF JOOBUP NFOUSF OFM
14
$BQJUPMP 6OP
NPNFOUP JO DVJ SJOVODJBUF B RVFTUB TDFMUB DSFBUF MB DPEJQFO
EFO[B F MB UJSBOOJB
-B OBUVSB EFMMB SFBMUË Ò UBMF DIF FTTB TJ SJTQFDDIJFSË TJ
JODPOUSFSË TJ VOJSË F HJPDIFSË DPO PHOJ UJQP EJ FOFSHJB
TFO[B OFTTVO UJQP EJ HJVEJ[JP * WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ J TFOUJNFOUJ
J EFTJEFSJ F MF FNP[JPOJ FTQSFTTJ JO QBSPMF F B[JPOJ TPOP UVUUF
QSPJF[JPOJ EJ FOFSHJF CBTBUF TV DJÛ DIF WPJ DSFEFUF 2VBOEP
EJWFSSFUF DPOTBQFWPMJ JO NPEP QJá DPTDJFOUF EFMMF WPTUSF DSF
EFO[F DPNJODFSFUF B EJSJHFSF JM DPSTP EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB -B
WJUB OPO Ò VO FWFOUP DBTVBMF NB TJ GPOEB TV VO BDDPSEP
FTQFSJFO[JBMF GSB FTTFSJ QSPWFOJFOUJ EB NPMUF SFBMUË DIF
IBOOP DPNF TDPQP MFTQMPSB[JPOF F MB TDPQFSUB -B DSFBUJWJUË
F MBTTVO[JPOF EFMMF QSPQSJF SFTQPOTBCJMJUË TPOP MF DIJBWJ QFS
JM SJTWFHMJP F MP TWJMVQQP EFMMB WPTUSB JOUFMMJHFO[B TQJSJUVBMF
4WJMVQQBSF MF QSPQSJF QPUFO[JBMJUË JNQMJDB FTBNJOBSF TF TUFTTJ
F TBQFSF DPNF F QFSDIÏ GVO[JPOJBNP JO VO DFSUP NPEP F
DPTÖ TJ QSFTFOUBOP NBHOJmDIF PQQPSUVOJUË PHOJ WPMUB DIF
TJ TDFHMJF MB WJB EFM SJTWFHMJP EFMMB DPTDJFO[B F EFM QSPQSJP
QPUFO[JBMF QFS DPDSFBSF MB QSPQSJB SFBMUË DPO JM QPUFSF EFM
NVMUJWFSTP DIF BCCSBDDJB UVUUB MFTJTUFO[B JODMVTP MVOJWFSTP
WJTJCJMF B USF EJNFOTJPOJ
-BUUVBMF TUBUP EJ DPTDJFO[B WJ DPOEVDF JOTJFNF BM WPTUSP
NPOEP WFSTP MB TDPQFSUB EJ QPUFSJ JOWJTJCJMJ JM QPUFSF EFMMFUFSF
JM QPUFSF EFM DPSQP F JM QPUFSF EFMMJOUFO[JPOF TPOP VO JOTJFNF
EJ QBTTJ BOUJDIJTTJNJ F GPOEBNFOUBMJ EB DPNQJFSF MVOHP JM TFO
UJFSP DIF DPOEVDF BMMB DPNQSFOTJPOF EFMMB WJUB $Ò VO EFUUP
DIF SFDJUB i*M QPUFSF DPSSPNQF F JM QPUFSF BTTPMVUP DPSSPNQF
BTTPMVUBNFOUFw 2VFTUP EFUUP TFNCSB TPUUJOUFOEFSF DIF WJTUJ
J QFSJDPMJ DIF JM QPUFSF DPNQPSUB GPSTF TBSFCCF NFHMJP FWJ
UBSF DPNQMFUBNFOUF JM QPUFSF *O SFBMUË WPJ TJFUF HFOFSBUJ EBM
QPUFSF 4JFUF DPODFQJUJ JO RVFTUB SFBMUË BUUSBWFSTP JM QPUFSF
EFM TFTTP F VO BUUP EJ JOOBUP QPUFSF QFSTPOBMF WJ TQJOHF B
MBTDJBSF JM HSFNCP EJ WPTUSB NBESF OFM NPNFOUP BQQSPQSJBUP
-B OBUVSB EFMMFTJTUFO[B Ò JNQSFHOBUB EJ QPUFSF DPTÖ DPNF MP
TJFUF WPJ & QPJDIÏ TJFUF VO FTTFSF QPUFOUF OPO QPUFUF FWJUBSF
EJ BWFSF B DIF GBSF DPO JM QPUFSF F PHOJ RVBMWPMUB JOUFSBHJSFUF
DPO FTTP TBSË VO FTBNF QFS WFEFSF TF OF BCVTBUF P MP VUJMJ[[BUF
NBMF *M QPUFSF Ò VOB QSPWB EJ DBSBUUFSF F MB TDFMUB Ò TFNQSF
-B SFBMUË NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF F JM EJTFHOP EFMMFTJTUFO[B
15
WPTUSB *O VOB QJDDPMB DFMMVMB DÒ QJá QPUFSF JO QPUFO[B EJ
RVBOUP QPUSFTUF VTBSOF JO UVUUB MB WJUB UVUUBWJB QSJNB DIF
TJ TQBMBODIJOP MF QPSUF BJ NJTUFSJ EFM NVMUJWFSTP MB DPTDJFO[B
QMBOFUBSJB EFWF JOOBO[JUVUUP EJNPTUSBSF EJ BDDFUUBSF MB HSBOEF
SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EJ HFTUJSF RVFTUP JNNFOTP QPUFSF
*M QFSJPEP EJ UFNQP DIF WB EBM BM Ò TUBUP QSFWJTUP
EB HSBOEJ TBHHJ JO EJWFSTF FQPDIF DPNF JM QVOUP EJ TWPMUB JO VO
JNQPOFOUF DJDMP EFMMP TWJMVQQP VNBOP
*O VO BSDP EJ UFNQP NPMUP MVOHP JO DFSUJ QVOUJ EFM UFNQP
F EFMMP TQB[JP B WPMUF TJ WFSJmDB VOJNQPOFOUF BDDFMFSB[JPOF
EJ FOFSHJB DPTNJDB 2VFTUP BWWJFOF HSB[JF B VO DPNVOF
BDDPSEP USB WBSJF GPSNF EJOUFMMJHFO[B JODMVTF TUFMMF QJBOFUJ
F VOJOOVNFSFWPMF NPMUJUVEJOF EJ HJPDBUPSJ DPTNJDJ F RVF
TUB BDDFMFSB[JPOF WJFOF QSPHSBNNBUB QFS JOUFHSBSF JNNFOTJ
DBNCJBNFOUJ WJCSB[JPOBMJ EJ FOFSHJB DPO JM mOF EJ SJTWFHMJBSF
MF DPTDJFO[F EFJ WBSJ QBSUFDJQBOUJ B VOB QJá WBTUB FTQFSJFO[B
EFMMFTJTUFO[B /FM TVM WPTUSP NPOEP TJ Ò BQFSUP JM QPS
UBMF QFS RVFTUP SJTWFHMJP FE Ò DPTÖ JOJ[JBUP VO DJDMP EJ WFOUJDJO
RVF BOOJ EJ DBNCJBNFOUJ F USBTGPSNB[JPOJ TFO[B QSFDFEFOUJ
*M QFSJPEP EJ UFNQP DIF WB EBM BM Ò TUBUP QSFWJTUP
EB HSBOEJ TBHHJ JO EJWFSTF FQPDIF DPNF JM QVOUP EJ TWPMUB JO
VO JNQPOFOUF DJDMP EFMMP TWJMVQQP VNBOP
.PMUJ QPQPMJ BOUJDIJ EFM WPTUSP NPOEP TBQFWBOP DIF
MFTJTUFO[B Ò DPNQPTUB EB TUSBUJ NVMUJQMJ EJOUFMMJHFO[B mTJDB
F OPOmTJDB &TTJ EBWBOP JOFTUJNBCJMF WBMPSF B UBMF DPN
QSFOTJPOF TUVEJBOEP F PTTFSWBOEP MF JOmOJUF JOGPSNB[JPOJ
DPNQMFTTF F OPO MJOFBSJ DIF SJOWFOJWBOP OFJ NPEFMMJ F OFJ
DJDMJ EFMMB OBUVSB *O UVUUJ J UFNQJ F JO RVBTJ UVUUF MF DJWJMUË
MJOUFSQSFUB[JPOF EFJ DJDMJ TPMBSJ FSB FE Ò EJ GPOEBNFOUBMF
JNQPSUBO[B QPJDIÏ MB WPTUSB SFMB[JPOF DPO JM UFNQP EJQFOEF
EBMMB QSFTFO[B F EBMMB QPTJ[JPOF EFMMB TGFSB TPMBSF OFMMB WPMUB
DFMFTUF *O FQPDIF SFNPUF HMJ VPNJOJ SJDPOPTDFWBOP J SBHHJ
TPMBSJ DPNF MB GPOUF EFMMB WJUB F WFEFWBOP JM 4PMF DPNF %JP MB
EJWJOB EFJUË EFMMB DSFB[JPOF &TTJ TBQFWBOP QVSF DIF MB mOF Ò JM
TFHOP EJ VO OVPWP JOJ[JP F DIF JM DBNCJBNFOUP EFMMF TUBHJPOJ
OFM DPSTP EFM WJBHHJP BOOVBMF EFMMB 5FSSB JOUPSOP BM 4PMF Ò VOB
16
$BQJUPMP 6OP
DIJBSB SBQQSFTFOUB[JPOF EJ RVFTUP HSBOEF JOTFHOBNFOUP
* SJUNJ EFMMB OBUVSB TPOP DIJBWJ JNQPSUBOUJ QFS DBQJSF
DPNF GVO[JPOB JM WPTUSP NPOEP 1FS J QPQPMJ BOUJDIJ J NJTUFSJ
EFMMB WJUB EFMMB NPSUF F EFMMB SJOBTDJUB BWFWBOP VO MPSP JOTF
HOBNFOUP JOUSJOTFDP DIF DPOEVDFWB BMMB DPNQSFOTJPOF EFJ
WBSJ DJDMJ EJ TWJMVQQP QSFTFOUJ OFMMB SFBMUË mTJDB F NFUBmTJDB *M
UFNQP FSB DPOTJEFSBUP DJDMJDP F TJ TBQFWB DIF HMJ TDIFNJ EFMMB
WJUB TJ SJQFUPOP B TQJSBMF PĊSFOEP EJ WPMUB JO WPMUB OVPWF
PQQPSUVOJUË FWPMVUJWF .PMUJ EFJ WPTUSJ BOUFOBUJ BHJWBOP DPO
VOB WJTJPOF EFMMB WJUB NPMUP EJWFSTB EBMMB WPTUSB %B BMUSF QSP
TQFUUJWF JOWFDF JM UFNQP Ò WJTUP DPNF nFTTJCJMF F NVUFWPMF F
QBTTBUP F GVUVSP BWWFOHPOP TJNVMUBOFBNFOUF JO NPEP EFM
UVUUP DPODSFUP F WJWP BM QBSJ EFM QSFTFOUF
*M UFNQP TWPMHF MB GVO[JPOF EJ QPTJ[JPOBUPSF F PSHBOJ[
[BUPSF EJ SFBMUË DSFBOEP DPOmOJ JOWJTJCJMJ DPNF GPTTFSP EFJ
DPOUFOJUPSJ QFS MB DSFB[JPOF *O UFSNJOJ QJá BNQJ RVFTUJ WFO
UJDJORVF BOOJ EJ FOFSHJB BDDFMFSBUB TPOP DPNF VO TFHOBMJCSP
USB MF QBHJOF EFM UFNQP VO TFHOBMJCSP DIF WB B JOEJWJEVBSF
VO QVOUP JO DVJ BUUSBWFSTP MJOUFHSB[JPOF EJ UBOUF OVPWF
FE FTTFO[JBMJ QFSDF[JPOJ EFMMB SFBMUË UVUUF MF GPSNF DPTDJFOUJ
DIF WJ QBSUFDJQBOP TQFSJNFOUBOP VOB QSPGPOEB FTQBOTJPOF
EFMMB MPSP DPTDJFO[B JO VO NPEP TUSBPSEJOBSJBNFOUF WFMPDF
%VSBOUF RVFTUP QFSJPEP EJ USBOTJ[JPOF F EJ USBTGPSNB[JPOF
EFMMB EVSBUB EJ DJSDB WFOUJDJORVF BOOJ MB WFSTJPOF EFMMB SFBMUË
DIF BWFUF BTTVOUP DPNF NPEFMMP WJ BQQBSJSË WJB WJB TFNQSF
NFOP TUBCJMF .BO NBOP DIF HMJ FWFOUJ TVM QBMDPTDFOJDP
NPOEJBMF EJWFSSBOOP TFNQSF QJá DBPUJDJ F DPOGVTJ TBSFUF
DPTUSFUUJ B SJTWFHMJBSWJ F B DPNJODJBSF SFBMNFOUF B QFOTBSF B
RVFMMP DIF TUB BDDBEFOEP µ VO QFSJPEP EJ UFNQP EJċDJMF F
NPMUP TUJNPMBOUF JO DVJ WJWFSF F JM NFUUFSF JO EVCCJP PHOJ
DPTB o MB WPTUSB WJUB MF WPTUSF DPOWJO[JPOJ F MB WPTUSB WJTJPOF
EFM NPOEP o EJWFOUB FTTFO[JBMF QFS TDPQSJSF JM WPTUSP QPUFSF
JOOBUP OFM DSFBSF MB SFBMUË DIF WJ DJSDPOEB $J WVPMF VO HSBOEF
DPSBHHJP QFS NFUUFSF JO HJPDP MB QSPQSJB WJUB F DJ WVPMF VOB
GPS[B BODPS QJá HSBOEF QFS DPOPTDFSF F SJDPOPTDFSF MB WFSJUË
RVBOEP MB TJ JODPOUSB
/PJ TQFTTP DJ SJGFSJBNP B RVFTUP TQFDJBMF QFSJPEP EJ UFNQP
DPNF B VO OBOPTFDPOEP OFHMJ BOOBMJ EFM UFNQP QFSDIÏ WJTUP
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17
EB VOB DFSUB QSPTQFUUJWB WFOUJDJORVF EFJ WPTUSJ BOOJ QBTTBOP
QJá WFMPDFNFOUF EJ VO CBUUFS EPDDIJP 4DPSSFSF HMJ BOOBMJ EFM
UFNQP BMMB SJDFSDB EJ RVFTUP QFSJPEP Ò DPNF EPWFS DFSDBSF
VOB QBSUJDPMBSF TDIFHHJB EJ MFHOP JO VOJNNFOTB GPSFTUB
$JÛ OPOPTUBOUF FTTFOEP UVUUB MFTJTUFO[B JOUFSDPOOFTTB
JO NPEP DPNQMFTTP FE FTJTUFOEP UVUUP JM UFNQP TJNVMUBOFB
NFOUF DPO VO QP EJ DPNQSFOTJPOF F DPOTBQFWPMF[[B NPMUJ
BTQFUUJ EJ DJÛ DIF WPJ DPOTJEFSBUF DPNF UFNQP F TQB[JP QPT
TPOP FTTFSF MPDBMJ[[BUJ FE FTQMPSBUJ -B DIJBWF EJ SJDFSDB Ò MB
QSPTQFUUJWB 7JTUJ EB GVPSJ HMJ BOOJ JO DVJ WJWFUF DJ BQQBJPOP
DPNF BOOJ DPMNJ EJ NBHOJmDIF PQQPSUVOJUË DIF MVNBOJUË
IB B EJTQPTJ[JPOF QFS SJTWFHMJBSTJ QFS BQSJSTJ B OVPWJ QVOUJ
EJ WJTUB F QFS BUUJOHFSF B VOB OVPWB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B F UVUUP
RVFTUP BDDBESË EVSBOUF VO QFSJPEP EJ SJOBTDJNFOUP TQJSJUVBMF
EJ JODSFEJCJMF QPSUBUB 7J QPUSFTUF EPNBOEBSF .B DPNF QVÛ
FTTFSF 1FSDIÏ OPJ 1FSDIÏ RVJ 1FSDIÏ BEFTTP &CCFOF UVUUB
MFTJTUFO[B Ò QSPHFUUBUB DPO VO HSBOEF TDPQP F TFDPOEP OPJ
EPWSFTUF DFSDBSF EJ DPOPTDFSF WPJ TUFTTJ QSJNB DIF MF SJTQPTUF
JOJ[JOP BE BWFSF VO TFOTP
0HOJ BTQFUUP EFMMFTJTUFO[B Ò JOUSFDDJBUP F DPMMFHBUP B VOB
DPNQMFTTB SFUF EJ DPTDJFO[B 1SJNB EJ JNNFSHFSWJ OFMMB WJUB
USJEJNFOTJPOBMF TJFUF TUBUJ JO HSBEP EJ QSFWFEFSF J QBSBNF
USJ EFMMB WPTUSB GVUVSB WJUB UFSSFOB BOBMJ[[BOEP J QSJODJQBMJ
BTQFUUJ EFM WPTUSP QJBOP EJ WJUB QSPQPTJUJ F JOUFOUJ EFm
OJUJ BMMJOUFSOP EJ VOP TQFDJmDP TUBUP EFMMB WPTUSB DPTDJFO[B
"WFUF TDFMUP TJB JM NPNFOUP F JM UFNQP EFMMB WPTUSB OBTDJUB
TJB MB WPTUSB MJOFB EJ EJTDFOEFO[B CJPMPHJDB SJDDB EJ DPEJm
DIF BODFTUSBMJ EJ QFSDF[JPOJ CBTBUF TV NPMUF MF[JPOJ EJ WJUB
/FM RVJ F PSB BWFUF EJNFOUJDBUP J WPTUSJ QJBOJ QFS JOUFS
QSFUBSF MB WPTUSB WFSTJPOF EFM HJPDP EFMMB WJUB OFM NPEP QJá
FċDBDF %PQP EJ DIF WJ TJFUF JNNFSTJ OFMMF WPTUSF JEFOUJUË
JNQFHOBOEPWJ UPUBMNFOUF B FTQMPSBSF F TQFSJNFOUBSF JM
QFSDPSTP DIF BWFUF TDFMUP -JOUFSP DPSTP EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB Ò
VO WJBHHJP JOUFO[JPOBMF QSFHOP EJ TJHOJmDBUP DIF WJ QPSUB
DPOUJOVBNFOUF B DPOGSPOUBSWJ TUJNPMBOEPWJ B TWJMVQQBSF MF
WPTUSF BCJMJUË 4J JNQBSB WFSBNFOUF B DPOPTDFSF MB OBUVSB
EFMMFTJTUFO[B RVBOEP TJ JNQBSB B GBS GVO[JPOBSF MB QSPQSJB
GPSNB CJPMPHJDB
18
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-B WPTUSB FTJTUFO[B WJ BQQBSF DPNF RVFMMB EJ VO TJOHPMP JOEJWJ
EVP FQQVSF BWFUF DPOOFTTJPOJ JOmOJUF DPO SFBMUË FTJTUFOUJ PMUSF J
MJNJUJ EFMMF WPTUSF QFSDF[JPOJ
µ EJ FTUSFNB JNQPSUBO[B DPNQSFOEFSF J OVNFSPTJ SVPMJ
DIF MF JOnVFO[F NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJ GVOHPOP OFMMB WPTUSB WJUB
$PO JM QBTTBSF EFM UFNQP TBSË TFNQSF QJá FWJEFOUF DIF WPJ F
JM WPTUSP NPOEP DPOEJWJEFUF UFNQP F TQB[JP DPO BMUSF SFBMUË F
TDPQSJSFUF EJ FTJTUFSF BODIF JO BMUSF EJNFOTJPOJ -B WPTUSB FTJ
TUFO[B WJ BQQBSF DPNF RVFMMB EJ VO TJOHPMP JOEJWJEVP FQQVSF
BWFUF DPOOFTTJPOJ JOmOJUF DPO SFBMUË PMUSF J MJNJUJ EFMMF WPTUSF
QFSDF[JPOJ .B DIF DPTB TPOP FTBUUBNFOUF MF QFSDF[JPOJ
$PNF QVÛ FTTFSF DIF FTJTUBOP BM WPTUSP mBODP VOB NPMUJUV
EJOF EJ SFBMUË DIF WFOHPOP EJċDJMNFOUF OPUBUF 7PJ TJB JOEJ
WJEVBMNFOUF DIF DPMMFUUJWBNFOUF QSPEVDFUF VOB GSFRVFO[B
WJCSB[JPOBMF DIF WJ DPMMPDB JO VOB TQFDJmDB SFBMUË VOB imSNBw
FOFSHFUJDB OPOmTJDB DIF EFmOJTDF NPNFOUP QFS NPNFOUP
MB WPTUSB OBUVSB QFSTPOBMF F EFMJOFB J QBSBNFUSJ EFMMB WPTUSB
FTQFSJFO[B UFSSFOB -B SFBMUË DIF QFSDFQJUF TJ GPOEB TV VOB
TFSJF EJ BDDPSEJ TUJQVMBUJ DPMMFUUJWBNFOUF B MJWFMMP EJ NBTTB
F MB WPTUSB WJUB QVÛ FTTFSF WJTUB DPNF VO WJBHHJP JOUJNP BMMB
TDPQFSUB EJ TF TUFTTJ JO RVFTUB NBTTJDDJB TUSVUUVSB EJ SFBMUË QFS
TQFSJNFOUBSF MF DSFEFO[F DIF BWFUF TDFMUP EJ WJWFSF *M NPEP
JO DVJ DBQJUF F JOUFSQSFUBUF MB WBTUB HBNNB EJ TFOTB[JPOJ F
EJ TUJNPMJ JO RVFTUP BNCJFOUF NVMUJTUSBUJmDBUP EFUFSNJOB
JM MJWFMMP EJ BVUPSFBMJ[[B[JPOF DIF TWJMVQQBUF -F WPTUSF QFS
DF[JPOJ P MB DBQBDJUË EJ JOUVJSF MF UBOUF TGBDDFUUBUVSF EFMMB
SFBMUË TJ TUBOOP SJTWFHMJBOEP F BHFOEP DPO VO BUUFHHJBNFOUP
NFOUBMF nFTTJCJMF F mEVDJPTP DSFTDFSBOOP F TCPDDFSBOOP DPO
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F BMJNFOUB VOB SFBMUË NPMUP QJá HSBOEF EJ RVFMMB DIF BM
NPNFOUP QFSDFQJUF -B UFMFQBUJB Ò VOB GPSNB OBUVSBMF EJ
DPNVOJDB[JPOF DIF TJ CBTB TVMMF USBTNJTTJPOJ EJ GSFRVFO[F F
DIF Ò JOTJUB JO UVUUF MF GPSNF EJ FOFSHJB B RVFTUP MJWFMMP HMJ
BDDPSEJ DPMMFUUJWJ QFS EFmOJSF MB OBUVSB EFMMB SFBMUË TPOP DPO
UJOVBNFOUF EJTDVTTJ F JODPOTDJBNFOUF SJDPOTJEFSBUJ BMMB WFMP
DJUË EFM QFOTJFSP -F WPTUSF DFMMVMF SJDFWPOP DPOUJOVBNFOUF
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19
EBUJ WBMVUBOP FMBCPSBOP F USBTNFUUPOP TFHOBMJ DIF DPOUFO
HPOP MB GSFRVFO[B EJ DJÛ DIF TJFUF EJTQPTUJ B TQFSJNFOUBSF
RVFTUF BUUJWJUË TPOP TWPMUF TFO[B TGPS[P F TFO[B DIF OF TJBUF
NJOJNBNFOUF DPOTBQFWPMJ " RVFTUP QVOUP EFMMB WPTUSB FWP
MV[JPOF TF WJ EPWFTUF JNQSPWWJTBNFOUF TQPTUBSF SJNBOFOEP
DPTDJFOUJ JO VOB WJUB NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF o EPWF WJUF QBSBMMFMF
QSFTFO[F DFMFTUJ F QPTTJCJMJ SFBMUË WJ BQQBSJTTFSP UVUUF JO VOB
WPMUB o QSPCBCJMNFOUF JM WPTUSP TJTUFNB TJ TPWSBDDBSJDIFSFCCF
F J WPTUSJ DJSDVJUJ TBMUFSFCCFSP
7PJ EPWFUF SBEJDBSWJ NPMUP OFM WPTUSP NPOEP USJEJNFO
TJPOBMF QFS JOUFHSBSF F DBQJSF HMJ JOOVNFSFWPMJ TFHOJ TJNCPMJ
F TJHOJmDBUJ EFMMF BMUSF SFBMUË 1SJNB EJ UVUUP EPWFUF BNBSF
F BDDFUUBSF WPJ TUFTTJ QFS DJÛ DIF TJFUF F RVFTUP OPO Ò VO
DPNQJUP GBDJMF 2VBOEP SJVTDJSFUF B HVBSEBSF WPJ TUFTTJ DPO
BNPSF DPOTJEFSBOEPWJ DPNF VOB WPTUSB TUFTTB DSFB[JPOF WJ
MJCFSFSFUF JNNFEJBUBNFOUF EBMMB USBODF DPMMFUUJWB EJ VOB WJUB
QSJWB EJ QPUFSF %PWFUF WJWFSF MB WPTUSB WJUB DPO DIJBSJ DPOmOJ
F MJNJUJ BQQMJDBOEP HSBOEF EJTDFSOJNFOUP F EJTDSJNJOB[JPOF
JOUFMMFUUVBMF B UVUUP DJÛ DIF JODPOUSBUF *OPMUSF EPWFUF JNQB
SBSF B FTQSJNFSF POFTUBNFOUF F BQFSUBNFOUF J WPTUSJ TFOUJ
NFOUJ QPOFOEP MFOGBTJ TVM WPTUSP WBMPSF NFOUSF JNQBSBUF B
TWJMVQQBSF BNPSF WFSP QFS DJÛ DIF TJFUF -JNJUB[JPOJ TDVTF
DPNQFUJ[JPOJ P JM EFTJEFSJP EJ FTTFSF RVBMDVO BMUSP OPO WJ
GBSBOOP BOEBSF EB OFTTVOB QBSUF EBMUSP DBOUP WJWFOEP VOB
WJUB DPO QPDIJ DPOmOJ TJ DPSSF JM SJTDIJP EJ FTTFSF JOWBTJ EB
TPHHFUUJ QSPWFOJFOUJ EB RVFTUB F EB BMUSF EJNFOTJPOJ 0DDPSSF
QSJNB JNQBSBSF B GBS UFTPSP EFMMB WPTUSB GPSNB VNBOB UFOFO
EPMB JO HSBOEF DPOTJEFSB[JPOF EPQP EJ DIF QPUFUF JOJ[JBSF B
JOUFOTJmDBSF MF WPTUSF QFSDF[JPOJ DPNJODJBOEP B FTQMPSBSF MB
SFUF EFMMFTJTUFO[B QPSUBOEP MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF TVM HSBOEF
nVTTP WJUBMF EJ FOFSHJB TPTUFOUBUSJDF DIF BMJNFOUB JM WPTUSP
NPOEP
1FS FTQBOEFSF MPSJ[[POUF EFMMF WPTUSF DSFEFO[F QSPJFU
UBUF MB NFOUF F JNNBHJOBUF EJ FTTFSF DPOOFTTJ B VO OFUXPSL
EJOUFMMJHFO[B DPTNJDB RVFTUB JOUFMMJHFO[B DJ DJSDPOEB DPOUJ
OVBNFOUF FE Ò QSPGPOEBNFOUF JNNFSTB OFMMFTQMPSB[JPOF EFJ
QPUFO[JBMJ F EFMMF QFSDF[JPOJ BUUSBWFSTP VO HJPDP EJ DPTDJFO[B
DPJOWPMHFOUF F CFOFWPMP %PQP BWFS MFUUP RVFTUF QBSPMF
20
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DIJVEFUF QFS BMDVOJ JTUBOUJ HMJ PDDIJ SJMBTTBUFWJ F QFSNFU
UFUFWJ EJ TFOUJSF WFSBNFOUF MF QSPGPOEF QPTTJCJMJUË FTQSFTTF
DPO RVFTUP DPODFUUP 2VBOEP BQSJSFUF EJ OVPWP HMJ PDDIJ
SJQPSUBOEP MBUUFO[JPOF TVM RVJ F PSB QSPQPOFUFWJ EJ TFSCBSF
JM TVDDP EFMMB WPTUSB FTQFSJFO[B DPHMJFOEP PHOJ JNNBHJOF P
TJNCPMP DIF MB WPTUSB JNNBHJOB[JPOF WJ IB GPSOJUP -B WPTUSB
JNNBHJOB[JPOF Ò VO JNQPSUBOUF TUSVNFOUP QFS SJDPOPTDFSF
FE FTQMPSBSF JM SFHOP JOWJTJCJMF OPOmTJDP DIF TJ JOUFSTFDB
DPO JM NPOEP mTJDP EFMMB NBUFSJB "M HJPSOP EPHHJ MBTQFUUP
EFMMJNNBHJOB[JPOF Ò JHOPSBUP B DBVTB EJ VOB MVOHB FE Fċ
DBDF DBNQBHOB EJ DPOUSPMMP DIF IB HFOFSBUP VOJNNFOTB
TmEVDJB F UBOUJ TPTQFUUJ OFJ DPOGSPOUJ EFM QPUFSF EFM DPSQP F
EFMMF TVF DBQBDJUË 4BQQJBUF DIF HMJ JOWJTJCJMJ SFHOJ OPOmTJDJ F
JM NPOEP mTJDP TPOP UVUUJ BTQFUUJ EJ VOVOJDB SFBMUË *O PHOJ
NPNFOUP MB WPTUSB DPTDJFO[B GVO[JPOB OFMMB SFBMUË TJB mTJDB
DIF OPOmTJDB DPO HSB[JB F TFNQMJDJUË 4JFUF OBUJ DPO RVFTUB
BUUJUVEJOF FQQVSF WJ IBOOP GBUUP DSFEFSF JO MJNJUB[JPOJ GBTVMMF
F B OPO BWFS mEVDJB OFM WPTUSP TBQFSF JOUFSJPSF * QSPHFUUJ
SFMBUJWJ BM DPOEJ[JPOBNFOUP F BM DPOUSPMMP EFMMB QTJDIF VNBOB
IBOOP PSJHJOF JO UFNQJ SFNPUJ F NPMUF JEFF MJNJUBOUJ TVMMB
OBUVSB EFMMVPNP F EFMMB SFBMUË TPOP TUBUF DPEJmDBUF F QSPGPO
EBNFOUF DPOTPMJEBUF BMMJOUFSOP EFMMB WPTUSB FSFEJUË HFOFUJDB
F TPOP TUBUJ USBTNFTTJ EJ HFOFSB[JPOF JO HFOFSB[JPOF TFO[B DIF
GPTTFSP NFTTJ JO EJTDVTTJPOF MB MPSP WBMJEJUË F JM MPSP TDPQP
*O PHOJ NPNFOUP MB WPTUSB DPTDJFO[B GVO[JPOB OFMMB SFBMUË TJB
mTJDB DIF OPOmTJDB DPO HSB[JB F TFNQMJDJUË
-B OBUVSB EJ PHOJ SFBMUË QVÛ TFNCSBSF EJTUJOUB F TFQBSBUB
EB UVUUF MF BMUSF OPOPTUBOUF UVUUJ HMJ BTQFUUJ EFMMFTJTUFO[B TJBOP
JOUFSDPOOFTTJ BUUSBWFSTP MB QFSWBTJWJUË EFMMFOFSHJB EFMMB GPS[B
WJUBMF 5VUUF MF SFBMUË NBOJGFTUBOP MB DBQBDJUË EJ DPMMFHBSTJ B VO
OFUXPSL EJOUFMMJHFO[B JOUFSBUUJWB QSFTFOUF EFOUSP F JOUPSOP
J DPOmOJ TQB[JPUFNQPSBMJ DIF BM NPNFOUP QFSDFQJUF /FM
WPTUSP TQB[JP F UFNQP MF QFSDF[JPOJ VNBOF TUBOOP HSBEVBM
NFOUF BEBUUBOEPTJ BMMFOPSNF USBTGPSNB[JPOF EJ DPTDJFO[B
OFDFTTBSJB QFS SJTUBCJMJSF JM DPMMFHBNFOUP VNBOP DPO M*OUFM
MJHFO[B $PTNJDB .BO NBOP DIF MB WPTUSB DPTDJFO[B TJ BQSJSË
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21
BMMF RVBMJUË NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJ EFMMFTJTUFO[B JNQBSFSFUF B
SBDDPHMJFSF DPOTBQFWPMF[[B EB BMUSJ TQB[J USBTGFSFOEPMB OFMMB
WPTUSB SFBMUË USJEJNFOTJPOBMF QFS NJHMJPSBSF F HVBSJSF MB WPTUSB
TUFTTB WJUB 1PJDIÏ MF WPTUSF SFBMJ[[B[JPOJ QFSTPOBMJ IBOOP VO
QSPGPOEP FĊFUUP TVMMB DPTDJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB OFM iJEFBMF EJWFO
UBUP SFBMFw WPJ F JM WPTUSP NPOEP BTTJTUFSFUF B VO mPSJSF EJ
OVPWF JEFF F TBSFUF GPSUFNFOUF JTQJSBUJ B DSFBSF VOB OVPWB
WJTJPOF EFMMP TDPQP EFMMB WJUB
2VBOEP DBNCJBUF MBUUFHHJBNFOUP DBNCJBUF BODIF MB
WPTUSB WJUB QFSTPOBMF F DPMMFUUJWB *O UVUUP JM NPOEP DÒ TFN
QSF QJá HFOUF DIF TUB QSFOEFOEP DPTDJFO[B EFMMB OFDFTTJUË EJ
SJQPSUBSF MBUUFO[JPOF NPOEJBMF TV POFTUË F JOUFHSJUË EBOEP
QSJNBSJB JNQPSUBO[B BM WBMPSF EFMMB QBDF BMMB DVSB QFS MB
5FSSB F BM QSPGPOEP SJTQFUUP QFS UVUUF MF TVF DSFBUVSF .BO
NBOP DIF MB WJCSB[JPOF EFMMB DPTDJFO[B EJ NBTTB TJ FTQBOEF
F NBUVSB TJ BWSË NBHHJPSF TMBODJP F BUUFO[JPOF WFSTP RVFTUJ
JEFBMJ -B 5FSSB QVÛ TFOUJSF RVFTUJ DBNCJBNFOUJ VO FMFWBUP
TUBUP EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B OFMMB DPTDJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB EFM HFOFSF
VNBOP TUJNPMB MB 5FSSB B TCMPDDBSF F B SJMBTDJBSF VOB RVBOUJUË
NBHHJPSF EJ WJDFOEF TUPSJDIF PSNBJ DPODMVTF JNNBHB[[JOBUF
EFOUSP JM TVP FTTFSF 0HOJ WPMUB DIF TJFUF EJTQPTUJ B DPOPTDFSF
F BĊSPOUBSF MF WPTUSF WFSJUË QFSTPOBMJ DPOUSJCVJUF BMMB DPTUSV
[JPOF EFMMB GSFRVFO[B EJ DPTDJFO[B OFDFTTBSJB B SJWFMBSF F SJMB
TDJBSF MF WFSJUË EFMMB TUPSJB VNBOB 4WJMVQQBSF VOB DPTDJFO[B
TQJSJUVBMF GB BQSJSF J DIJBWJTUFMMJ EFMMBSDIFPMPHJB EFMMB 5FSSB F
DJÛ Ò EJNQPSUBO[B GPOEBNFOUBMF QFS DPNQSFOEFSF JM WPTUSP
CFOFTTFSF QBTTBUP QSFTFOUF F GVUVSP
4PUUJMJ GPS[F DPTNJDIF TUBOOP GPSUFNFOUF TUJNPMBOEP MB
NFOUF VNBOB BM mOF EJ BUUJWBSF VO OVPWP UJQP EJ DPTDJFO[B
F BODIF TF BMDVOJ TUBOOP JOJ[JBOEP TPMP PSB BE BUUJOHFSF
BHMJ TUSBPSEJOBSJ QPUFO[JBMJ EFMMFTQSFTTJPOF DSFBUJWB DIF WJ
BUUFOEPOP NJMJPOJ EJ QFSTPOF TPOP HJË CFO BWWJBUF WFSTP
MFTQMPSB[JPOF EJ RVFTUJ QPUFO[JBMJ DIF BSSJDDIJTDPOP MB WJUB
5BMWPMUB MB HFOUF IB QBVSB EFMMB WFSJUË F MBTQFUUP NVMUJEJ
NFOTJPOBMF EFMMB USBTGPSNB[JPOF TFNCSB TDVPUFSF MVNBOJUË
mO OFM QSPGPOEP *O UVUUP JM NPOEP TJ TUB OPUBOEP JO DJFMP VO
DPOTJEFSFWPMF BVNFOUP EJ TUSBOF FOFSHJF F BUUJWJUË *M WPTUSP
NPOEP IB TFNQSF DPOEJWJTP UFNQP F TQB[JP DPO JOWJTJCJMJ
22
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SFBMUË QBSBMMFMF FTTFSJ JOUFSEJNFOTJPOBMJ FYUSBUFSSFTUSJ F VMUSB
EJNFOTJPOBMJ PDDVQBOP BMUSF SFBMUË DIF QPTTPOP JOUFSBHJSF FE
FOUSBSF JO DPOUBUUP DPO MB WPTUSB &TTFSJ CFOFWPMJ UFOHPOP
DPTUBOUFNFOUF JM MPSP THVBSEP BUUFOUP TVM WPTUSP NPOEP UVU
UBWJB DÒ BODIF VOJOnVFO[B NPMUP GPSUF F NBSDBUB EB QBSUF
EJ VO JOTJFNF EJ FOFSHJF DIF OPO IBOOP B DVPSF J WPTUSJ JOUF
SFTTJ -BOUJDP EFUUP iDPNF JO BMUP DPTÖ JO CBTTPw Ò VOB WFSJUË
DIF EFMJOFB QJá TJUVB[JPOJ F BWWFOJNFOUJ EJ RVBOUP QPTTJBUF
BM NPNFOUP DPNQSFOEFSF -F FOFSHJF JOWJTJCJMJ QSPWFOJFOUJ
EB BMUSF SFBMUË TPOP OBUVSBMNFOUF BUUSBUUF EB WPJ F EBM WPTUSP
NPOEP F MF WJCSB[JPOJ EFMMF JOUFO[JPOJ F EFJ QFOTJFSJ DIF QSP
EVDFUF EFUFSNJOFSBOOP MB RVBMJUË F JM UJQP EJ JOUFSB[JPOF DIF
TQFSJNFOUFSFUF DPO MPSP
-B SFBMUË Ò DPTUSVJUB OFMMB NFOUF $IJ UFOUB EJ JNQBESPOJSTJ P TJHJM
MBSF MB WPTUSB NFOUF MP TB F DPOTFSWB EB MVOHP UFNQP RVFTUJ TFHSFUJ
1FS NPMUJ NJMMFOOJ J QPQPMJ EFMMB 5FSSB IBOOP DPOUJOVBUP
B DSFBSF MB MPSP FTQFSJFO[B BUUSBWFSTP MPNJTTJPOF F MB OFHMJ
HFO[B 1FOTJFSJ F TFOTB[JPOJ QBSPMF F JEFF DFSDBOP DPOUJOVB
NFOUF EJ BUUSBSSF DJÛ DIF Ò B MPSP TJNJMF 1FS QSPEVSSF SJTVMUBUJ
FċDBDJ F EFTJEFSBCJMJ J QFOTJFSJ EFWPOP FTTFSF DIJBSBNFOUF
GPDBMJ[[BUJ F JOEJSJ[[BUJ WFSTP MB NFUB EFTJEFSBUB -B NFTTB JO
QSBUJDB EJ RVFTUB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B Ò VO QVOUP DIJBWF OFMMJOJ
[JB[JPOF EFM HFOFSF VNBOP B VOP TUBUP TVQFSJPSF EJ DPTDJFO[B
-B WBTUB F UVNVMUVPTB USBTGPSNB[JPOF EFM WPTUSP QJBOFUB PĊSF
OVNFSPTF PQQPSUVOJUË EJ WFEFSF MB SFBMUË TPUUP VOB OVPWB
MVDF QFSNFUUFOEPWJ EJ SBHHJVOHFSF OVPWJ MJWFMMJ EJ DPNQSFO
TJPOF QFSTPOBMF F BQQMJDBSF OVPWJ DPODFUUJ EJ SFBMUË BMMB WPTUSB
WJUB .FOUJ CSJMMBOUJ CBM[BUF GVPSJ EBM CPY EFMMF DFOTVSF EFJ
EPHNJ F EFMMB USBEJ[JPOF TPOP FOUVTJBTUJDBNFOUF EBDDPSEP
TVM GBUUP DIF JM QFOTJFSP DPOEJ[JPOB F PHHFUUJWJ[[B MP TQB[JP
.JMJPOJ EJ QFSTPOF IBOOP QSPWBUP B TF TUFTTF DIF JM QFO
TJFSP DSFB MB SFBMUË VTBOEP MJOUVJ[JPOF QFS BUUJOHFSF BMMF FOFS
HJF JOWJTJCJMJ F OPOmTJDIF DIF QFSNFBOP JM UFNQP MP TQB[JP F
MJOUFSB FTJTUFO[B -B SFBMUË Ò DPTUSVJUB OFMMB NFOUF $IJ UFOUB
EJ JNQBESPOJSTJ P TJHJMMBSF MB WPTUSB NFOUF MP TB F DPOTFSWB
EB MVOHP UFNQP RVFTUJ TFHSFUJ /FMMF WPTUSF TDVPMF OPO WJFOF
-B SFBMUË NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF F JM EJTFHOP EFMMFTJTUFO[B
23
JOTFHOBUP JM TBQFSF DIF SFOEF MJCFSJ 4JFUF EJTUPMUJ EBMMB WFSJUË
RVJOEJ OPO DJ NFSBWJHMJBNP DIF MB RVFTUJPOF QJá JNQPSUBOUF
DIF FNFSHF JO DPTÖ UBOUF WJUF SJHVBSEJ MFTQSFTTJWJUË SFQSFTTB
o GPOEBNFOUBMNFOUF UVUUP RVFTUP BJVUB B HVBSJSF JM TFOTP
EJ QBVSB EJ QPTTFEFSF VOB QSPQSJB WFSJUË TV TDBMB QFSTPOBMF
NPOEJBMF F HBMBUUJDB
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HMJ JODSFEVMJ F HMJ TDFUUJDJ UFOFOEPMJ JO DPOTJEFSB[JPOF F QSF
NJBOEPMJ QFS MF MPSP QSFPDDVQBOUJ TQFDVMB[JPOJ *OPMUSF QFS
VOBOUJDB F SBEJDBUB QBVSB EFM DPSQP F EFMMB TVB TBHHF[[B MB
HFOUF OPO SJFTDF QJá B SJDPOPTDFSF MB EJĊFSFO[B USB DJÛ DIF
WJFOF MPSP QBTTBUP DPNF WFSJUË F DJÛ DIF QFS MPSP Ò MPHJDP
2VFTUP SJmVUP DPMMFUUJWP EFM QSPQSJP TFOUJSF IB PSB SBHHJVOUP
VOB NBTTB DSJUJDB FE FSF EJ TDPSJF UPTTJDIF TDBUVSJUF EB QSP
DFTTJ FNP[JPOBMJ TUBOOP SJTBMFOEP BMMB TVQFSmDJF QFS FTTFSF
JEFOUJmDBUF F BHFWPMNFOUF SJMBTDJBUF %B VOB QSPTQFUUJWB QJá
BNQJB J QPQPMJ EFMMB 5FSSB TJ TUBOOP SJQSFOEFOEP EB VOP TUBUP
TJNJMF B VOBNOFTJB DBVTBUB EB TIPDL VOP TIPDL DPMMFUUJWP
DIF IB CMPDDBUP MBČVTTP EFMMB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B TQJSJUVBMF OFM
HFOPNB VNBOP & NFOUSF QFS NPMUJ TUB EJWFOUBOEP TFNQSF
QJá PWWJP DIF iTFJ UV B DSFBSF MB UVB SFBMUËw MB TUSBHSBOEF NBH
HJPSBO[B EFHMJ FTTFSJ VNBOJ TJ EFWF BODPSB SJTWFHMJBSF EBMMB
USBODF JODPOTDJBNFOUF JOEPUUB EBMMB NBODBO[B EJ QPUFSF DIF
FTTJ TUFTTJ IBOOP WPMPOUBSJBNFOUF BDDFUUBUP
-BOUJDB CBUUBHMJB GSB TDJFO[B F SFMJHJPOF TVM EJSJUUP FTDMV
TJWP EJ EFmOJSF MB SFBMUË TUB SBHHJVOHFOEP VO BQQSPQSJBUP
QVOUP EJ DSJTJ F QSPCBCJMNFOUF BWFUF HJË BĊSPOUBUP RVFTUP
UJQP EJ TJUVB[JPOF JO BMUSJ UFNQJ F MVPHIJ %BUJ HFPMPHJDJ
PĊSPOP BNQJB QSPWB DIF NJHMJBJB EJ BOOJ GB DJ TPOP TUBUF
FTQMPTJPOJ OVDMFBSJ DIF IBOOP EJTUSVUUP JOUFSF DJWJMUË 5FTUJ
SFMJHJPTJ PSJFOUBMJ GBOOP SJGFSJNFOUP B HSBOEJ HVFSSF OFJ DJFMJ
DIF DBVTBSPOP EJTUSV[JPOF TVMMB 5FSSB 4PmTUJDBUJ NBOVGBUUJ F
TDIFMFUSJ JOTPMJUJ TPOP TUBUJ QFS TFDPMJ TFQPMUJ EB TUSBUJ EJ SPDDJB
DIF EBUBOP NJMJPOJ F QFSTJOP NJMJBSEJ EJ BOOJ *M QBTTBUP Ò
TUBUP SJQVMJUP DPOUSPMMBUP F DBODFMMBUP 2VFMMP DIF JNQBSBUF
B TDVPMB TVMMB TUPSJB EFMMB 5FSSB EJQJOHF VO RVBESP EJ DBPT
F DBTVBMJUË EJ HFOUF JHOPSBOUF F DPTUBOUFNFOUF JO QFSJDPMP
EJ WJUB 2VFTUF TQJFHB[JPOJ TPOP FOUSBUF B GBS QBSUF EJ VO
24
$BQJUPMP 6OP
QFOTJFSP DIF GPOEBNFOUBMNFOUF BCCSBDDJB J DPODFUUJ EJ NBO
DBO[B EJ QPUFSF F WJUUJNJTNP QSPQSJP JM NPEP JO DVJ WFOJUF
VċDJBMNFOUF JODPSBHHJBUJ B JOUFSQSFUBSF MJOUFSB FTJTUFO[B
1PSUBUB BMMFTUSFNP QFSTJOP MB OBUVSB Ò WJTUB DPNF VO QPUFO
[JBMF OFNJDP o VOB GPS[B JNQSFWFEJCJMF F WPMVCJMF TV DVJ OPO
BWFUF BMDVOB JOnVFO[B o JOWFDF EJ FTTFSF WJTUB DPNF VOFTUFO
TJPOF F VOB NBOJGFTUB[JPOF EFMMB DPTDJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB
1FS TUBS CFOF F QSPTQFSBSF EPWFUF WFSBNFOUF BCCSBDDJBSF F EBSF FOFS
HJB BM DPODFUUP DIF JM WPTUSP WFJDPMP mTJDP IB VO JOFTUJNBCJMF WBMPSF
2VFTUJ UFNQJ EJ DBNCJBNFOUP JNQMJDBOP VOB SBQJEB
FNFSTJPOF EB VOFSB EJ JHOPSBO[B MJCFSBOEPWJ EB VO WFDDIJP
JODBOUFTJNP JO BUUP EB NJHMJBJB EBOOJ 1FS TUBS CFOF F QSPTQF
SBSF EPWFUF WFSBNFOUF BCCSBDDJBSF F EBSF FOFSHJB BM DPODFUUP
DIF JM WPTUSP WFJDPMP mTJDP o JM DPSQP DIF PDDVQBUF o IB VO
JOFTUJNBCJMF WBMPSF %PWFUF BDDFUUBSF JM WPTUSP WBMPSF QFSTPOBMF
F BWFSF MB WPMPOUË EJ SJVTDJSF B TFOUJSF VO TJODFSP BNPSF F VO
QSPGPOEP BQQSF[[BNFOUP QFS DJÛ DIF TJFUF o RVFTUB Ò MB DIJBWF
FTTFO[JBMF DIF BQSF MF QPSUF EFM DBNCJBNFOUP F DIF BUUSBF MF
NJHMJPSJ FTQFSJFO[F DIF MB WJUB IB EB PĊSJSWJ -BNPSF DIF DFS
DBUF EBHMJ BMUSJ EFWF FTTFSF HFOFSBUP EB WPJ QFS WPJ 2VBOEP
TFOUJUF BNPSF QVSP F TJODFSP QFS WPJ TUFTTJ WJ DPOOFUUFUF F
DPOUSJCVJUF BMMFOFSHJB EFMMB GPS[B WJUBMF DIF TPTUJFOF UVUUB MFTJ
TUFO[B Ò RVFTUP JM HSBOEF EPOP DIF BWFUF EB PĊSJSF BM NPOEP
o MB WPTUSB QFSTPOBMF WFSTJPOF EFMMB GSFRVFO[B EFMMBNPSF 1FS
DPMUJWBSF VOB SFMB[JPOF BĊFUUVPTB DPO WPJ TUFTTJ QSFOEFUFWJ
EFM UFNQP PHOJ HJPSOP o NBUUJOB F TFSB o QFS TFEFSWJ P TUBSF
JO QJFEJ EBWBOUJ B VOP TQFDDIJP QFS DJORVF P EJFDJ NJOVUJ JO
VO JOUJNP JODPOUSP B RVBUUSPDDIJ DPO WPJ TUFTTJ 'JTTBUFWJ GFS
NBNFOUF OFHMJ PDDIJ F NBOUFOFOEP JM DPOUBUUP WJTJWP BQSJUF
JM DVPSF F EJUFWJ DIF WJ BNBUF 3JQFUFUF MB GSBTF i*P UJ BNPw
BE BMUB WPDF NFOUSF DPOUJOVBUF B HVBSEBSF QSPGPOEBNFOUF JM
SJnFTTP EFJ WPTUSJ PDDIJ OFMMP TQFDDIJP (VBSEBUF MF QVQJMMF F MF
JSJEJ F QFSNFUUFUF B RVBMTJBTJ TFOTB[JPOF DIF MF QBSPMF QPSUBOP
BMMB TVQFSmDJF EJ nVJSF TVM WPTUSP DPSQP DPNF DBMEJ SBHHJ TPMBSJ
DIF EBO[BOP BUUSBWFSTP MB QSPGPOEJUË EFMMB GPSFTUB .FOUSF
QSBUJDBUF RVFTUP FTFSDJ[JP PTTFSWBUF BODIF MF WPTUSF B[JPOJ F
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25
SFB[JPOJ BM NFTTBHHJP EBNPSF $J TPOP EJWFSTF WPTUSF WFSTJPOJ
DIF BQQBJPOP OFMMP TQFDDIJP 4PSSJEFUF $Ò RVBMDPTB DIF WJ
GB EJTUPHMJFSF MP THVBSEP $Ò VOB QBSUF EJ WPJ DIF OPO BDDFUUB
MBNPSF $IF DPTB GB JM WPTUSP DPSQP $PNQBJPOP MBDSJNF DIF
TDJPMHPOP J TJHJMMJ EFJ WPTUSJ SJDPSEJ 5SBUUFOFUF JM SFTQJSP P GBUF
MVOHIJ F QSPGPOEJ SFTQJSJ $PNF WJ TFOUJUF RVBOEP WJ QSFOEFUF
WPMVUBNFOUF EFM UFNQP QFS EJSWJ DIF WJ BNBUF
/FM DPSTP EFMMB WJUB QPUSFUF JNQBSBSF B VTBSF MB NFOUF
JO VOB NPMUJUVEJOF EJ NPEJ QFS FTFNQJP QPUFUF QSBUJDBSF
EFHMJ FTFSDJ[J NFOUBMJ F QPJ PTTFSWBSF F SJnFUUFSF TVMMF SJTQPTUF
SJDFWVUF DJÛ SJWFMFSË B WPJ TUFTTJ J NJTUFSJ EFM WPTUSP TUFTTP
QFOTJFSP .PMUF PQQPSUVOJUË EBMMF NJMMF TGBDDFUUBUVSF TPOP JO
BUUFTB EJ NBUFSJBMJ[[BSTJ F GBDFOEP VO MBWPSP EJ DPOTBQFWP
MF[[B F JNQBSBOEP BE BWFSF mEVDJB JO TF TUFTTJ J UFNQJ B WFOJSF
WJ PĊSJSBOOP FTQFSJFO[F VOJDIF DIF NJHMJPSFSBOOP MF WPTUSF
QFSDF[JPOJ EFMMB SFBMUË 2VFTUF OVPWF QFSDF[JPOJ TPTUFOHPOP
MB WJUB EBOOP VO TFOTP EJ QBDF F QPSUBOP HVBSJHJPOF F TPOP
USBTNFTTF FOFSHFUJDBNFOUF EB DPSQP DFMFTUF B DPSQP DFMFTUF F
EB DFMMVMB B DFMMVMB $PNF FTTFSJ VNBOJ TUBUF TVCFOEP VOB
NBTTJDDJB SJTUSVUUVSB[JPOF EFMMB QTJDIF BċODIÏ EJWFOUJBUF QJá
DPOTDJBNFOUF DPOTBQFWPMJ EJ WFSJUË JOUFSJPSJ QJá HSBOEJ F EB
QJPOJFSJ EFMMB QFSDF[JPOF Ò JNQFSBUJWP DIF WPJ DPNQSFOEJBUF
F BCCJBUF mEVDJB OFMMB WJUB DIF WPJ TUFTTJ DSFBUF
* EJĊVTJ BUUJ EJ HVFSSB F EJ DPOUSPMMP BUUVBMNFOUF JNQMF
NFOUBUJ EBJ MFBEFS NPOEJBMJ TPOP MB NBOJGFTUB[JPOF EFMMB
MPSP EJTQFSB[JPOF QFS BWFS QFSTP MB QSFTB TVMMVNBOJUË &TTJ
GBSBOOP RVBMTJBTJ DPTB QFS JNQFEJSWJ EJ QPSUBSF BUUFO[JPOF BM
WPTUSP QPUFSF QFSTPOBMF F SJTWFHMJBSMP $PMPSP DIF SJmVUBOP EJ
SJTWFHMJBSTJ BMJNFOUBOP DIJ MJ DPOUSPMMB µ VO WFDDIJP BDDPSEP
TFO[B BMDVO HJVEJ[JP 2VBOEP MB DPTDJFO[B TJ SJTWFHMJB OPO IB
CJTPHOP EJ DPOUSPMMPSJ /PO WJ QPTTJBNP PĊSJSF VOB HBSBO[JB
TVMMB SFBMJ[[BCJMJUË EFMMB WPTUSB SFBMUË 5VUUBWJB QPUFUF DFSUB
NFOUF DSFBSF MB WFSTJPOF EFM NPOEP DIF WPMFUF F QFS RVFTUB
JNQSFTB DÒ JO FĊFUUJ VO TVQQPSUP FOFSHFUJDP JMMJNJUBUP
*M WPTUSP NPOEP Ò TFNQSF TUBUP PTTFSWBUP F TUVEJBUP EB
NPMUJTTJNJ FTTFSJ PHOVOP DPO EJWFSTF JOUFO[JPOJ F QSPQP
TJUJ 5VUUBWJB JO HFOFSBMF EJ GSPOUF BMMBVNFOUBSF EFM DPO
USPMMP F EFMMBCVTP EJ QPUFSF BWFUF JM TPTUFHOP EJ DIJ DPNF
26
$BQJUPMP 6OP
OPJ DPNQSFOEF RVBOUP TJB DPNQMFTTP MBWPSBSF JOTJFNF DPO
EJHOJUË MBEEPWF DÒ VO NPUJWP F VO mOF 2VBOEP EFMMF GPSNF
EJ DPTDJFO[B TDFMHPOP EJ EJNFOUJDBSF OFHBSF EJTBUUJWBSF
F EJTQSF[[BSF JM QSPQSJP QPUFSF EJ DSFB[JPOF F DPOPTDFO[B
RVBOEP TWBMVUBOP JM MJCFSP QFOTJFSP BMMPSB EJWFOUBOP QBSUF
EFM ESBNNB F DJÛ GB MPSP TQFSJNFOUBSF VOFTJTUFO[B BQQBSFO
UFNFOUF DPOUSPMMBUB F EPNJOBUB EB BMUSJ *O UBM DBTP MF MF[JPOJ
F MF SFMBUJWF QSPCMFNBUJDIF SJHVBSEBOP MB QBVSB EFMMP TDPOP
TDJVUP MB QBVSB EJ DJÛ DIF TJ QFSDFQJTDF F MB QBVSB EJ FTTFSF
SFTQPOTBCJMJ EFMMB QSPQSJB WJUB /FM QSPDFTTP EJ TWJMVQQP EJ
VOB DPTDJFO[B RVFTUB UFSSJCJMF QBVSB EFM QSPQSJP QPUFSF QFS
TPOBMF Ò VO QBTTBHHJP OPSNBMF DJÛ OPOPTUBOUF MB EPNBOEB
GPOEBNFOUBMF Ò RVBOUP UFNQP EPWSË QBTTBSF QSJNB DIF WPJ
SJDPOPTDJBUF F BQQSF[[JBUF DJÛ DIF Ò WPTUSP QFS OBUVSB
* EJąVTJ BUUJ EJ HVFSSB F EJ DPOUSPMMP JNQMFNFOUBUJ BUUVBMNFOUF
EBJ MFBEFS NPOEJBMJ TPOP MB NBOJGFTUB[JPOF EFMMB MPSP EJTQFSB
[JPOF QFS BWFS QFSTP MB QSFTB TVMMVNBOJUË
µ UFNQP EJ VOJSF J QVOUJ (MJ FWFOUJ DIF WJWFUF TPOP BM
TFSWJ[JP EJ TDPQJ EBMMF NPMUF TUSBUJmDB[JPOJ F UVUUP EJQFOEF EBM
WPTUSP QVOUP EJ WJTUB 4JFUF EJTQPTUJ BE BDDFUUBSF MB SFTQPOTBCJ
MJUË EJ BNBSF WPJ TUFTTJ F MB 5FSSB JO VOP TUBUP EJ TBOP CFOFTTFSF
3JVTDJUF B JNNBHJOBSF VO DPNQJUP QJá JNQPSUBOUF EB BWWJBSF
F SFBMJ[[BSF JO RVFTUB WJUB -BTDFSFUF DIF VO EJTFHOP QJá HSBOEF
WJ TJB SJWFMBUP -B nFTTJCJMJUË NFOUBMF JNQMJDB VO OVPWP VTP
DSFBUJWP EFMMJNNBHJOB[JPOF QFS DPTUSVJSF MF GPOEBNFOUB EJ
VO QFOTJFSP DIF BCCJB VO JOUFOUP TFNQSF DIJBSP F DPTDJFOUF
-F EJċDPMUË OPO TFHOBMBOP JM GBMMJNFOUP -F TmEF BHV[[BOP
MJOHFHOP F TF BWFUF GFEF F mEVDJB F JNQBSBUF B nFUUFSWJ DPO
JM WFOUP EFM DBNCJBNFOUP QPUSFUF UJSBS GVPSJ JM NFHMJP EFMMF
WPTUSF DBQBDJUË 2VFTUP Ò JM NPNFOUP EJ NFUUFSF B QVOUP MF
WPTUSF DBQBDJUË mTJDIF NFOUBMJ TQJSJUVBMJ FE FNP[JPOBMJ F EJ
QSPWBSF B WPJ TUFTTJ F BM NPOEP JOUFSP DIF J WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ
NPEFMMBOP MFOFSHJB EFMMB GPS[B WJUBMF JOUPSOP B WPJ F DIF WPJ
TJFUF J DSFBUPSJ EFMMB WPTUSB FTQFSJFO[B
-B USBTGPSNB[JPOF EJ DPTDJFO[B DIF TUB JOWFTUFOEP JM QJB
OFUB Ò VOPQFSB NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF VOPSDIFTUSB[JPOF EBM
-B SFBMUË NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF F JM EJTFHOP EFMMFTJTUFO[B
27
TFOTP TVQSFNP DIF FTTFO[JBMNFOUF JNQMJDB VO BUUP EJ JOUSF
QJEP DPSBHHJP VO BDDPSEP GSB NPMUF SFBMUË QFS HVBSJSF MB
NFOUF F MP TQJSJUP EFMMVNBOJUË F UVUUP DJÛ DPO DVJ FTTF TPOP
DPOOFTTF %BM QVOUP EJ WJTUB EFM TJNVMUBOFP F TFNQSFFTQBOTP
iBEFTTPw VOFĊFUUJWB F UPUBMF HVBSJHJPOF JNQMJDB VOB SFJOUFS
QSFUB[JPOF DPNQBTTJPOFWPMF F VOB SJEFmOJ[JPOF EJ QFSTPOF
TQB[J UFNQJ FE FWFOUJ EBM QVOUP EJ WJTUB FOFSHFUJDP *M OVPWP
TFOTP DPNVOF DPODFSOF MFTTFSF DPOTBQFWPMJ DIF UVUUB MB WJUB Ò
JNQPSUBOUF F DIF PDDPSSF BWFSOF DVSB 7J SBDDPNBOEJBNP EJ
JOOBNPSBSWJ EJ WPJ TUFTTJ QPJDIÏ TJFUF VOB NJSBDPMPTB GPSNB
EJ DSFB[JPOF DBQBDF EJ NBOJGFTUBSF VOB NBHOJmDB F NBFTUPTB
WFSTJPOF EFMMFTJTUFO[B BUUSBWFSTP QFOTJFSJ QBSPMF F B[JPOJ
$FSDBUF JM TFOUJFSP DIF EË QJBDFSF F HJPJB EJ WJWFSF EPWF BUUSBS
SFUF FTQFSJFO[F EJ WJUB TJHOJmDBUJWF F JNQPSUBOUJ 4VQFSBUF
TFNQSF FOFSHFUJDBNFOUF MF WPTUSF FTQFSJFO[F "CCJBUF mEVDJB
OFMMB CFOFWPMFO[B EFMMFTJTUFO[B QFSDIÏ Ò EBWWFSP CFMMJTTJNB
0HOVOP EJ WPJ IB VOB QSPQSJB HFOUJMF[[B EBOJNP HSB[JB F TUJMF
QFSTPOBMF 6TBUFMJ 2VFTUP Ò VO UFNQP NPMUP GPSUVOBUP QFS
FTTFSF WJWJ FE FOUSFSË OFHMJ BOOBMJ EFMMB TUPSJB EJ SFJODBSOB[JPOJ
DFMFCSJ $IJTTË GPSTF OFM GVUVSP SBDDPOUFSFUF HSBOEJ TUPSJF TV
DPNF FSB WJWFSF TVMMB 5FSSB EVSBOUF MB HSBOEF JOUFOTJmDB[JPOF
EFMMFOFSHJB o VO JOUFSWBMMP EJ UFNQP EJ WFOUJDJORVF BOOJ
QJFOP EJ NJTUFSJ NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJ SJWFMBUJ GBUUP EJ NBFTUPTJ
NPNFOUJ DIF TQJDDBOP DPNF FUFSOJ NPOVNFOUJ EFHMJ BOOBMJ
EFM UFNQP 1SPQPOFUFWJ EJ BCCSBDDJBSF MB WFSB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B
F MB MJCFSUË DBSJ BNJDJ F TVMMB WJB EFM SJTWFHMJP QMBOFUBSJP TJBUF
TJDVSJ EJ GBSF JM NJHMJPS VTP EJ UVUUJ J WPTUSJ iBEFTTPw
28
$BQJUPMP %VF
ĖğĖģĘĚĒ Ė ėģĖĢĦĖğīĒ
Ħğ ğĦĠħĠ ĤġĒīĚĠ ģĚĔģĖĒĥĚħĠ ĕĖĝĝĒ ĞĖğĥĖ
5VUUP DJÛ DIF BDDBEF B MJWFMMP EJ SFBMUË BWWJFOF QFS VO DIJBSP
F TQFDJmDP TDPQP F OFM HJPDP EFM MJCFSP BSCJUSJP OVNFSPTJ
TUSBUJ EJ SFBMUË JOUFSDFUUBOP NPMUJTTJNJ TDPQJ 1FS SJTWFHMJBSTJ
B RVFTUB OVPWB DPNQSFOTJPOF EFMMB WJUB J QPQPMJ EFMMB 5FSSB
TUBOOP TVCFOEP VOB QSPGPOEB F OFDFTTBSJB USBTGPSNB[JPOF
EJ DPTDJFO[B $IJBNBSF MF EJċDPMUË EFMMB WJUB VO HJPDP QVÛ
TFNCSBSF GSJWPMP UVUUBWJB JO VO HJPDP DJ TPOP SFHPMF TDPQP
F HJPDBUPSJ %BMMB OPTUSB QSPTQFUUJWB MB WJUB Ò JM HJPDP QJá
HSBOEJPTP 4VMMB 5FSSB TJFUF HMPCBMNFOUF JNQFHOBUJ BE JNQB
SBSF DIF JM NPOEP mTJDP OPO Ò QSPQSJBNFOUF TPMJEP JTPMBUP
F VOJDP UVUUB MFTJTUFO[B Ò JOUFSSFMBUB UPUBMNFOUF DPOOFTTB
DPTDJFOUFNFOUF JOUFMMJHFOUF F BDDFTTJCJMF B UVUUJ -BOUJDP
NPUUP iDPOPTDJ UF TUFTTPw Ò VO TFNQMJDF F QSPGPOEP FUFSOP
JOTFHOBNFOUP DIF WJ DPOEVDF WFSTP VOB NJHMJPSF DPNQSFO
TJPOF EFM WPTUSP SBQQPSUP DPO MB SFBMUË -B SFBMUË USJEJNFO
TJPOBMF Ò QBSUF JOUSJOTFDB EFMMB HSBOEF SFUF EFMMB WJUB EFOTB
EJ DPOOFTTJPOJ F TJHOJmDBUJ DIF TPTUFOHPOP DPOUJOVBNFOUF
RVBMTJBTJ DPTB QPTTJBUF JODPOUSBSF P DSFBSF OFM NPOEP mTJDP
OFJ TPHOJ P OFMMF SFBMUË TJUVBUF BM EJ MË EFMMF WPTUSF PSEJOBSJF
QFSDF[JPOJ 1FS DPOPTDFSF WPJ TUFTTJ EPWFUF QFOFUSBSF QSPGPO
EBNFOUF JO RVFTUP OFUXPSL
-B GFEF Ò VO BUUP EJ mEVDJB F BċEBSF WPJ TUFTTJ BMMB CFMMF[[B
EFMMVOJWFSTP GPDBMJ[[B MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF BċODIÏ UBMF CFM
MF[[B QPTTB SFBMJ[[BSTJ OFMMB WPTUSB WJUB 1FS CFMMF[[B TJ JOUFOEF
VOP TUBUP P VO UFSSJUPSJP EFMMB DPTDJFO[B F OPO VOB WJB EJ GVHB
EBHMJ BTQFUUJ NFOP CFMMJ EFMMB WJUB /FM SJDPOPTDFSF JM CFOFWPMP
QPUFSF TVQFSJPSF EJ VO VOJWFSTP JOUFMMJHFOUF BODIF HMJ BTQFUUJ
EFMMB WJUB EB WPJ QFSDFQJUJ DPNF QPDP HSBEFWPMJ F JOEFTJEFSB
CJMJ QPTTPOP JODBSOBSF VOP TDPQP TVQFSJPSF 2VBOEP FTQBO
EFUF JM WPTUSP QFOTJFSP F EPNBOEBUF i1FSDIÏ w USBTNVUBUF JM
30
$BQJUPMP %VF
DPSTP EFMMB WPTUSB SFBMUË PHOJ WPMUB DIF DFSDBUF EJ SJTWFHMJBSF
F JMMVNJOBSF MB WPTUSB NFOUF VOB NJSJBEF EJ DPOOFTTJPOJ DPO
TWBSJBUF TGVNBUVSF EJ JOUFSQSFUB[JPOF DPNJODJBOP B NBOJGF
TUBSTJ OFMMB WPTUSB WJUB
.FEJB DPOUSPMMBUJ F DPSSPUUJ QJMPUBOP MBUUFO[JPOF EFMMF NBTTF USB
TNFUUFOEP DPTUBOUFNFOUF VOP TUBUP EJ DBPT
-B WJUB WB BĊSPOUBUB DPO BUUFO[JPOF F QSPCBCJMNFOUF WJ
SJDPSEBUF RVBOUF WPMUF OFM DPSTP EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB WJ Ò TUBUP
EFUUP wGBJ BUUFO[JPOFw B RVFTUP P B RVFMMP -BUUFO[JPOF Ò DPO
TBQFWPMF[[B NFOUF TWFHMJB F DPTDJFO[B WJHJMF -BUUFO[JPOF Ò
FOFSHJB 0HOVOP EJ WPJ IB MB MJCFSUË EJ QPSSF MB TVB BUUFO
[JPOF EPWF SJUJFOF PQQPSUVOP F EJQFOEF TPMP EB WPJ MB TDFMUB
EJ TWJMVQQBSF P JHOPSBSF MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF 1FS BWFSF VOB
NBHHJPSF DPOTBQFWPMF[[B EJ TF TUFTTJ PDDPSSF BWFSF QBESP
OBO[B EFMMB QSPQSJB BUUFO[JPOF JNQBSBSF B GBSOF UFTPSP F B
WBMPSJ[[BSMB F BODPS QJá JNQPSUBOUF MB TJ EFWF VUJMJ[[BSF JO
NPEP BQQSPQSJBUP %B EFDFOOJ NFEJB DPOUSPMMBUJ F DPSSPUUJ
QJMPUBOP MBUUFO[JPOF EFMMF NBTTF USBTNFUUFOEP DPTUBOUFNFOUF
VOP TUBUP EJ DBPT WPMVUP TDFOFHHJBUP F BMMFTUJUP QFS QSPEVSSF
DPOGVTJPOF NFOUBMF F TUBODIF[[B 5SBTNFUUFSF PTTFTTJWBNFOUF
OPUJ[JF SJNBOFHHJBUF EJ FWFOUJ DBUBTUSPmDJ F JNQSFTTJPOBOUJ
DPO JNNBHJOJ EJ EJTQFSB[JPOF F EJTUSV[JPOF JOTJOVBUF SJQF
UVUBNFOUF OFMMB NFOUF EFHMJ TQFUUBUPSJ QFS GBWPSJSF MJOTPSHFSF
EJ TUBUJ EBOTJB Ò JO SFBMUË VOB GPSNB EJ HVFSSB QTJDPMPHJDB *
QPUFOUJ EFMMB 5FSSB HJPDBOP DPO WFSJUË F NF[[F WFSJUË TPUUFS
GVHJ F CVHJF QFS GBSWJ QFSEFSF MB TQFSBO[B F GBSWJ DSFEFSF DIF
Ò JOVUJMF GBSF RVBMDPTB OFM GBSMF QBTTBSF DPNF iOPUJ[JFw FTTJ
QPTTPOP QJMPUBSF MB WPTUSB WJUB
2VBOEP NJMJPOJ EJ QFSTPOF GPDBMJ[[BOP MB MPSP BUUFO[JPOF
TVMMBTDPMUBSF MF TUFTTF QBSPMF WFEFSF MF TUFTTF JNNBHJOJ F VEJSF
MF TUFTTF EFTDSJ[JPOJ TJ HFOFSBOP EFMMF JODSFEJCJMJ RVBOUJUË
EJ FOFSHJB DIF EBOOP WJUB BE JNQPOFOUJ GPSNFQFOTJFSP -F
GPSNFQFOTJFSP TPOP QSPHSBNNJ WJCSB[JPOBMJ DIF DPOUFO
HPOP JTUSV[JPOJ BċODIÏ VO UJQP EJ SFBMUË TJ NBOJGFTUJ * NFEJB
DBUUVSBOP MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF F QPJ QSPHSBNNBOP MB WPTUSB
JNNBHJOB[JPOF DBODFMMBOEP QSJODJQBMNFOUF JM WPTUSP JNQVMTP
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
31
DSFBUJWP VOJDP F JOEJTQFOTBCJMF QFS NBOJGFTUBSF MB WPTUSB SFBMUË
F BWFSF VOB NBHHJPSF DPOTBQFWPMF[[B EFM QSPQSJP TÏ 4JFUF TUBUJ
DPOEJ[JPOBUJ B DSFEFSF DIF UVUUP DJÛ DIF DÒ EB TBQFSF QVÛ FTTFSF
USPWBUP OFM NFSBWJHMJPTP NPOEP EFMMB iTDBUPMB FMFUUSPOJDBw DPO
MF TVF PĊFSUF EJ JOGPSNB[JPOJ F JOUSBUUFOJNFOUP 2VBOEP MF
iOPUJ[JFw QSPQFOEPOP WFSTP VO DPOUJOVP NFTTBHHJP EJ HVFSSB
TJ DSFB VOP TUBUP EJ EJTQFSB[JPOF F VO TFOTP EJOFMVUUBCJMJUË
&OUSBUF JO VOP TUBUP EJ QBSBMJTJ EFM WPTUSP QPUFSF QFSDIÏ WJ
DPOWJODFUF DIF MVOJDB SFBMUË Ò RVFMMB EFTDSJUUB F QSFTDSJUUB
EBMMB iTDBUPMBw -B SFBMUË Ò DSFBUB F QSPEPUUB EB DJBTDVOP EJ
WPJ TJOHPMBSNFOUF F DIJ DFSDB EJ DPOUSPMMBSF JM NPOEP WJ TUB
DFMBOEP RVFTUB JNQPSUBOUF DPOPTDFO[B
-B WPTUSB JNNBHJOB[JPOF Ò VO JNQBHBCJMF TUSVNFOUP VUJMF
B TWJMVQQBSF F B FTFSDJUBSF OFMMB WPTUSB WJUB MBUUFO[JPOF WFSTP
MB DSFB[JPOF EJ DJÛ DIF EFTJEFSBUF /FMMJNNBHJOB[JPOF UVUUJ
J QFOTJFSJ TPOP SFBMJ $PNF TFNQMJDF FTFSDJ[JP QFS QPUFO[JBSF
JM WPTUSP FTTFSF JNNBHJOBUF EJ TUBSF DPNPEBNFOUF TFEVUJ TV
VOB WFDDIJB QBODIJOB EJ QJFUSB JO VO CFMMJTTJNP BNCJFOUF
OBUVSBMF *M DJFMP CSJMMB EJ VO B[[VSSP QSPGPOEP JM 4PMF TQMFOEF
TV VO MPOUBOP PSJ[[POUF OPO DÒ OFTTVOP JOUPSOP B WPJ F
WJ TFOUJUF BM TJDVSP GFMJDJ F CFBUJ 3JMBTDJBOEP VO QSPGPOEP
TPTQJSP EJ TPEEJTGB[JPOF DIJVEFUF HMJ PDDIJ F SJMBTTBUFWJ RVF
TUP NPNFOUP Ò WPTUSP F TPMUBOUP WPTUSP F QPUFUF HPEFSWFMP JO
TBOUB QBDF %BMMB WPTUSB NFOUF BWFUF BMMPOUBOBUP QSFPDDVQB
[JPOJ F BĊBOOJ FE PSB WJ TFOUJUF GSFTDIJ F OVPWJ DPNF MB 5FSSB
EPQP VO DBMEP UFNQPSBMF FTUJWP * SBHHJ EFM 4PMF WJ BDDPM
HPOP DPNF VO WFDDIJP BNJDP mEBUP F WJ PĊSPOP VO DBMPSF
SBTTJDVSBOUF DIF QFOFUSB QSPGPOEBNFOUF OFM WPTUSP DPSQP *M
SFTQJSP Ò DBMNP F QSPGPOEP HSBEFWPMJ TVPOJ F QSPGVNJ EFMMB
OBUVSB TPMMFUJDBOP MF WPTUSF DFMMVMF MBTDJBOEPWJ DPO VO TFOTP
EJ JNNFOTB GBNJMJBSJUË "EFTTP TJFUF MJCFSJ EJ BCCBOEPOBSWJ
BM nVTTP EFM SJMBTTBNFOUP QSPGPOEP F B UVUUP DJÛ DIF RVFTUP
NPNFOUP IB EB PĊSJSWJ & NFOUSF JM WPTUSP DPSQP TJ SJMBTTB
TFNQSF QJá MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF TBSË MJCFSB EJ WBHBSF JO VO
OVPWP TQB[JP iSJDSFBUJWPw EFMMB NFOUF
"TDPMUBUF DPO MPSFDDIJP TJOJTUSP mOP B SBHHJVOHFSF J MPO
UBOJ TVPOJ EFMMB DBNQBHOB DJSDPTUBOUF F QPJ BMMP TUFTTP NPEP
BTDPMUBUF DPO MPSFDDIJP EFTUSP "MUFSOBUF MBTDPMUP EB TJOJTUSB
32
$BQJUPMP %VF
B EFTUSB F EB EFTUSB B TJOJTUSB 0SB BTDPMUBUF DPO FOUSBNCF MF
PSFDDIJF JOEJWJEVBOEP RVFM QBSUJDPMBSF QVOUP EJ FRVJMJCSJP
BDVTUJDP TJUVBUP BM DFOUSP EFM WPTUSP DFSWFMMP 7FEFUF MF DFMMVMF
EFM WPTUSP DPSQP GSFOFUJDBNFOUF JNQFHOBUF BE BTTPSCJSF MJO
UFOTB FOFSHJB WJUBMF EFM 4PMF
0SB SJGPDBMJ[[BUF MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF TV VOB EFMMF WPTUSF
DFMMVMF BEEFOUSBUFWJ JO FTTB QFS PTTFSWBSF QJá EB WJDJOP RVFM
DIF BDDBEF /PUBUF DPNF J DPNQPOFOUJ EFMMB DFMMVMB SJTQPO
EPOP BMMB MVDF OBUVSBMF F PTTFSWBUF MB SFMB[JPOF USB TQB[JP
F NBUFSJB 4F JO VOB DFMMVMB DJ TPOP BSFF EPWF MB MVDF OPO
HJVOHF SJQVMJUF MBSFB VTBOEP VO NPSCJEP QBOOP EJ TFUB DPMPS
PSP 2VBOEP MB DFMMVMB Ò DPNQMFUBNFOUF QVMJUB NBOEBUF VO
NFTTBHHJP B UVUUF MF DFMMVMF EFM WPTUSP DPSQP F DIJFEFUF MPSP
EJ BMMJOFBSTJ F TJODSPOJ[[BSTJ DPO MB QVSJmDB[JPOF DIF BWFUF
BQQFOB GBUUP "TDPMUBUF BUUFOUBNFOUF MB SJTQPTUB BMMB WPTUSB
SJDIJFTUB F TFOUJUF MF WPTUSF DFMMVMF EBO[BSF EJ HJPJB NFOUSF
TJ MBWBOP OFMMFOFSHJB WJUBMF USBTNFTTB EBJ SBHHJ TPMBSJ BTTPS
CFOEPMB QJFOBNFOUF 2VBOEP SJVTDJUF B QFSDFQJSF SFBMNFOUF
MB WJWBDJUË F MB WJUBMJUË EFMMF WPTUSF DFMMVMF JOWJBUF BNPSF TJO
DFSP JO PHOJ BOGSBUUP EFM WPTUSP DPSQP 3JMBTTBUFWJ JO RVFTUB
OBTDFOUF TFOTB[JPOF EBNPSF F EJ HSBOEF BQQSF[[BNFOUP QFS
DJÛ DIF WFSBNFOUF TJFUF
*NNBHJOBUF PSB MFOFSHJB EFMMB GPS[B WJUBMF DIF QSPSPNQF
EBM WPTUSP DPSQP B MJWFMMP DFMMVMBSF PTTFSWBUFMB NFOUSF TJ QSP
QBHB F TJ BNBMHBNB DPO MF FOFSHJF EFMMB 5FSSB *NNBHJOBUF
PSB EJ QPUFS QPSUBSF PWVORVF BOEJBUF RVFTUB FOFSHJB F MB DPO
TBQFWPMF[[B DIF WJ IB USBTNFTTP (JPDBUF DPO RVFTUB FOFSHJB
F EJSJHFUFMB WFSTP MB WFSTJPOF EJ SFBMUË DIF WJ QJBDFSFCCF TQFSJ
NFOUBSF & JOmOF TJBUF SBHJPOFWPMJ F HFOFSPTJ DPO MF WPTUSF
QPTTJCJMJUË F CFOFWPMJ DPO WPJ TUFTTJ
0SB SJGPDBMJ[[BUFWJ TVM WPTUSP SFTQJSP BDDFSUBOEPWJ EJ
BWFSMP BODPSB DBMNP F QSPGPOEP TJFUF TFNQSF TFEVUJ TVMMB
QBODIJOB EJ QJFUSB F OF QFSDFQJUF JM DBMPSF 1SJNB EJ BQSJSF
HMJ PDDIJ GPDBMJ[[BUF QFS BMDVOJ TFDPOEJ MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF
F DPOTBQFWPMF[[B QSPQSJP EJFUSP MF QBMQFCSF F QFSDFQJUF JM
QPUFSF EFM 4PMF DIF QFOFUSB QSPGPOEBNFOUF EFOUSP JM WPTUSP
DPSQP 0SB GBUF BMDVOJ SFTQJSJ MVOHIJ F QSPGPOEJ F QFOTBUF EJ
FTTFSF BQQFOB SJUPSOBUJ EB VO NFSBWJHMJPTP WJBHHJP 2VBOEP
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
33
BQSJUF HMJ PDDIJ PTTFSWBUF JM 4PMF SJTQMFOEFSF EJ VOB MVDF OVPWB
F QJá CSJMMBOUF
1PUFUF DSFBSF VO MVPHP EJ QPUFSF F EJ QBDF OFMMB WPTUSB
NFOUF JO RVBMTJBTJ NPNFOUP QPJDIÏ MB WPTUSB JNNBHJOB
[JPOF Ò TFNQSF BJ WPTUSJ PSEJOJ .PMUF DVMUVSF BOUJDIF TBQF
WBOP DIF J SBHHJ EFM 4PMF FSBOP DPEJmDBUJ DPO VO MJOHVBHHJP EJ
MVDF DIF USBTGFSJWB MF JOGPSNB[JPOJ EJSFUUBNFOUF BMMB NFOUF
JOnVFO[BOEPMB DPO JM TPUUJMF nVTTP EFMM*OUFMMJHFO[B $PTNJDB
4J DSFEFWB DIF J SBHHJ EFM 4PMF OVUSJTTFSP F TPTUFOFTTFSP JM
NPOEP BQSFOEP MF NFOUJ FE FTQBOEFOEP MF DPTDJFO[F JODMV
EFOEPWJ OVPWJ QVOUJ EJ WJTUB -B HFOUF TBQFWB DIF MB NFOUF
FSB VOP TUSVNFOUP QFS PSJFOUBSTJ OFMMF SFBMUË
µ FTTFO[JBMF DPNQSFOEFSF DIF HMJ BWWFOJNFOUJ EFM WPTUSP NPOEP
OPO TPOP JM SJTVMUBUP EJ B[JPOJ DBTVBMJ JOEJQFOEFOUJ GSB MPSP
-PQQPSUVOJUË EJ SJTWFHMJBSTJ FE FTQBOEFSF MB QSPQSJB
DPTDJFO[B Ò TFNQSF QSFTFOUF F BUUFOEF MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF
0HOJ NPNFOUP CSVMJDB EJ WJUBMJUË FE Ò SJDPMNP EFMMB QSFTFO[B
EFMM*OUFMMJHFO[B $PTNJDB 0TTFSWBSF F DPOTJEFSBSF VOB TJUVB
[JPOF EB EJWFSTJ QVOUJ EJ WJTUB FTQBOEF HMJ PSJ[[POUJ EFMMFTQF
SJFO[B F EFMMB DPNQSFOTJPOF FTBUUBNFOUF DPNF BE FTFNQJP
GBSF VO WJBHHJP JO &HJUUP QFS FTQMPSBSF EJ QFSTPOB MB (SBOEF
1JSBNJEF Ò JOmOJUBNFOUF QJá BĊBTDJOBOUF F SJDDP EJ TJHOJ
mDBUP DIF HVBSEBSOF VOB GPUPHSBmB %B VO DFSUP QVOUP EJ
WJTUB J MJWFMMJ BQQBSFOUFNFOUF DSFTDFOUJ EJ EJTPSEJOF F DBPT OFM
NPOEP TJ QPTTPOP BUUSJCVJSF BMMB SFDFOUF BDDFMFSB[JPOF EJ VO
QJBOP TFHSFUP B MVOHP UFSNJOF QFS DPOUSPMMBSF JM NPOEP QMB
TNBOEP F NBOJQPMBOEP MB NFOUF VNBOB 5VUUBWJB QSPQSJP
DPNF VOB GPUPHSBmB RVFTUP QVOUP EJ WJTUB Ò TFNQMJDFNFOUF
VOJTUBOUBOFB DIF DBUUVSB VO GPUPHSBNNB EJ VOB SFBMUË NPMUP
QJá DPNQMFTTB .PMUFQMJDJ QVOUJ EJ WJTUB DPOWFSHPOP QFS VO
mOF DPMMFUUJWP F RVBOEP WJ JOUFSSPHBUF TVJ iDPNF F QFSDIÏw
EFM NPOEP PEJFSOP EPWSFCCFSP FTTFSF QSFTF JO DPOTJEFSB
[JPOF MF JOUFO[JPOJ F MF FTQFSJFO[F EJ UVUUJ J QBSUFDJQBOUJ mTJDJ
F OPOmTJDJ %VSBOUF RVFTUP QFSJPEP EJ USBTGPSNB[JPOF JOOV
NFSFWPMJ QJBOJ JOTFSJUJ VOP EFOUSP MBMUSP UFTTPOP SBHOBUFMF
EJ BĊBTDJOBOUJ QPTTJCJMJUË 4JUVB[JPOJ F QFSTPOF DIF TFNCSBOP
34
$BQJUPMP %VF
MJNJUBSF F DPOUSPMMBSF MB WPTUSB SFBMUË QPTTPOP JOWFDF TFSWJSF J
WPTUSJ TDPQJ NB DJÛ EJQFOEFSË EBMMB WPTUSB JOUFSQSFUB[JPOF F
EBM WPTUSP QVOUP EJ WJTUB
-B TPMB WPMPOUË EJ DPOTJEFSBSF OVPWF JEFF F DPODFUUJ BQSF
MB NFOUF B OVPWJ TQB[J EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B µ FTTFO[JBMF DBQJSF
DIF HMJ BWWFOJNFOUJ EFM WPTUSP NPOEP OPO TPOP JM SJTVMUBUP
EJ B[JPOJ DBTVBMJ JOEJQFOEFOUJ GSB MPSP NB DIF UVUUP RVFTUP
BWWJFOF QFS VO VOJDP F QSFDJTP TDPQP -VNBOJUË Ò TPUUPQP
TUB B VO QSPGPOEP QSPDFTTP EJ SJTWFHMJP DIF MB TUB QPSUBOEP
B SJDPOTJEFSBSF JM TFOTP EFMMJOUFSB FTJTUFO[B 3JDPSEBUF J
NPNFOUJ JO DVJ MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF Ò TUBUB DBUUVSBUB EB VOB
TCBMPSEJUJWB TFSJF EJ JODSFEJCJMJ DPJODJEFO[F P EB VOB TFSJF
EJ BWWFOJNFOUJ DIF IBOOP DBNCJBUP MB WPTUSB WJUB *O UVUUP
JM DPTNP JM NPEFMMP EFMMFTJTUFO[B Ò QSPHFUUBUP TJB JO NPEP
JOUFSSFMBUP DIF MJCFSP EJ FTQBOEFSTJ F NPEJmDBSTJ &E BODIF
WPJ MP TJFUF * QBSBNFUSJ EFMMB SFBMUË B USF EJNFOTJPOJ TPOP
QBSUF EJ VOB SFBMUË QJá WBTUB DIF Ò QSPGPOEBNFOUF DPOOFTTB F
JOUFSSFMBUB DPO JM WPTUSP NPOEP -B DPTDJFO[B JO NPMUF GPSNF
F HSBOEF[[F TJ GPOEF QFS GPSNBSF MF DPTUSV[JPOJ EJ QFOTJFSP
F QFS TUJQVMBSF BDDPSEJ DPMMFUUJWJ DIF TPTUFOHPOP F TVQQPS
UBOP MB WPTUSB SFBMUË 7PJ USBFUF PSJHJOF EB RVFTUB DPTDJFO[B
DPMMFUUJWB BHJUF F WJ TWJMVQQBUF HSB[JF BE FTTB BĊSPOUBOEP F
SFBMJ[[BOEP iUVUUP DJÛ DIF Òw DPO PHOJ WPTUSP SFTQJSP F DPO
PHOJ WPTUSP QFOTJFSP
* QBSBNFUSJ EJ UVUUF MF DJWJMUË WFOHPOP QSJNB TPHOBUJ F
HFOFSBUJ OFM NPOEP EFJ SFBNJ TQJSJUVBMJ USBNJUF MJNNBHJOB
[JPOF DPMMFUUJWB EJ UVUUJ J QBSUFDJQBOUJ JO VOP TUBUP EJ SFBMUË
OPOmTJDB WJFOF DSFBUB VOB TUSVUUVSB EJ FOFSHJB DIF TVQQPSUB
F DPOUJFOF MJEFBMF DPMMFUUJWP -FOFSHJB EJTQPOJCJMF QFS RVFTUP
TDPQP QVÛ FTTFSF EJSFUUB QMBTNBUB F NPEFMMBUB JO RVBMTJBTJ
GPSNB FE Ò QPUFO[JBMNFOUF JMMJNJUBUB 0HOJ DJWJMUË WJFOF BMMB
MVDF DPO VOBNQJB WBSJFUË EJ JOUFOUJ F EJ QSPQPTJUJ CBTBUJ TV EFMMF
JOUFTF USB QSPHFUUJTUJ F DPTUSVUUPSJ /PO TJ OBTDF JO VO NPOEP
TFO[B DPOUSJCVJSF BM TVP QSPHFUUP F WPJ BUUSBWFSTP VO QSPDFTTP
EJ UFMFQBUJB DFMMVMBSF JOnVFO[BUF F JOUFSBHJUF DPOUJOVBNFOUF
DPO MB TUSVUUVSB OPOmTJDB EFMMB WPTUSB BUUVBMF DJWJMUË *OPMUSF
JOUFSBHJUF UFMFQBUJDBNFOUF BODIF DPO BMUSF TUSVUUVSF EJ SFBMUË
EJTTFNJOBUF PWVORVF OFM UFNQP -B WPTUSB DJWJMUË DPNF UVUUF
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
35
MF SFBMUË Ò DPNQPTUB EB FOFSHJB TUSVUUVSBUB TJOUPOJ[[BUB TV
VOB TQFDJmDB CBOEB EJ GSFRVFO[B QSPQSJP DPNF VOB TUB[JPOF
SBEJP USBTNFUUF J TVPJ QSPHSBNNJ EB VOB EFUFSNJOBUB HBNNB
EJ GSFRVFO[B "MMJOUFSOP EJ PHOJ CBOEB EJ GSFRVFO[B WJFOF
EFmOJUP F EFMJOFBUP VOP TDPQP NBOUFOFOEP MB DPOUJOVJUË
DPO UVUUF MF BMUSF WFSTJPOJ EFMMB SFBMUË
-B SFBMUË mTJDB Ò VO NPEFMMP EJ DPPQFSB[JPOF DSFBUJWB DPO
DFQJUB OFM SFHOP EFMMJOUFMMJHFO[B TQJSJUVBMF VOBCCPOEBO[B
EJ DPTDJFO[B JO VOP TUBUP EFTTFSF OPOmTJDP PSHBOJ[[B QJB
OJmDB QSPHFUUB MB SFBMUË mTJDB QSFOEFOEPTJ DVSB EFJ TFNJ P
TDIFNJ DIF MB PSJHJOBOP /FM NPOEP mTJDP MF GPSNFQFOTJFSP
F MF JEFF SFMBUJWF BMMB SFBMUË WFOHPOP SJDFWVUF UFMFQBUJDBNFOUF
BUUSBWFSTP MB DPTDJFO[B DIF OVUSF MB SFBMUË mTJDB BċODIÏ RVFTUB
QPTTB FTJTUFSF *EFF F QFOTJFSJ TJOUSFDDJBOP BUUSBWFSTP JOOV
NFSFWPMJ SFBMUË F WJBHHJBOP TV SBHHJ EJ MVDF DIF TPOP WJTJCJMJ
DPNF J SBHHJ EFM 4PMF F TV TFHOBMJ MVNJOPTJ QSPWFOJFOUJ EB
SBEJB[JPOJ DPTNJDIF BE BMUB GSFRVFO[B DPNF J SBHHJ HBNNB
DIF JOWFDF OPO WFEFUF -F JEFF B TVQQPSUP EFMMB SFBMJ[[B[JPOF
mTJDB EFMMB WPTUSB DJWJMUË TPOP DPTUBOUFNFOUF USBTNFTTF EB
VOB EJNFOTJPOF BMMBMUSB EB SBHHJ EJ MVDF -F BUUVBMJ TUSVU
UVSF EFMMB WPTUSB DJWJMUË o TUSBEF FEJmDJ DBSCVSBOUF BDRVB
MJOFF EJ DPNVOJDB[JPOF F MF MFHHJ JM DPNNFSDJP MBHSJDPMUVSB
MFEVDB[JPOF F MF BSUJ o TPOP NBOJGFTUB[JPOJ mTJDIF EJ NPEFMMJ
OPOmTJDJ RVFTUF TUSVUUVSF mTJDIF DSFBOP VOBSFOB P QJBUUB
GPSNB EJ SFBMUË EB DVJ QPUFS FTQMPSBSF MB WJUB UFSSFTUSF
-B WPTUSB JEFOUJUË DIF QFS TVB OBUVSB Ò TJB mTJDB DIF OPOmTJDB BUUSB
WFSTB NPMUF SFBMUË DIF WJ IBOOP JOTFHOBUP F JODPSBHHJBUP B JHOPSBSF
0HOJ FQPDB Ò JOnVFO[BUB EB WBTUF GPS[F DPTNJDIF DIF USB
TNFUUPOP F USBTGFSJTDPOP FOFSHJB OFMMB TUSVUUVSB EJ VOB DJWJMUË
-B WPTUSB JEFOUJUË DIF QFS TVB OBUVSB Ò TJB mTJDB DIF OPOmTJDB
BUUSBWFSTB NPMUF SFBMUË DIF WJ IBOOP JOTFHOBUP FE JODPSBH
HJBUP BE JHOPSBSF *M DJFMP IB TFNQSF DBUUVSBUP MBUUFO[JPOF
EFMMVNBOJUË F NPMUF DVMUVSF BOUJDIF DPOmEBWBOP TVMMB WPMUB
DFMFTUF B DPOGFSNB EFMMB DSFEFO[B DIF PHOJ DPTB WJWFOUF IB
VOB QSPQSJB DPTDJFO[B F DIF MB WJUB Ò TPHHFUUB B TQFDJmDIF MFHHJ
DPTNJDIF 7JWFSF F MBWPSBSF JO BSNPOJB DPO RVFMMF MFHHJ FSB
36
$BQJUPMP %VF
DPOTJEFSBUP OBUVSBMF F OFDFTTBSJP DPNF SFTQJSBSF -B QSFTFO[B
EJ NPEFMMJ F DJDMJ SJWFMBWB VO EJTFHOP EFMMB SFBMUË DIF JNQMJ
DBWB MFTJTUFO[B EJ VO iBSDIJUFUUPw F TVMMB 5FSSB PHOJ DVMUVSB
F DJWJMUË PTTFSWBWB F TUVEJBWB MF BUUJWJUË DPTNJDIF QSPQSJP QFS
RVFTUB SBHJPOF -JNNFOTP F NBFTUPTP DBNNJOP EFM 4PMF
EFMMB -VOB EFJ QJBOFUJ F EFMMF TUFMMF PĊSJWB VOJNQPSUBOUF
DPOPTDFO[B TVJ NJTUFSJ EFMMB WJUB TPQSBUUVUUP B DIJ MJ PTTFSWBWB
DFSDBOEP EJ EFDPEJmDBSF HMJ TUSBUJ EJ WFSJUË TFDPOEP JM DSJQUJDP
BTTJPNB iDPNF JO BMUP DPTÖ JO CBTTPw
.PMUJ EFJ WPTUSJ BOUFOBUJ DSFEFWBOP OFMMB DPOOFTTJPOF
JOUSJOTFDB USB MF TGFSF DFMFTUJ F MB WJUB TVMMB 5FSSB -B QBSPMB
iBTUSPw EFSJWB EBM HSFDP F TJHOJmDB TUFMMB VO UFNQP MBUUVBMF
F DPNQMFTTB TDJFO[B EFMMBTUSPOPNJB DIF TJ PDDVQB EFM DPTJE
EFUUP VOJWFSTP NBUFSJBMF BM EJ MË EFMMBUNPTGFSB UFSSFTUSF F
MBSUF EFMMBTUSPMPHJB CBTBUB TVMMJOUFSQSFUB[JPOF EFMMJOnVFO[B
EFJ DPSQJ DFMFTUJ TVMMF WJDFOEF VNBOF FSBOP VOJUF -F SBEJDJ
EJ RVFTUP TBQFSF OBTDPOP JO .FTPQPUBNJB MB UFSSB USB J mVNJ
5JHSJ FE &VGSBUF EPWF VOB DJWJMUË DPNQMFUBNFOUF TWJMVQQBUB
BQQBSWF PMUSF TFJNJMB BOOJ GB NBOJGFTUBOEPTJ NBHJDBNFOUF
QSBUJDBNFOUF JO VOB OPUUF 2VFTUB UFSSB DIF PHHJ TJ USPWB
BMMJOUFSOP EFMMB OB[JPOF JSBDIFOB WJFOF DPOTJEFSBUB EB NPMUJ
TUPSJDJ MB DVMMB EFMMB DJWJMUË 2VBOEP #BHIEBE MBOUJDB DBQJ
UBMF F DFOUSP DVMUVSBMF EFMM*SBR WFOOF PDDVQBUB OFMMB QSJNB
WFSB EFM VOB TFSJF EJ TBDDIFHHJ GSFOFUJDJ QPSUBSPOP BMMB
EJTUSV[JPOF F BMMB TDPNQBSTB EJ JOFTUJNBCJMJ NBOVGBUUJ SFMBUJWJ
B VO QFSJPEP TUPSJDP BOUJDP EJ RVBTJ TFUUFNJMB BOOJ "MMB MVDF
EJ RVFTUJ FWFOUJ Ò NPMUP JOUFSFTTBOUF OPUBSF DIF HMJ BOUJDIJ
QPQPMJ EJ RVFMMB UFSSB HVBSEBWBOP J DJFMJ DPO HSBOEF SJWFSFO[B
F SJTQFUUP QFSDIÏ TPTUFOFWBOP DIF J NJTUFSJ EFMMB WJUB FSBOP
TUBUJ JOTFHOBUJ EB DPMPSP DIF WFOOFSP EBMMF TUFMMF
/FM WPTUSP TJTUFNB TPMBSF J QJBOFUJ TPOP QSPHFUUBUJ QFS
GVO[JPOBSF TFDPOEP VO NPEFMMP TJODSPOJ[[BUP EJ DPPQFSB
[JPOF DIF GVOHF EB CBTF QFS VOP TWJMVQQP BSNPOJDP BMMJO
UFSOP EJ DJDMJ UFNQPSBMJ 7JTUP EBMMB 5FSSB JM UFNQP JNQJFHBUP
EBM 4PMF QFS FĊFUUVBSF VOB SJWPMV[JPOF Ò DPOPTDJVUP DPNF
BOOP FDMJUUJDP F RVFTUB TUSFUUB GBTDJB EJ TQB[JP Ò MBEEPWF TJ
DPMMPDB MP [PEJBDP VOB DJOUVSB JNNBHJOBSJB OFMMP TQB[JP DIF
TJ FTUFOEF QFS DJSDB PUUP HSBEJ EB FOUSBNCJ J MBUJ EFMMFDMJUUJDB
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
37
*M 4PMF MB -VOB F J QSJODJQBMJ QJBOFUJ PSCJUBOP MVOHP RVFTUB
HSBOEF DJOUVSB DFMFTUF (MJ BOUJDIJ EJWJEFWBOP MP [PEJBDP JO
EPEJDJ DPTUFMMB[JPOJ F PHOJ DPOmHVSB[JPOF TUFMMBSF FSB JOEJWJ
EVBUB DPNF TFHOP BTUSPMPHJDP EJ TPMJUP SBQQSFTFOUBUP EB VO
BOJNBMF (MJ BOJNBMJ FSBOP DPOPTDJVUJ DPNF WJBHHJBUPSJ NVM
UJEJNFOTJPOBMJ DIF BUUSBWFSTBWBOP NPMUF SFBMUË FE FSB RVJOEJ
OBUVSBMF POPSBSF MF TUFMMF DIF PTQJUBWBOP JOOVNFSFWPMJ SFBMUË
DPO SBċHVSB[JPOJ UFSSFOF SJTQFUUBUF .BQQBSF J DJFMJ F EJTF
HOBSF MF PSCJUF EFJ QJBOFUJ OFM MPSP QFSDPSSFSF MB WPMUB DFMFTUF
EJWFOOF QFS RVFTUJ QPQPMJ VO NPEP QFS DPNQSFOEFSF J HSBOEJ
NJTUFSJ EFMMB WJUB F MPDBMJ[[BSF MB MPSP GBNJHMJB DFMFTUF
*M 4PMF JOUFSQSFUB JM SVPMP QSJODJQBMF FE Ò GPOEBNFOUBMF
QFS JM USBTGFSJNFOUP EJ JOGPSNB[JPOJ EJ MVDF DPEJmDBUB USB
TNFUUFOEP FE FSPHBOEP TDIFNJ EJ DPTDJFO[B F JEFF TVMMB SFBMUË
USBNJUF SBEJB[JPOJ BE BMUB GSFRVFO[B DPNF J SBHHJ HBNNB -B
WPTUSB WJUB Ò JOUSJOTFDBNFOUF MFHBUB BMMF QPTJ[JPOJ EFHMJ BTUSJ
OFM DPTNP BM NPNFOUP EFMMB WPTUSB OBTDJUB NFOUSF JM 4PMF TJ
TQPTUB MVOHP MP [PEJBDP EJTFHOBOEP JO VO BOOP VO HSBOEF
DFSDIJP OFMMB TGFSB DFMFTUF PHOJ TJOHPMP HJPSOP EFMMBOOP DPS
SJTQPOEF BMMP TQPTUBNFOUP EJ VO HSBEP BMMJOUFSOP EJ VOP EFJ
EPEJDJ TFHOJ [PEJBDBMJ *O PHOJ HSBEP Ò JNQSFTTB MB NFNPSJB
EJ UVUUJ J GBUUJ BWWFOVUJ JO RVFMMP TQFDJmDP HJPSOP EFMMBOOP
*M DJFMP Ò VOB NBQQB EJ DPOPTDFO[B F PHOJ JTUBOUF EJ UFNQP
DPOUJFOF VOJNQSPOUB FOFSHFUJDB EJ RVFTUB TVB QSFTFO[B
VOJDB DPNF VOJNQSPOUB TVMMB TBCCJB 7PJ WJ RVBMJmDBUF QFS
JM NPNFOUP EFMMB WPTUSB OBTDJUB QSPQSJP DPNF GBSFTUF QFS VO
QBSUJDPMBSF UJQP EJ MBWPSP BMDVOJ NPNFOUJ TPOP NPMUP QJá
QSPQJ[J EJ BMUSJ NB TVM WPTUSP iDVSSJDVMVN WJUBFw TQJSJUVBMF DJ
EFWPOP FTTFSF MF HJVTUF DSFEFO[JBMJ QFSDIÒ QPTTJBUF BEFHVBSWJ
BMMF FOFSHJF EPNJOBOUJ
-PSPTDPQP Ò VOB TQFDJmDB NBQQB P GPUPHSBmB EFM DJFMP
TDBUUBUB OFM MVPHP EBUB F PSB EFMMB WPTUSB OBTDJUB MB QPTJ[JPOF
EFM 4PMF EFMMB -VOB F EFJ QJBOFUJ DPTÖ DPNF JM TFHOP DIF TJ MFWB
BMMPSJ[[POUF TPOP UVUUJ QPTUJ MVOHP MB SVPUB EFMMP [PEJBDP QFS
SJWFMBSF MF DPNQMFTTF SFMB[JPOJ NBUFNBUJDIF DIF EFMJOFBOP J
WPTUSJ USBUUJ QFSTPOBMJ F MF QPUFO[JBMJUË DIF EPWSFUF TWJMVQQBSF
2VFTUB NBQQB QVÛ SJWFMBSF J WPTUSJ UBMFOUJ mTJDJ NFOUBMJ FNP
[JPOBMJ TQJSJUVBMJ F MF WPTUSF TmEF DIF QFSÛ WPJ TBSFUF TFNQSF
38
$BQJUPMP %VF
MJCFSJ EJ BDDFUUBSF P EJ DBNCJBSF JO CBTF BMMB WPTUSB WPMPOUË
4POP EFHOJ EJ OPUB BODIF J OPEJ MVOBSJ J EVF QVOUJ JO DVJ
TJOUFSTFDBOP MF PSCJUF EFMMB 5FSSB F EFMMB -VOB GPSNBOEP DJÛ
DIF TPOP DPOPTDJVUJ DPNF iMB UFTUB F MB DPEB EFM ESBHPw P
OPEP MVOBSF OPSE F TVE *O VO UFNB OBUBMF J QVOUJ EFMMB UFTUB F
EFMMB DPEB EFM ESBHP TPOP JNQPSUBOUJTTJNJ QPJDIÏ WJ JOEJDBOP
TJB MB EJSF[JPOF WFSTP DVJ BOESFUF BċODIÏ TJ DPNQJB JM WPTUSP
EFTUJOP TJB MB WPTUSB QBTTBUB QSPWFOJFO[B 6OB WPMUB OBUJ OFMMB
SFBMUË mTJDB TWJMVQQBUF MB WPTUSB WJUB DPO VO JNQSJOUJOH EJ
FOFSHJB DPTNJDB DIF JODPSQPSB VOP TDPQP F VO QJBOP EJO
UFOUJ VO QJBOP DIF WPJ TUFTTJ BWFUF QSPHFUUBUP F BQQSPWBUP
/FHMJ BOOBMJ EFMMB DSFB[JPOF EB TFNQSF MB 5FSSB Ò DPO
TJEFSBUB VOB CJCMJPUFDB WJWFOUF VO DPMPTTBMF EFQPTJUP EJ
JOGPSNB[JPOJ QSF[JPTF DSJQUBUF JO TUSBUJ TV TUSBUJ EFJ DPEJDJ
HFOFUJDJ EFMMB TVB WJUB PSHBOJDB -B WPTUSB TDJFO[B DFSDB GSF
OFUJDBNFOUF EJ TWFMBSF J DPEJDJ HFOFUJDJ EFMMB WJUB TFO[B DPN
QSFOEFSF OÏ DPNF OÏ EB EPWF TJB TDBUVSJUP RVFTUP TVQSFNP
PSEJOF *M WPTUSP SFUBHHJP QSPWJFOF EBMMF TUFMMF 2VBOUF WPMUF
JM WPTUSP THVBSEP TJ Ò BM[BUP WFSTP MBMUP OFMMF OPUUJ TUFMMBUF
2VBOUF EPNBOEF F QSFHIJFSF BWFUF SJWPMUP BM DJFMP 2VBOUF
WPMUF BWFUF DPOUBUP MF TUFMMF P SJnFUUVUP TVM QPUFSF EFM 4PMF -F
WPTUSF QJá QSPGPOEF OPTUBMHJF JOUFSJPSJ TPOP MFHJUUJNJ TVTTVSSJ
EJ NFNPSJF DIF EFTJEFSBOP FTTFSF SJBDDFTF F BDDPMUF QFS DPN
QMFUBSF VO EJTFHOP DIF BCCSBDDJB JM DPTNP 4JFUF WFOVUJ TVMMB
5FSSB QFS BODPSBSF RVFTUP BOUJDP TBQFSF OFMMB GPSNB VNBOB
TBQFOEP DIF RVJ MB WJUB PĊSF UBOUJ EPOJ F PQQPSUVOJUË RVBOUJ
EFDJEFUF EJ TQFSJNFOUBSOF
*NQBSBSF B SJDPOPTDFSF F B MFHHFSF MF GSFRVFO[F F J QJBOJ EFMMB
DPTDJFO[B PąSF B WPJ F BM WPTUSP NPOEP VOB OVPWB F QSPGPOEB
GPSNB EJ MJCFSUË F EJ JOEJQFOEFO[B
* DPODFUUJ EJ NBUFSJB BOJNBUB F JOBOJNBUB PE PSHBOJDB
F JOPSHBOJDB OPO EFTDSJWPOP JO NPEP BQQSPQSJBUP UVUUF MF
QPUFO[JBMJUË EFMMVOJWFSTP µ MB DPTDJFO[B MB DPTUBOUF TFNQSF
QSFTFOUF 0HOJ DPTB OFM DBNQP EFMMFTJTUFO[B IB VOB QSPQSJB
GSFRVFO[B DIF MB JEFOUJmDB F OF QSPDMBNB MVOJDJUË MF GSF
RVFO[F TPOP WJCSB[JPOJ EJ FOFSHJB EFmOJUF JO CBTF BMMB DBEFO[B
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
39
DPO DVJ TJ SJQFUPOP BMDVOF WJBHHJBOP MVOHP J NPMUJ TUSBUJ
EFMMFTJTUFO[B BUUSBWFSTBOEP DJÛ DIF DPODFQJUF DPNF UFNQP
F TQB[JP -B DBQBDJUË EJ JOUVJSF TFOUJSF F USBTNFUUFSF FOFSHJB
Ò VOB GVO[JPOF OBUVSBMF EFMMB GPSNB VNBOB F RVFTUJ BOOJ EJ
FOFSHJF JOUFOTF F BDDFMFSBUF PĊSPOP VOB QFSGFUUB PQQPSUVOJUË
EJ FTQBOEFSF MB WPTUSB NFOUF TWJMVQQBOEP F SBċOBOEP MF
WPTUSF QFSDF[JPOJ F MF WPTUSF QFSDF[JPOJ TJ FTQBOEPOP RVBOEP
JNQBSBUF B DPHMJFSOF JM TFOTP OBTDPTUP 1BSUFDJQBSF QJFOB
NFOUF BMMB WJUB F JNQBSBSF B PTTFSWBSF MF WPTUSF B[JPOJ TFO[B
HJVEJ[JP Ò FTTFO[JBMF QFS TWJMVQQBSF VOB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B FMF
WBUB *NQBSBSF B SJDPOPTDFSF F B MFHHFSF MF GSFRVFO[F F J QJBOJ
EFMMB DPTDJFO[B PĊSF B WPJ F BM WPTUSP NPOEP VOB OVPWB F
QSPGPOEB GPSNB EJ MJCFSUË F EJ JOEJQFOEFO[B -F QPTTJCJMJUË EJ
VOB NFOUF SJTWFHMJBUB F J TVPJ CFOFmDJ OPO TJ TPOP BODPSB EFM
UVUUP NBOJGFTUBUJ OFMMVNBOJUË RVBOEP J QPUFO[JBMJ EJ RVFTUF
DBQBDJUË TBSBOOP QJFOBNFOUF DPNQSFTJ F VUJMJ[[BUJ DPNJO
DFSFUF B SJDPOPTDFSF J QPUFOUJ FĊFUUJ DIF JM $FOUSP (BMBUUJDP
MVUFSP EFMMB 7JB -BUUFB FTFSDJUB TVMMB WPTUSB WJUB
*O UFSNJOJ QSBUJDJ PDDPSSF DIF QSJNB JNQBSJBUF B HFTUJSF
MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF OFM RVJ F PSB QFS QPUFS EJWFOUBSF QJá DPO
TBQFWPMJ EFM MJOHVBHHJP EFMMF GSFRVFO[F * TFHOBMJ F J NFTTBHHJ
JOUFSJPSJ TPOP USBTNFTTJ JO BCCPOEBO[B F TFO[B BMDVOP TGPS[P
EB UVUUJ BSFF EFMMFTJTUFO[B DIF BQQBSFOUFNFOUF TFNCSBOP
OPOFTJTUFOUJ CVTTBOP DPTUBOUFNFOUF BMMB QPSUB EFMMF WPTUSF
QFSDF[JPOJ F TPSHFOUJ EJ DPOPTDFO[B THPSHBOP DPOUJOVBNFOUF
EBM WPTUSP FTTFSF JOUFSJPSF FQQVSF MB NBHHJPS QBSUF EFMMF WPMUF
OFBODIF WF OF BDDPSHFUF 4FOUJNFOUJ TFOTB[JPOJ F SJDPSEJ TPOP
UVUUJ VUJMJ FMFNFOUJ EFMMB DPTDJFO[B DIF DPPQFSBOP USB MPSP
QFS SJTWFHMJBSF MB WPTUSB FOFSHJB WJUBMF FTQBOEFOEP MB WPTUSB
BUUFO[JPOF FE FMFWBOEPWJ B VOB WJTJPOF QJá BNQJB EFMMB SFBMUË
0HOVOP EJ WPJ Ò RVJ QFS DPPQFSBSF B VO QSPHFUUP DPMMFUUJWP
F JM SVPMP DIF JODBSOBUF OFMMB WJUB Ò TPMP PQFSB WPTUSB TJFUF
WPJ B TDSJWFSF JM DPQJPOF F B EJSJHFSF JM TVTTFHVJSTJ EFMMF TDFOF
DIF DPOUJOVBNFOUF BHHJVOHFUF NPEJmDBOEP MJOTJFNF EFMMF
QPTTJCJMJUË /PO DJ TPOP MJNJUJ BMMB WPTUSB DSFBUJWJUË 2VBMTJBTJ
DPTB GBDDJBUF OFMMB WPTUSB WFSTJPOF EFM NPOEP JOnVFO[B F
JOEJSJ[[B JM DPSTP EFMMB WPTUSB DJWJMUË * TPSQSFOEFOUJ DBNCJB
NFOUJ DIF DPMQJTDPOP JM WPTUSP QJBOFUB TPOP J TFHOJ WJTUPTJ EFJ
40
$BQJUPMP %VF
WPTUSJ UVNVMUJ JOUFSJPSJ DIF IBOOP QSPQPS[JPOJ DPTÖ HSBOEJ EB
NBOJGFTUBSTJ & DPTÖ NFOUSF OFM NPOEP NPMUJ EFWPOP GBSF J
DPOUJ DPO MF MJNJUB[JPOJ JNQPTUF BMMB MPSP MJCFSUË BMUSJ TUBOOP
BEFTTP SJDPSEBOEP RVFJ QBSBNFUSJ EJ QPTTJCJMJUË DIF EFDJTFSP
EJ FTQMPSBSF JO RVFTUB FTJTUFO[B QSJNB EJ OBTDFSF
*O RVFTUP QFSJPEP EJ DBNCJBNFOUJ MJOUFOUP DPMMFUUJWP
EFMMVNBOJUË TFNCSB RVFMMP EJ JNQFHOBSTJ B GPOEP QFS DPHMJFSF
MB TUSBPSEJOBSJB PQQPSUVOJUË DIF JO RVFTUP NPNFOUP JM HFOFSF
VNBOP IB EJ DSFTDFSF F EJ FTQBOEFSTJ TQJSJUVBMNFOUF BUUSB
WFSTP MB QSPQSJB FTQFSJFO[B UFSSFOB VOFTQFSJFO[B DIF PMUSF B
GBSWJ SBHHJVOHFSF JM WPTUSP USBHVBSEP WJ QPSUFSË HSBOEJ JOTF
HOBNFOUJ "E VO DFSUP MJWFMMP EFMMB WPTUSB FTQFSJFO[B WPJ TJFUF
RVJ QSJODJQBMNFOUF QFS EBSF JM WPTUSP DPOUSJCVUP QFSTPOBMF BM
NPWJNFOUP EFMMB DPTDJFO[B EJ NBTTB JO FWPMV[JPOF WFSTP VOB
DPTDJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB JOUFHSBUB NB QFS BVNFOUBSOF JM WBMPSF F
SFOEFSF MFTQFSJFO[B NPMUP QJá JOUFSFTTBOUF F TPQSBUUVUUP QSPm
DVB TPOP TUBUJ JOUSPEPUUJ OFM iESBNNBw PTUBDPMJ EPHOJ HFOFSF
F HSBOEF[[B QSPWFOJFOUJ EB EJWFSTJ MJWFMMJ EJ SFBMUË "ODIF TF EB
VOB QSPTQFUUJWB OPO MJOFBSF UVUUP JM UFNQP BWWJFOF TJNVMUB
OFBNFOUF PHOJ FQPDB IB VO QJBOP EB[JPOF HMPCBMF DIF QVÛ
FTTFSF TUVEJBUP FTQMPSBUP F TQFSJNFOUBUP BUUSBWFSTP MF NPMUF
QMJDJ EJSF[JPOJ EFM UFNQP *O DJFMP MB QPTJ[JPOF EJ TUFMMF F QJB
OFUJ IB VO SVPMP EFDJTJWP OFM USBDDJBSF JM QJBOP F MP TDPQP USB
TNFUUFOEP JOnVFO[F FOFSHFUJDIF DIF EFMJOFBOP F EFmOJTDPOP
mOP B VO DFSUP QVOUP JM QPUFO[JBMF F MF QSPCBCJMJ EJSF[JPOJ EFJ
UFNQJ JO DVJ WJWFUF 1FS DPOUSJCVJSF QJFOBNFOUF B RVFTUB USB
TGPSNB[JPOF PHOVOP B TVP NPEP IB TDFMUP VOJEFOUJUË CBTBUB
TVJ OVNFSPTJ UBMFOUJ F MF BCJMJUË BDRVJTJUF EB FTQFSJFO[F FĊFU
UVBUF OFMMF NPMUFQMJDJ EJSF[JPOJ EFM UFNQP 4JFUF FOUSBUJ DPO
HSBOEF BUUFO[JPOF OFMMB WJUB DIF BWFUF TDFMUP F MBWFS TDFMUP EJ
FTTFSF RVJ Ò HJË EJ QFS TÏ VO PUUJNP SJTVMUBUP UVUUBWJB DPN
QSFOEFSF DJÛ DIF TJ TUB EJTQJFHBOEP JOUPSOP B WPJ Ò BODPSB QJá
HSBOEF .JMJBSEJ EJ QFSTPOF TPOP WFOVUF RVJ QFS JOUFSQSFUBSF
MB MPSP QBSUF JO RVFTUB HSBOEF TDFOB QFS QPUFS SJDPOPTDFSF F
SJDPSEBSF DIJ TPOP FTTFSJ FOFSHFUJDJ J DVJ QFOTJFSJ TFOUJNFOUJ
FE FNP[JPOJ DSFBOP JM NPOEP DIF IBOOP EBWBOUJ *NQBSBSF
DPTDJFOUFNFOUF B SJDPOPTDFSF MF GSFRVFO[F QFS QPJ SJQSPEVSSF
RVFMMF DIF WPJ WPMFUF Ò MB DIJBWF EFM HJPDP FE FTTFSF DBQBDJ
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
41
EJ MFHHFSF F DPNVOJDBSF DPO UVUUF MF FOFSHJF WJUBMJ EFM WPTUSP
BNCJFOUF Ò VO EFHOP USBHVBSEP QFS MJOUFSB VNBOJUË
1FS TWJMVQQBSF MB DBQBDJUË EJ TBQFS MFHHFSF F SJQSPEVSSF
DPTDJFOUFNFOUF MF GSFRVFO[F EPWFUF JNQBSBSF B GBSF BUUFO
[JPOF BJ EFUUBHMJ EFMMB WJUB $FSDBOEP EJ DPOPTDFSF TF TUFTTJ
JOFWJUBCJMNFOUF FNFSHFSBOOP OVPWJ QVOUJ EJ WJTUB TVMMB
SFBMUË $POTBQFWPMF[[B F DPOUSPMMP EFM SFTQJSP TPOP MF DIJBWJ
GPOEBNFOUBMJ QFS DBQJSF F TWJMVQQBSF MB NFOUF TVQFSJPSF QPJ
DIÏ TPOP VO NPEP NPMUP QPUFOUF F OBUVSBMF EJ DPMMFHBSTJ BMMF
GPOUJ JOUFSJPSJ FE FTUFSJPSJ EFMMFOFSHJB EFMMB GPS[B WJUBMF GPDB
MJ[[BSF MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF TVM SFTQJSP QPUSË FTTFSWJ VUJMF QFS
TUBCJMJ[[BSWJ BWFSF QJá FOFSHJB SBĊPS[BSF JM TJTUFNB JNNVOJ
UBSJP DSFBSF NPEFMMJ EJ POEF DFSFCSBMJ CFOFmDJ FE BODIF QFS
WJBHHJBSF BMMJOUFSOP EFM WPTUSP FTTFSF BM mOF EJ BDRVJTJSF DPO
TBQFWPMF[[B F JOGPSNB[JPOJ USBTDFOEFOUJ EB VOB GPOUF TJUVBUB
PMUSF MB WJTJPOF MJOFBSF EFM NPOEP DIF BWFUF %PWFUF JNQBSBSF
B GBSF BUUFO[JPOF B EPWF WJ QPSUB JM SFTQJSP QPJDIÏ RVFTUP Ò
VOP TUSVNFOUP NPMUP QPUFOUF QFS BUUJWBSF F VTBSF MB GPSNB
mTJDB BM TVP NBTTJNP (MJ FTFSDJ[J EJ SFTQJSB[JPOF DSFBOP
EFMMF TPMJEF CBTJ OFM DPSQP F DPOTJHMJBNP B DIJ BTQJSB BE VOB
DPTDJFO[B QJá FMFWBUB EJ BEPUUBSF MB UFDOJDB EJ SJQPSUBSF TFN
QSF MBUUFO[JPOF TVMMB SFTQJSB[JPOF DPTDJFOUF *M SFTQJSP Ò VOP
TDBNCJP EJ FOFSHJB GSB JM NPOEP FTUFSOP F JM SFHOP JOUFSOP
EFM DPSQP /PO JNQPSUB DPTB TUBUF GBDFOEP SJNCPDDBSF MF
DPQFSUF BJ CBNCJOJ HVJEBSF MBVUPNPCJMF QSFQBSBSF MB NJOF
TUSB GBSF MBNPSF P DPSSFSF JO VċDJP NPEVMBSF JM SFTQJSP Ò VO
NPEP QFS SJNBOFSF DFOUSBUJ FTQBOEFSF MVTP EFMMB NFOUF F
NJHMJPSBSF MP TUBUP mTJDP
1SFOEFUFWJ VO NPNFOUP QFS OPUBSF JM NPEP JO DVJ SFTQJ
SBUF OPSNBMNFOUF 3JVTDJUF B TFOUJSWJ SFTQJSBSF 3JVTDJUF
B TFOUJSF JM TVPOP EFM WPTUSP SFTQJSP 2VBOUP Ò QSPGPOEP
*M QFUUP TJ NVPWF 3FTQJSBOEP SJFNQJUF MB QBSUF JOGFSJPSF
EFJ QPMNPOJ 0SB GPDBMJ[[BUF NBHHJPSNFOUF MBUUFO[JPOF
TDIJBSJUFWJ MB HPMB SJMBTTBUF MB MJOHVB EJTUBO[JBUF MJFWFNFOUF
MF NBTDFMMF F MFOUBNFOUF JOTQJSBUF BUUSBWFSTP JM OBTP DPO
UBOEP mOP B RVBUUSP 1FSDFQJUF JM WPTUSP SFTQJSP UVSCJOBSF
OFMMF OBSJDJ F TFOUJUF TVM SFUSP EFMMB HPMB JM TVPOP iEFM WFOUP
OFMMB DBWFSOBw 4FHVJUF DPTDJFOUFNFOUF JM SFTQJSP OFM DPSQP
42
$BQJUPMP %VF
JNNBHJOBOEPMP DPMNP EJ WJCSBOUJ TQJSBMJ EPSBUF EJ FOFSHJB
DIF TJ NVPWPOP TPQSB MB MBSJOHF TDFOEPOP MVOHP MB HPMB FE
FOUSBOP mOP JO GPOEP BJ QPMNPOJ 6OB WPMUB DPNQMFUBUB
MJOTQJSB[JPOF GBUF VOB QBVTB EJ BMDVOJ TFDPOEJ QPJ FTQJSBUF
DPNQMFUBNFOUF DPO VOB MVOHB F QSPGPOEB FTQJSB[JPOF DPO
UBOEP mOP B RVBUUSP QPJ GBUF EJ OVPWP VOB QBVTB QSJNB EJ
SJDPNJODJBSF EB DBQP .FOUSF MFHHFUF GBUF EFM WPTUSP NFHMJP
QFS NBOUFOFSF MBUUFO[JPOF TVM SFTQJSP 6OB SFTQJSB[JPOF QSP
GPOEB F SJUNJDB DBMNB F SJFRVJMJCSB MJOUFSP DPSQP %VSBOUF
MB TFDPOEB P MB UFS[B QSPGPOEB JOTQJSB[JPOF WJTVBMJ[[BUF F
TFOUJUF MF WJCSBOUJ TQJSBMJ EPSBUF EJ FOFSHJB DIF QFOFUSBOP
MF QBSFUJ EFJ QPMNPOJ F TJ NVPWPOP OFM nVTTP TBOHVJHOP
2VBOEP MFOFSHJB WJUBMF Ò FOUSBUB OFM nVTTP TBOHVJHOP
PTTFSWBUFMB UVSCJOBSF WFSTP JM DVPSF 1FSNFUUFUF BMMFOFSHJB
GPDBMJ[[BUB EJ FOUSBSF JO UVUUF MF DBWJUË EFM DVPSF QFSDFQJUF JM
TBOHVF SJWJUBMJ[[BUP THPSHBSF EBM DVPSF FE FTQBOEFSTJ JO UVUUP
JM DPSQP *NNBHJOBUF JM TBOHVF DPNF VO mVNF EJ DPMPS SPTTP
SVCJOP CSJMMBOUF WJWP WJHPSPTP F JOUFMMJHFOUF DIF DPO JM TVP
nVJSF MFOUP F EFDJTP USBTQPSUB MFOFSHJB EFMMB GPS[B WJUBMF JO
UVUUP JM WPTUSP DPSQP & DPOUJOVBOEP B SFTQJSBSF HPEFUFWJ JM
QPUFSF EFMMB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF GPDBMJ[[BUB
1PUFUF WJTVBMJ[[BSF MFOFSHJB EFM WPTUSP SFTQJSP DPO MF JNNB
HJOJ DIF QSFGFSJUF JO CBTF B DPNF WPMFUF TFOUJSWJ F DPTB WPMFUF
FTQSJNFSF -FOFSHJB WJUBMF Ò HSBUVJUB F DPNQMFUBNFOUF BQFSUB
BE FTTFSF EJSFUUB F NPEFMMBUB EB WPJ 2VBOEP SFTQJSBUF DPTDJFO
UFNFOUF NPEJmDBUF JNNFEJBUBNFOUF MB GSFRVFO[B EFMMF POEF
DFSFCSBMJ FE FOUSBUF JO VOP TUBUP QJá FMFWBUP F JOUFHSBUP EJ
DPOTBQFWPMF[[B *NQBSBOEP B SFHPMBSF F B SJGPDBMJ[[BSF MBUUFO
[JPOF EJWFOUFSFUF TFNQSF QJá DPOTBQFWPMJ EFMMFTUFTB HBNNB
EJ GSFRVFO[F QSPWFOJFOUJ TJB EB GPOUJ mTJDIF DIF OPOmTJDIF
DIF SJDIJBNBOP MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF
0OEF FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDIF HFOFSBUF EBMMB SBEJB[JPOF DPTNJDB F
DPNQPTUF EJ FOFSHJB EJ MVDF QVMTBOUF WJBHHJBOP JO UVUUB MFTJ
TUFO[B USBTQPSUBOEP WBTUF RVBOUJUË EJ JOGPSNB[JPOJ
-B OBUVSB EFMMB WJUB Ò GPOEBUB TVMMB DPPQFSB[JPOF F B UVUUJ
J MJWFMMJ EJ SFBMUË PHOJ DPTB BWWJFOF QFS VO JNQPSUBOUF F QSFDJTP
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
43
TDPQP 1VMTB[JPOJ EJ FOFSHJB QFSNFBOP UVUUB MFTJTUFO[B F GPS
NBOP VOB NFOUF DPTNJDB TVQFSDPOTDJB DIF PQFSB EB GPOUF EJ
FOFSHJB F iEFQPTJUPw EFM TBQFSF VOJWFSTBMF %B TFNQSF VO nVTTP
DPTUBOUF EJ JNQVMTJ DSFBUJWJ FNFTTP EBMMB NFOUF DPTNJDB TUJNPMB
MFTQMPSB[JPOF F MP TWJMVQQP BQSFOEP OVPWF WJF EJ DPOTBQFWP
MF[[B *O PHOJ BWWFOJNFOUP DJ TPOP TFNQSF NPMUFQMJDJ QJBOJ EJ
mOBMJUË F NBHHJPSF Ò JM OVNFSP EJ QFSTPOF DPJOWPMUF NBHHJPSF
Ò MFOFSHJB DIF TJ HFOFSB 1BSUFDJQBSF DPO JM QFOTJFSP MB QBSPMB
F MB[JPOF DPOTPMJEB VOB GPSNB QFOTJFSP DIF IB JM QPUFO[JBMF
EJ NPEJmDBSF FOFSHFUJDBNFOUF JM DPSTP EFMMB DPTDJFO[B VNBOB
JO RVBMTJBTJ EJSF[JPOF MJOUFOTJUË FNP[JPOBMF DIF TUB EJFUSP MB
GPSNB QFOTJFSP OF EFUFSNJOB JM SJTVMUBUP 2VBOEP MF WPTUSF
FNP[JPOJ TPOP NBOJQPMBUF Ò NPMUP QJá EJċDJMF QSFOEFSF VOB
QPTJ[JPOF F WBMVUBSF BUUFOUBNFOUF MB TJUVB[JPOF 1FS DPN
QSFOEFSF QJFOBNFOUF MP TDPQP EFMMFTUSFNB QPMBSJ[[B[JPOF EFM
NPOEP DJWJMJ[[BUP F BMMB mOF VOJmDBSMP MVNBOJUË IB CJTPHOP
EJ VOB OVPWB QSPTQFUUJWB DPTNJDB JMMVNJOBUB EB VOB WJTJPOF
TQJSJUVBMF " UBMF SJHVBSEP MF WFDDIJF BCJUVEJOJ HMJ TDIFNJ F
MF EJQFOEFO[F DIF MJNJUBOP F JNQSJHJPOBOP MP TQJSJUP VNBOP
TUBOOP SBQJEBNFOUF DSPMMBOEP QFS QSFQBSBSF MB TUSBEB B VO
OVPWP QBSBEJHNB EFMMB NFOUF CBTBUP TV VO SJTWFHMJP B MJWFMMP
NPOEJBMF EJ SFTQPOTBCJMJUË BċEBCJMJUË F BTTVO[JPOF EFM QSP
QSJP QPUFSF QFSTPOBMF
-B MVDF Ò VOB SBEJB[JPOF FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDB DIF WJBHHJB
TPUUP GPSNB EJ POEF F MF WPTUSF DFMMVMF DIF IBOOP VOB TUSVU
UVSB DSJTUBMMJOB SJTQPOEPOP WJWBDFNFOUF BMMB MVDF OBUVSBMF
-F POEF FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDIF HFOFSBUF EBMMB SBEJB[JPOF DPTNJDB
F DPNQPTUF EJ FOFSHJB EJ MVDF QVMTBOUF WJBHHJBOP JO UVUUB
MFTJTUFO[B USBTQPSUBOEP WBTUF RVBOUJUË EJ JOGPSNB[JPOJ *M
DFSWFMMP VNBOP F JM TJTUFNB OFSWPTP GVO[JPOBOP OFMMB SFBMUË
mTJDB F OPOmTJDB GVOHFOEP EB SJDFWJUPSJ EJ VOB WBTUB TFSJF
EJ JNQVMTJ FMFUUSJDJ DIF QFSNFBOEP MP TQB[JP BWWPMHPOP JM
QJBOFUB -F WPTUSF DFMMVMF TPOP DPOUJOVBNFOUF JNQFHOBUF B
USBTEVSSF USBEVSSF USBTNFUUFSF FE FMBCPSBSF VOB NJSJBEF EJ
GSFRVFO[F 4FHOBMJ P NFTTBHHJ WFOHPOP USBTQPSUBUJ OFJ OFSWJ
OFM DFSWFMMP F OFM DPSQP EB EFCPMJ JNQVMTJ FMFUUSJDJ DIF JSSB
EJBOP FOFSHJB OFMMB SFBMUË mTJDB F OPOmTJDB NBOUFOFOEP VO
DPOUBUUP DPTUBOUF DPO JM QPUFSF QJá BMUP EFMMB NFOUF DPTNJDB
44
$BQJUPMP %VF
"ODIF J SBHHJ EFM 4PMF IBOOP RVFTUP UJQP EJ DPOOFTTJPOF F
MB MPSP JOUFOTJUË QVÛ WBSJBSF JO CBTF BMMB GSFRVFO[B BMMB RVB
MJUË F BMMB WFMPDJUË EFMMB SBEJB[JPOF QVMTBOUF EFMMB MVDF TPMBSF
JOnVFO[BOEP QFSUBOUP EJWFSTF FSF UFNQPSBMJ DPO USBTNJTTJPOJ
EJ FOFSHJB NPMUP EJĊFSFOUJ -B NPEFSOB NFEJDJOB F QTJDPMP
HJB BDDBEFNJDB EJQFOEPOP EB NPEFMMJ DPODFUUVBMJ DIF DPO
WBMJEBOP TPMP HMJ BTQFUUJ DPOTDJ TVCDPOTDJ F JODPOTDJ EFMMB
NFOUF F TPOP QPDP JOUFSFTTBUF B SJDPOPTDFSF MB WPTUSB JOOBUB
DPOOFTTJPOF DPO MB NFOUF DPTNJDB F MB TVB TVQFSJPSF WJTJPOF
EFMMB SFBMUË 7PJ TJFUF FTTFSJ NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJ F OFM DPSTP
EFM UFNQP MB HSBOEF NJTUJmDB[JPOF TV RVFTUP WPTUSP BTQFUUP
IB BWVUP VO QSPGPOEP JNQBUUP TVMMB NFOUF VNBOB $PNF
OBUVSBMF SJTQPTUB B RVFTUF MJNJUB[JPOJ TJ TUB PSJHJOBOEP OFMMB
GPSNBQFOTJFSP DPMMFUUJWB DIF TPTUJFOF MB WPTUSB SFBMUË VOB
TBMVUBSF SJCFMMJPOF *M SJMBTDJP EJ HSBOEJ RVBOUJUË EJ FOFSHJB
QTJDIJDB SFQSFTTB TUB GBWPSFOEP MJNQSPWWJTB FTQBOTJPOF EJ
DPTDJFO[B DIF TJ TUB QSPQBHBOEP UFMFQBUJDBNFOUF OFM NPOEP
F TVHMJ BMUSJ QJBOJ EJ SFBMUË
* QPUFSJ EFMMB NFOUF DPTNJDB P NFOUF TVQFSJPSF PĊSPOP
B UVUUJ VOBĊBTDJOBOUF OVPWB GSPOUJFSB EB FTQMPSBSF *M WPTUSP
DFSWFMMP DIF Ò EJWJTP JO EVF FNJTGFSJ Ò DPOTJEFSBUP MB DBNFSB
EJ DPNQFOTB[JPOF QSJODJQBMF EFMMB DPNVOJDB[JPOF OFMMB SFBMUË
mTJDB TFCCFOF FĊFUUJWBNFOUF WJ TJBOP DPJOWPMUJ BODIF NPMUJ
TUSBUJ EFMMB WPTUSB JEFOUJUË TJB mTJDB DIF OPOmTJDB &QQVSF
JM WPTUSP DFSWFMMP TWPMHF BMUSF JNQPSUBOUJ GVO[JPOJ MFNJTGFSP
EFTUSP DIF TJ SJnFUUF TVM MBUP TJOJTUSP EFM DPSQP SFHPMB JM
QFOTJFSP BTUSBUUP JOUVJUJWP DSFBUJWP F JNNBHJOBUJWP NFO
USF MFNJTGFSP TJOJTUSP BHJTDF TVM QFOTJFSP SB[JPOBMF BOBMJUJDP
F MPHJDP F HPWFSOB JM MBUP EFTUSP EFM DPSQP -BSNPOJB GSB J
EVF FNJTGFSJ Ò GPOEBNFOUBMF TJB QFS MBQQSFOEJNFOUP DIF QFS
MBUUJWB[JPOF EFMMF QJFOF QPUFO[JBMJUË EFM DFSWFMMP -F BUUJWJUË
DIF TUJNPMBOP F TWJMVQQBOP MF RVBMJUË EJ DJBTDVO MBUP EFM DFS
WFMMP JO SFBMUË FTFSDJUBOP MB WPTUSB NFOUF F MB NBOUFOHPOP
JO VOP TUBUP EJ TBOP FRVJMJCSJP F NBHHJPS MVDJEJUË 3VPUBSF
MFOUBNFOUF HMJ PDDIJ EB TJOJTUSB B EFTUSB TFO[B NVPWFSF MB
UFTUB BUUJWFSË FOUSBNCJ HMJ FNJTGFSJ BODIF DBNNJOBSF TPMMF
WBOEP MFHHFSNFOUF MF HJOPDDIJB UPDDBOEP BMUFSOBUJWBNFOUF
DPO JM QBMNP EFMMB NBOP PQQPTUB MB TPNNJUË EFMMB SPUVMB
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
45
DSFFSË MFRVJMJCSJP EFJ EVF FNJTGFSJ .B J NJHMJPSJ SJTVMUBUJ MJ
BWSFUF BTDPMUBOEP J TVPOJ EFMMB OBUVSB BMUFSOBOEP MBTDPMUP
EBMMPSFDDIJP TJOJTUSP B RVFMMP EFTUSP F WJDFWFSTB
-B NFOUF WJFOF TVEEJWJTB USBEJ[JPOBMNFOUF JO USF QSJODJ
QBMJ BSFF EJ GVO[JPOBNFOUP DPOTDJP TVCDPOTDJP F JODPOTDJP
DIF DPO VO QP EJ JNNBHJOB[JPOF QPUFUF WJTVBMJ[[BSF DPNF
VO QJDDPMP QJTFMMP VOB HSBOEF DJQPMMB F VOFOPSNF QBUBUB
-B NFOUF DPOTDJB Ò BTTPDJBUB BM TÏ QSJNBSJP DPOTBQFWPMF F
QFOTBOUF DJPÒ RVFMMB WFSTJPOF EJ WPJ TUFTTJ DIF EJSJHF JM QSP
HSBNNB QJBOUB J TFNJ F QJMPUB JM WPTUSP QJBOP EJOUFOUJ OFMMB
SFBMUË USJEJNFOTJPOBMF -B NFOUF DPOTDJB PWWFSP JM QJTFMMP
TJ DPMMPDB OFMMB SFBMUË JO DVJ DSFEFUF EJ PQFSBSF -B NFOUF
TVCDPOTDJB PWWFSP MB HSBOEF DJQPMMB FTFHVF HMJ PSEJOJ EFMMB
NFOUF DPOTDJB F DPNF VOFOPSNF CBODB EBUJ DPOUJFOF
TUSBUP TV TUSBUP MJOUFSB WPTUSB NFNPSJB &TTB TFSWF BODIF
DPNF QSF[JPTP EFQPTJUP EJ DPOPTDFO[B EJ DPMMFHBNFOUJ F
SJDPSEJ NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJ DIF WJBHHJBOEP DPNF JNQVMTJ
FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDJ QSPWFOHPOP EB UFNQJ DIF TPOP PMUSF RVFTUP
WPTUSP UFNQP -B NFOUF JODPOTDJB PWWFSP MFOPSNF QBUBUB
Ò JM WPTUSP QSPGPOEP SBEBS JOUFSJPSF JOEJWJEVBMF DIF SBDDPHMJF
VOBNQJB F SJDDB CBTF EJ DPOPTDFO[F NBUVSBUF OFMMFTQMPSB
[JPOF TQJSJUVBMF EJ MJWFMMJ DPTNJDJ QJá QSPGPOEJ (MJ JNQVMTJ J
TFHOJ J TFHOBMJ F J TJNCPMJ SJDFWVUJ EBMMB NFOUF DPTNJDB DIF
QFS BOBMPHJB QVÛ FTTFSF JNNBHJOBUB DPNF VO HJBSEJOP TPOP
USBEPUUJ F DPOTFSWBUJ QFS FTTFSF USBTNFTTJ EBMMF QSPGPOEJUË
EFMMB NFOUF JODPOTDJB
-BUUJWJUË DFSFCSBMF Ò VO SJnFTTP EFMMP TUBUP NFOUBMF EJ
VOB QFSTPOB F TJ QVÛ NJTVSBSF DPO VO FMFUUSPFODFGBMPHSBGP
-B MFUUVSB EFMMFMFUUSPFODFGBMPHSBNNB SFHJTUSB JM OVNFSP EJ
DJDMJ BM TFDPOEP EFMMF POEF DFSFCSBMJ FWJEFO[JBOEP RVFMMF
QBSUJDPMBSJ GSFRVFO[F EPOEB F MF SJQFUJ[JPOJ EFMMF TUFTTF DIF
DBSBUUFSJ[[BOP MB UJQPMPHJB EFM QFOTJFSP FNFTTP -B GSFRVFO[B
Ò MB WFMPDJUË B DVJ BWWJFOF MBUUJWJUË FMFUUSJDB F EFUFSNJOB J
WBSJ MJWFMMJ EJ BUUJWJUË EFMMF POEF DFSFCSBMJ CFUB BMGB UIFUB F
EFMUB -F POEF CFUB TPOP BTTPDJBUF BMMPQFSBUJWJUË EFMMB NFOUF
DPOTDJB F TPOP JOEJDBUJWF EJ VO OPSNBMF TUBUP EJ WFHMJB FTTF
IBOOP JM QJá BMUP OVNFSP EJ DJDMJ BM TFDPOEP -F POEF BMGB
TPOP QJá MFOUF F GBOOP EB QPOUF DIF DPMMFHB MF BMUF GSFRVFO[F
46
$BQJUPMP %VF
EFMMB NFOUF DPOTDJB F MF QJá CBTTF WJCSB[JPOJ EFMMF POEF UIFUB
F EFMUB -P TUBUP BMGB Ò GBDJMNFOUF BDDFTTJCJMF BUUSBWFSTP MB
WJTVBMJ[[B[JPOF F JM SJMBTTBNFOUP NFEJUBSF QBTTFHHJBSF OFMMB
OBUVSB P HPEFSTJ MFOUBNFOUF VOB UB[[B EJ UÒ QVÛ BJVUBSWJ B
SJTUBCJMJSF JM WPTUSP FRVJMJCSJP JOUFSJPSF 3JMBTTBSF MB MJOHVB F
EJTUBO[JBSF MJFWFNFOUF MF NBTDFMMF EFUFSNJOFSË BODIF VOB
WBSJB[JPOF EFMMF WPTUSF GSFRVFO[B EB CFUB BE BMGB DIF JOEVDF
BE VOB NBHHJPSF DSFBUJWJUË 1PUFUF BDDFEFSF BMMP TUBUP BMGB
BODIF GPDBMJ[[BOEPWJ TVM SFTQJSP TPHOBOEP B PDDIJ BQFSUJ F
BUUJWBOEP J TFOTJ * CBNCJOJ USBTDPSSPOP NPMUJTTJNP UFNQP
OFMMP TUBUP BMGB RVBOEP HJPDBOP F UVUUJ WPJ QBTTBUF BUUSBWFSTP
JM MJWFMMP BMGB NFOUSF WJ BEEPSNFOUBUF 2VBOEP SJVTDJUF B
MJCSBSWJ JO RVFTUP TVCMJNF TUBUP QPUSFTUF TFOUJSF OFMMB WPTUSB
NFOUF nVTTJ EJ FOFSHJB DIF TJ NVPWPOP F TJ NFTDPMBOP 0MUSF
MP TUBUP BMGB DÒ MP TUBUP UIFUB EPWF GSFRVFO[F BODPS QJá MFOUF
JOEJDBOP MBUUJWJUË OFMMB NFOUF TVCDPOTDJB "M EJ TPUUP EFMMF
POEF UIFUB DJ TPOP MF MFOUJTTJNF POEF EFMUB DIF SJWFMBOP MBU
UJWJUË EFMMB NFOUF JODPOTDJB VOP TUBUP BMUBNFOUF QSPHSBN
NBCJMF JO DVJ SJTJFEPOP QSPGPOEF DPOOFTTJPOJ QTJDIJDIF DIF
USBTDFOEPOP JM UFNQP MJOFBSF /FMMP TUBUP EFMUB J WPTUSJ TFOTPSJ
EFMMB SFBMUË TPOP CFO TJOUPOJ[[BUJ UVUUBWJB RVFTUB GSFRVFO[B
JOEJDB VOP TUBUP EJ TPOOP QSPGPOEP DPO MB NFOUF JODPOTDJB
DIF GVO[JPOB B QJFOP SFHJNF µ MB NFOUF JODPOTDJB DIF Ò DPM
MFHBUB BMMF NFNPSJF EFMMB NFOUF DPTNJDB F MB NFOUF DPTNJDB
TJ BUUJWB RVBOEP UVUUJ J USBDDJBUJ EFMMF POEF CFUB BMGB UIFUB F
EFMUB TPOP TJNVMUBOFBNFOUF QSFTFOUJ
-F GSFRVFO[F FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDIF EFJ WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ PTDJMMBOEP
BWBOUJ F JOEJFUSP OFM UFNQP JOnVFO[BOP BMUSF SFBMUË DPO
UFNBUJDIF TJNJMJ
/FM DPSTP EFM UFNQP J QPQPMJ EFMMB 5FSSB IBOOP VUJMJ[[BUP
J EJĊFSFOUJ MJWFMMJ EJ BUUJWJUË DFSFCSBMF QFS TWJMVQQBSF DPO TJOHP
MBSF DSFBUJWJUË MF MPSP DBQBDJUË -B WPTUSB TUPSJB OPO TJ GPDBMJ[[B
JO NPEP BEFHVBUP TVMMB WFSB FTTFO[B EFMMFWPMV[JPOF VNBOB
(MJ BOOJ GVUVSJ WFESBOOP DBNCJBNFOUJ GVMNJOFJ FE FMFUUSJ[
[BOUJ OFMMB QTJDIF DPMMFUUJWB EFMMVNBOJUË RVBOEP UVUUP DJÛ
DIF Ò TUBUP OBTDPTUP EJWFOUFSË FWJEFOUF 5VUUP JM iOPO EFUUPw
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
47
DIF MB NFOUF DPOTDJB OPO IB WPMVUP SJDPOPTDFSF F BĊSPOUBSF
FNFSHFSË EBM EFQPTJUP EFMMB NFOUF TVCDPOTDJB GPSOFOEP VOB
QSF[JPTB PQQPSUVOJUË QFS QVMJSF DPMMFUUJWBNFOUF MB NFOUF
VNBOB EB EFUSJUJ FNP[JPOBMJ F JOGPSNB[JPOJ OPO EFM UVUUP
FMBCPSBUF .PMUJ EFJ WPTUSJ BOUFOBUJ IBOOP WJTTVUP FTJTUFO[F
BWWJODFOUJ F MF MPSP HFTUB F MF MPSP NFNPSJF TPOP SBDDPMUF
OFMMB NFOUF TVCDPOTDJB F JODPOTDJB DPNF WBMJEJ DPOUSJCVUJ
BMMB DPTDJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB EFMMVNBOJUË
-B WFSB DPOPTDFO[B DIF TUBUF DFSDBOEP Ò EFOUSP EJ WPJ
(MJ FWFOUJ SFHJTUSBUJ EBMMF POEF CFUB EFMMB NFOUF DPOTDJB
BODIF BWWFOVUJ NPMUP UFNQP GB QPTTPOP FTTFSF BODPSB NPMUP
SFBMJ F QSFTFOUJ NBOJGFTUBOEPTJ TJNVMUBOFBNFOUF JO CBTF BMMB
QSPTQFUUJWB NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMF EFMMB NFOUF DPTNJDB 3FBMUË
EJĊFSFOUJ PHOVOB EJTMPDBUB TV VOB EJWFSTB MJOFB EJ UFNQP
TJ JOUSFDDJBOP F TJ JOUFSDPOOFUUPOP USB MPSP BUUSBWFSTP UVUUF MF
FTQFSJFO[F F HMJ JOTFHOBNFOUJ DIF TJ NBOJGFTUBOP OFM NPOEP
mTJDP F MF GSFRVFO[F FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDIF EFJ WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ
PTDJMMBOEP BWBOUJ F JOEJFUSP OFM UFNQP JOnVFO[BOP BMUSF
SFBMUË DPO UFNBUJDIF TJNJMBSJ " MJWFMMP DFMMVMBSF PHOJ QFSTPOB
Ò JO QFSQFUVP TUBUP EJ DPNVOJDB[JPOF JTUBOUBOFB F JOEJWJEVJ
QSPWFOJFOUJ EB BMUSJ UFNQJ TQFTTP TPOP QJFOBNFOUF DPOTBQF
WPMJ EFMMP TDBNCJP JO DPSTP -FSB NPEFSOB Ò GPOEBUB TVMMB
DPNVOF DSFEFO[B JO DVJ TJ WFEF MB SBDDPMUB EJ JOGPSNB[JPOJ
DPNF VO QSPDFTTP FTUFSOP F QVÛ FTTFSMP UVUUBWJB WPJ TJFUF
QFS OBUVSB QSPHFUUBUJ QFS TQFSJNFOUBSF MB SFBMUË EB VOP TUBUP
JOUFSJPSF EJ QJFOP QPUFO[JBMF DIF QPSUB BE VOB WJTJPOF EFMMB
WJUBMJUË F EFMMFTQSFTTJPOF DSFBUJWB QJá BNQJB F HJPJPTB EJ
RVBOUP WJ TJB QPTTJCJMF DSFEFSF
-FTJTUFO[B Ò VOBWWFOUVSB NVMUJTUSBUJmDBUB UBOUP BMUB
NFOUF DPNQMFTTB RVBOUP BM DPOUSBSJP NPMUP TFNQMJDF
'POEBNFOUBMNFOUF TJ USBUUB EJ VOB TPUUJMF BTTPDJB[JPOF EJ
GSFRVFO[F CBTBUF TV VO BDDPSEP DPTDJFOUF EJ DPPQFSB[JPOF
.PEFMMJ EJ FOFSHJB TJ SJWFSCFSBOP DPOUJOVBNFOUF FE FOUSBOP
JO DPOUBUUP DPO BMUSJ QJBOJ EJ SFBMUË TDBNCJBOEP MJCFSBNFOUF
GSFRVFO[F F TFHOBMJ %B VOB QSPTQFUUJWB QJá BNQJB UVUUF MF
SFBMUË TPOP BQFSUF QFSUBOUP RVBMTJBTJ DPTB GBDDJBUF o EBHMJ
BUUFHHJBNFOUJ DIF NBOJGFTUBUF BMMF B[JPOJ DIF JOUSBQSFOEFUF
o DSFBUF GSFRVFO[F DIF USBTNFUUPOP PWVORVF MB WPTUSB FTTFO[B
48
$BQJUPMP %VF
.BTDIFSBNFOUJ F mO[JPOJ TPOP TPMP GPSNF EJ JMMVTJPOF QFS
DIÒ WPJ TJFUF DJÛ DIF TJFUF 1PUFUF JOHBOOBSF WPJ TUFTTJ NB
OPO QPUFUF DPOUSBĊBSF MB WPTUSB mSNB FOFSHFUJDB 7PJ JO PHOJ
JTUBOUF USBTNFUUFUF DIJ F DIF DPTB TJFUF F RVFTUP Ò WBMJEP QFS
UVUUJ EBJ OFPOBUJ BJ MFBEFS EFM NPOEP "UUVBMNFOUF JM MJWFMMP EJ
GBMTJUË F JQPDSJTJB OFMMF SFMB[JPOJ VNBOF Ò DSFTDJVUP DPTÖ TGSPOUBUB
NFOUF QFSDIÏ MB HFOUF IB EJTUPSUP MB QSPQSJB DBQBDJUË EJ MFHHFSF
MF WJCSB[JPOJ EFMMB SFBMUË F RVFTUP JO UFSNJOJ NPEFSOJ Ò EFUUP
iTUBUP EJ OFHB[JPOFw
" WPMUF WJ DSFBUF EFMMF TJUVB[JPOJ QFS QPUFS BEFNQJFSF BE
VO QSPQPTJUP P VO BDDPSEP DIF BWFWBUF TUBCJMJUP QSJNB EJ
BSSJWBSF RVJ (JPDBSF DPO JM QPUFSF JNQMJDB TFNQSF VOB QSPWB
EJ DBSBUUFSF -F EJċDPMUË QFSTPOBMJ TWJMVQQBOP JM DBSBUUFSF
TUJNPMBOEP OVPWJ TUBEJ EJ TWJMVQQP FNP[JPOBMF F JOUFMMFUUJWP
NFOUSF MF EJċDPMUË DIF JOWFTUPOP MB DPMMFUUJWJUË IBOOP B DIF
GBSF DPO JM EFTJEFSJP DPNVOF EJ SBHHJVOHFSF B MJWFMMP EJ NBTTB
OVPWJ USBHVBSEJ TJB QFS MB NFOUF DIF QFS MP TQJSJUP 7PJ TJFUF
RVJ QFS TQFSJNFOUBSF QSPQSJP DJÛ EJ DVJ WJ TUBUF PDDVQBOEP
TBQFSF RVFTUP BWFOEP DPNQSFTP DIF JM MJCFSP BSCJUSJP WJ EË
TFNQSF MB QPTTJCJMJUË EJ TDFMUB QVÛ SBĊPS[BSWJ F NJHMJPSBSF MB
WPTUSB WJUB µ JNQPSUBOUF FTTFSF NPMUP DIJBSJ SJHVBSEP B DJÛ
DIF WPMFUF F DJÛ DIF TJFUF EJTQPTUJ B GBSF QFS BWFSMP
7PJ BWFUF JM QPUFSF EJ DBNCJBSF RVBMTJBTJ TJUVB[JPOF TFNQMJ
DFNFOUF NPEJmDBOEP MF WPTUSF BTQFUUBUJWF F J WPTUSJ BUUFHHJB
NFOUJ 3JGPDBMJ[[BSF MB QSPQSJB BUUFO[JPOF F TFMF[JPOBSF DPOTB
QFWPMNFOUF J QFOTJFSJ QFS PUUFOFSF JM SJTVMUBUP DIF TJ EFTJEFSB
NPEJmDIFSË MB GSFRVFO[B DIF USBTNFUUFUF F BQSJSË JOFWJUBCJM
NFOUF MB QPSUB B VO BMUSP QSPCBCJMF SJTVMUBUP "HHJVTUBNFOUP
EFMMB QSPQSJB SFBMUË P VTP EFMMB GSFRVFO[B QFSTPOBMF DPNF
WJB EJOUFOUP TBSË RVFTUB MPOEB EFM GVUVSP *M TVQFSBNFOUP
EFMMF WPTUSF QBVSF F JM TBQFSTJ NVPWFSF JO TJUVB[JPOJ EJċDJMJ
QSPEVSSË JO WPJ VOB TUSBPSEJOBSJB GPS[B F mEVDJB F QFS DFSUJ
WFSTJ QJá JOUFOTP TBSË JM iESBNNBw QJá HSBOEF TBSË MB SJDPN
QFOTB JO UFSNJOJ EJ SFBMJ[[B[JPOF QFSTPOBMF -F SFBMJ[[B[JPOJ
F J SJTVMUBUJ PUUFOVUJ DPO MP TUFTTP JNQFUP F JOUFOUP DPMMFUUJWP
QFSWBEPOP BMUSJ QJBOJ EJ SFBMUË DSFBOEP VOB TDBDDIJFSB NVM
UJEJNFOTJPOBMF EPWF J QF[[J J HJPDBUPSJ F MB TDBDDIJFSB TUFTTB
WPHMJPOP UVUUJ MB TUFTTB DPTB "CCSBDDJBSF MB DPNQSFOTJPOF
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
49
DIF UVUUP DJÛ DIF FTJTUF TJ CBTB TVMMB GSFRVFO[B Ò VOB QSFTB
EJ DPTDJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB DIF MVNBOJUË EPWSË WJWFSF JO RVFTUJ
UFNQJ 3JDIJBNBSF F BOBMJ[[BSF MB SJDDIF[[B EFMMF NFNPSJF
EFQPTJUBUF OFJ WPTUSJ HFOJ WJ PĊSJSË VOB OVPWB QSPTQFUUJWB TVM
NPEP EJ PQFSBSF EFM DPSQP VNBOP F JOUFHSBOEP MF WPTUSF
DPOTJEFSB[JPOJ TV VOB QSPTQFUUJWB QJá BNQJB EJNPTUSFSFUF
DIF DJÛ QVÛ FTTFSF GBUUP
" QSFTDJOEFSF EB DPTB TUBUF DSFBOEP MF WPTUSF DSFEFO[F GPSNBOP MF
GPOEBNFOUB EJ UVUUF MF WPTUSF FTQFSJFO[F
/BUVSBMNFOUF Ò QPTTJCJMF DSFBSF FOFSHJF DIF TPOP JODPN
QBUJCJMJ DPO JM WPTUSP CFOFTTFSF %BUP DIF OPO QPUFUF WFEFSF
MF FOFSHJF DIF QSPEVDFUF OPO TFNQSF TJFUF DPOTBQFWPMJ EFM
GBUUP DIF DPTUBOUFNFOUF USBTNFUUFUF MF WPTUSF DSFEFO[F F MF
DPOEJ[JPOJ DIF NBOJGFTUBOP MB SFBMUË 6OB NFOUF DPOGVTB F
OPO DIJBSB BUUSBSSË FOFSHJF EFM TVP TUFTTP UJQP QPJDIÏ RVFTUP Ò
JM TFHOBMF DIF WJFOF JOWJBUP 3JDPSEBUF J WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ DSFBOP
MB WPTUSB SFBMUË QFSDJÛ PHOJ WPMUB DIF WJ USPWBUF EJ GSPOUF B
TJUVB[JPOJ QPDP DIJBSF DIJFEFUFWJ QFSDIÏ TUP DSFBOEP RVFTUB
DPTB $IJFEFSTJ JM QFSDIÏ QSFQBSB MB TDFOB QFS VOB NBHHJPSF
DIJBSF[[B *M USVDDP DPOTJTUF OFMMP TUBSF BUUFOUJ F JNQBSBSF BE
BTDPMUBSF MB SJTQPTUB " QSFTDJOEFSF EB DPTB TUBUF DSFBOEP MF
WPTUSF DSFEFO[F GPSNBOP MF GPOEBNFOUB EJ UVUUF MF WPTUSF
FTQFSJFO[F %PWFUF JNQBSBSF B FTTFSF DPOTBQFWPMJ EFMMB WPTUSB
DBQBDJUË EJ TUSVUUVSBSF MB SFBMUË QPOFOEP VOJNQSPOUB TVMMF
FOFSHJF DIF VUJMJ[[BUF F DPO DVJ JOUFSBHJUF
7PJ QSPEVDFUF GSFRVFO[F EJ FOFSHJB JO CBTF B DJÛ DIF DSF
EFUF B DPNF WJ BUUFHHJBUF F B DPTB EFTJEFSBUF JOPMUSF JO RVF
TUJ UFNQJ WJWFUF BODIF JO VO DBNQP EJ GSFRVFO[F FMFUUSPOJDIF
DIF CPNCBSEBOP JM WPTUSP BNCJFOUF 0OEF B CBTTB GSFRVFO[B
GSFRVFO[F FMFUUSPNBHOFUJDIF NJDSPPOEF GSFRVFO[F EJ DBWJ F
USBMJDDJ EFMMBMUB UFOTJPOF GSFRVFO[F EFJ QFOTJFSJ EFHMJ BMUSJ
GSFRVFO[F EFM UFSSFOP F VOB NPMUJUVEJOF EJ GSFRVFO[F DIF
QSPWFOHPOP EBM DPTNP TJ DPNCJOBOP F TJ GPOEPOP UVUUF
JOUPSOP B WPJ .BO NBOP DIF JNQBSFSFUF B GPDBMJ[[BSF MB
WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF F BE BDVJSF MF QFSDF[JPOJ DIF TUBUF TWJMVQ
QBOEP EJWFOUFSFUF HSBEVBMNFOUF QJá DPOTBQFWPMJ F TFOTJCJMJ
50
$BQJUPMP %VF
BMMF GSFRVFO[F DIF JODPOUSBUF EBM DJCP DIF NBOHJBUF BM MVPHP
JO DVJ WJWFUF EBJ QPTUJ DIF WJTJUBUF mOP B UVUUP DJÛ DIF GBUF
.BO NBOP DIF MB WPTUSB DPOTBQFWPMF[[B FOFSHFUJDB BVNFOUB
JNQBSFSFUF B QFSDFQJSF MF GSFRVFO[F 1PUFUF HJË OPUBSF MB EJĊF
SFO[B EB DPNF WJ TFOUJUF RVBOEP NBOHJBUF EFM DJCP DIF WJFOF
QSPEPUUP TV MBSHB TDBMB PQQVSF EFM DJCP DPMUJWBUP F QSFQBSBUP
DPO BNPSF & EJTDFSOFSF MF GSFRVFO[F EFMMF BQQBSFDDIJBUVSF
FMFUUSJDIF FE FMFUUSPOJDIF SJDIJFEF VO VHVBM MJWFMMP EJ DPO
TBQFWPMF[[B 4F WJ DBQJUB EJ USBTDPSSFSF MVOHIJ QFSJPEJ EFMMB
WPTUSB HJPSOBUB JNNFSTJ JO VO BNCJFOUF TBUVSP EJ GSFRVFO[F
HFOFSBUF EB BQQBSFDDIJBUVSF FMFUUSJDIF FE FMFUUSPOJDIF BMMPSB Ò
FTTFO[JBMF USBTDPSSFSF BMUSFUUBOUP UFNQP JNNFSTJ OFMMB OBUVSB
-B OBUVSB Ò JM QPTUP NJHMJPSF QFS SFDVQFSBSF MF QSPQSJF FOFSHJF
F DSFBSF MFRVJMJCSJP JOUFSJPSF
1PUFUF QPUFO[JBSF WPJ TUFTTJ F EFmOJSF MB SFBMUË DIF QSFGFSJUF
QSFOEFOEPWJ EFM UFNQP QFS DPNVOJDBSF DPO J MJWFMMJ TVCDPO
TDJ F JODPOTDJ EFMMB WPTUSB NFOUF $PNF QSJNB DPTB SBMMFOUBUF
JM SFTQJSP F GPDBMJ[[BUFWJ TV EJ FTTP EJTUBO[JBUF MJFWFNFOUF MF
NBTDFMMF SJMBTTBUF MB MJOHVB F QFSNFUUFUF DIF VOB QSPGPOEB
SFTQJSB[JPOF SJUNJDB SJMBTTJ JM WPTUSP DPSQP F BQSB MB NFOUF B
VO NBHHJPSF TUBUP EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B $POUJOVBUF B SFTQJSBSF
QSPGPOEBNFOUF F JNNBHJOBUF JM WPTUSP DPSQP DPNQMFUBNFOUF
DJSDPOEBUP EB TQJSBMJ EPSBUF EJ FOFSHJB 7JTVBMJ[[BUF PSB
VOPOEB EJ FOFSHJB DIF DPNF VOB MJFWF QJPHHFSFMMJOB QSJNB
WFSJMF CBHOB UVUUP JM WPTUSP DPSQP EBMMB UFTUB BJ QJFEJ 0HOJ
UFOTJPOF WJFOF MBWBUB WJB MBTDJBOEPWJ GSFTDIJ QVMJUJ F MJCFSJ EJ
QSPTFHVJSF TFO[B PTUBDPMJ OFMMF QSPGPOEJUË EFM WPTUSP FTTFSF
$Ò VO MVPHP OFMMB WPTUSB NFOUF DIF TJ DIJBNB iTUBO[B EFMMF
SJTQPTUFw F TJ EFWF VTBSF MB QSPQSJB JNNBHJOB[JPOF QFS BUUSB
WFSTBSF JM QPOUF F USPWBSF MB QSPQSJB WJB BMMB TVB QPSUB 1VÛ USP
WBSTJ JO VO WFDDIJP FEJmDJP EJ QJFUSB TV VOB TUSBEB USBċDBUB
P MVOHP VO USBORVJMMP WJPUUPMP EJ DBNQBHOB PQQVSF FTTFSF
JTPMBUB DPNF JM OJEP EJ VOBRVJMB TV VO QSFDJQJ[JP
-B TUBO[B EFMMF SJTQPTUF Ò VOB WPTUSB DSFB[JPOF F QVÛ USPWBSTJ
PWVORVF WPJ TDFHMJBUF QFSDFQJUF JO WPJ MB GPSUF JOUFO[JPOF EJ
SFDBSWJ MÖ F QPJ WJTVBMJ[[BUFWJ GFSNJ EBWBOUJ BMMB QPSUB 0TTFSWBUF
MB RVBMJUË F JM DPMPSF EFMMB QPSUB DPTÖ DPNF MB GPSNB EFM QPNFMMP
F VOB WPMUB DIF RVFTUJ FMFNFOUJ TPOP DIJBSBNFOUF JNQSFTTJ
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
51
OFMMB WPTUSB NFOUF BQSJUF MB QPSUB -B TUBO[B EFMMF SJTQPTUF Ò
BSSFEBUB NPMUP CFOF DPO UFTTVUJ NFSBWJHMJPTJ EFMMF DPNPEF
TFEJF F QPMUSPOF F TUVQFOEJ QF[[J EBSUF VO NBQQBNPOEP
MJCSJ QJBOUF mPSJ F VO TFSWJ[JP EB UÒ EBOOP VO DBMPSPTP TFOTP
EJ CFOWFOVUP F QPDP QJá JO MË VOBNQJB WFUSBUB TJ BĊBDDJB TV VO
TPOUVPTP HJBSEJOP 0SB FOUSBUF OFMMB TUBO[B EFMMF SJTQPTUF F TFO
UJUFWJ B DBTB *O RVFTUB TUBO[B USPWFSFUF RVBMTJBTJ DPTB WPHMJBUF
6OB WPMUB USPWBUB VOB TJTUFNB[JPOF DPNPEB QFOTBUF B DJÛ DIF
WPSSFTUF TBQFSF (VBSEBUFWJ JOUPSOP MBTDJBOEP JM WPTUSP THVBSEP
MJCFSP EJ GFSNBSTJ VO QP RVB F VO QP MË GBDFOEP BUUFO[JPOF
B UVUUP DJÛ DIF WFEFUF 2VBOEP TJFUF QSPOUJ QSPOVODJBUF GFS
NBNFOUF MB EPNBOEB B DVJ DFSDBWBUF SJTQPTUB F DIJFEFUF DIF WJ
WFOHB EBUB VOB DIJBSB SJTQPTUB FOUSP J TVDDFTTJWJ USF HJPSOJ QPJ
DPNPEBNFOUF CFWFUF JM UÒ F BCCBOEPOBUFWJ BMMB TFSFOJUË EFMMB
TUBO[B EFMMB DPOPTDFO[B JOUFSJPSF %PSB JO QPJ QPUSFUF WJTJUBSF
RVFTUB TUBO[B UVUUF MF WPMUF DIF TDFHMJFSFUF EJ TJOUPOJ[[BSWJ TVMMB
WPTUSB GSFRVFO[B QFS PUUFOFSF NBHHJPS DIJBSF[[B SJHVBSEP B WPJ
TUFTTJ F BM NPOEP JO HFOFSBMF
µ JNQPSUBOUF BWFSF mEVDJB DIF VOB WPMUB FTFHVJUB RVFTUB
TPSUB EJ QSPHSBNNB[JPOF JOUFSJPSF MF SJTQPTUF BSSJWFSBOOP
QPTTPOP BSSJWBSF NFOUSF WJ USPWBUF OFMMB TUBO[B P JO VO
RVBMTJBTJ BMUSP NPNFOUP EFJ USF HJPSOJ TVDDFTTJWJ 2VBOEP
EJWFOUFSFUF QJá CSBWJ B VUJMJ[[BSF MB WPTUSB JNNBHJOB[JPOF
MB DBQBDJUË EJ HJPDBSF DSFBUJWBNFOUF DPO MF EJOBNJDIF EFMMB
WPTUSB NFOUF BVNFOUFSË JO NPEP OBUVSBMF F RVFTUP NJHMJP
SFSË VMUFSJPSNFOUF JM WPTUSP CFOFTTFSF 1PTTJCJMJUË JMMJNJUBUF
BUUFOEPOP MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF F JOPMUSF QPUSFUF SJTQBSNJBSF
QBSFDDIJP EFOBSP F NPMUP EVSP MBWPSP QSBUJDBOEP MBSUF EFM
MBVUPHFTUJPOF JOUFSJPSF F JNQBSBOEP B QPSUBSF MBUUFO[JPOF
EFOUSP EJ WPJ 7J CBTUFSË TPMP QFOTBSF BMMB TUBO[B EFMMF SJTQP
TUF QPSSF VOB EPNBOEB F SJDFWFSFUF JNNFEJBUBNFOUF P
RVBTJ VOB SJTQPTUB 2VBOEP DPTUSVJUF MB WPTUSB SFBMUË OFMMB
WPTUSB NFOUF QPUFUF GBSF UVUUP DJÛ DIF WPMFUF
-F GSFRVFO[F TPOP TFOTJCJMJ FE Ò NFHMJP SJDPSEBSF DIF OPO QPTTPOP
FTTFSF GBMTJmDBUF
* TFHOBMJ EFMMF WPTUSF POEF DFSFCSBMJ SJWFMBOP JM WPTUSP TUBUP
52
$BQJUPMP %VF
NFOUBMF BUUSBWFSTP MF GSFRVFO[F DIF VUJMJ[[BUF QFS PQFSBSF OFMMB
SFBMUË mTJDB 1PUFUF JNQBSBSF B TWJMVQQBSF VOB GSFRVFO[B DPN
QMFTTJWB GPSUF QPUFOUF F DIJBSBNFOUF GPDBMJ[[BUB .BO NBOP
DIF JNQBSFSFUF B JOUFOTJmDBSMB F BE BOJNBSMB RVFTUB WPTUSB
GSFRVFO[B EJWFSSË QJá GPSUF SJTQFUUP B UVUUF MF BMUSF FOFSHJF DIF
JODPOUSBUF *M CVPO TFOTP EFWF TFNQSF QSFWBMFSF RVBOEP QFSTF
HVJUF RVFTUP iDPSTPw EJ DPOTBQFWPMF[[B QFSTPOBMF µ QPTTJCJMF
TUBCJMJSF VOB QFSTPOBMF WJCSB[JPOF DIF USBTDFOEB F USBTNVUJ
VOB TPTUBO[B UPTTJDB P EJTUSVUUJWB 4F WJWFUF BMMJOUFSOP EJ VO
DBNQP FMFUUSJDP GPSUFNFOUF DBSJDP RVBOEP JOUFSBHJUF DPO MF
BQQBSFDDIJBUVSF FMFUUSJDIF FE FMFUUSPOJDIF EFM WPTUSP NPOEP
PEJFSOP PDDPSSPOP TGPS[J USFNFOEJ QFS NBOUFOFSF MB QSPQSJB
GSFRVFO[B %PWFUF JNQBSBSF B TUBSF EPWF MF WJCSB[JPOJ WJ GBOOP
TUBS CFOF o NPMUP TQFTTP RVFTUP Ò VO MVPHP JO DVJ MB OBUVSB
WJFOF SJTQFUUBUB 1PUFUF JNQBSBSF B TVQFSBSF RVBMTJBTJ DPTB NB
EPWFUF BODIF DPOTJEFSBSF TF TJB OFM WPTUSP NJHMJPSF JOUFSFTTF
GBSMP UBMWPMUB USBTGFSJSTJ P DBNCJBSF BCJUVEJOJ Ò MB TPMV[JPOF
QJá GBDJMF F TFOTBUB .PMUJ JOWFDF BSSJWBOP B TDPOUSBSTJ FOFSHF
UJDBNFOUF DPO TF TUFTTJ F EFWPOP GBSTJ TUSBEB B GBUJDB BUUSBWFSTP
DBPUJDIF UFNQFTUF EJ GPSNFQFOTJFSP DSFBUF EB DIJ USBTNFUUF
MF GSFRVFO[F EFMMF TVF FNP[JPOJ OFHBUJWF /FM NPOEP EFMMF
GSFRVFO[F UVUUJ J QFOTJFSJ BTTVNPOP VOB GPSNB FOFSHFUJDB F
MF FNP[JPOJ TPOP JM DBSCVSBOUF VUJMJ[[BUP QFS JNNFUUFSF EFJ
QFOTJFSJ OFMMFUFSF DJSDPTUBOUF * QFOTJFSJ TJ SBHHSVQQBOP F
BHHSFHBOP QFS TJNJMBSJUË TJNJMF BUUSBF TJNJMF 0HOJ QFOTJFSP
Ò VO PSEJOF EBUP BMMF WPTUSF DFMMVMF QFSDIÒ SFBMJ[[JOP MFĊFUUP
EFTJEFSBUP QFSUBOUP QFOTJFSJ JODPOTDJ F TVHHFTUJPOJ QPTTPOP
FTTFSF TQFTTP FTUSFNBNFOUF EBOOPTJ QFS JM DPSQP
2VBOEP TJ HVJEB OFM USBċDP JOUFOTP MF WJCSB[JPOJ EFHMJ
BMUSJ HVJEBUPSJ QPTTPOP UBMWPMUB FTTFSF NPMUP GPSUJ F EJTUVS
CBOUJ -B NBHHJPS QBSUF EFMMF QFSTPOF QFOTBOP EJ FTTFSF TPMF F
JTPMBUF JO VOBVUPNPCJMF NB MB[JPOF EFM HVJEBSF DIF Ò NPMUP
JQOPUJDB QVÛ JOOFTDBSF VOP TUBUP BMUFSBUP EJ DPTDJFO[B *O RVF
TUP TUBUP EJ RVBTJ USBODF EFMMB NFOUF J QFOTJFSJ F MF FNP[JPOJ
QSPWBUF EB DIJ HVJEB WFOHPOP JODPOTDJBNFOUF USBTNFTTJ TVMMF
BVUPTUSBEF EFM NPOEP %PWFUF JNQBSBSF B GPDBMJ[[BSF MB WPTUSB
BUUFO[JPOF TVMMPTTFSWB[JPOF EFJ WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ 4UBUF DPOUSJ
CVFOEP BMMB DSFB[JPOF EJ VO BHHMPNFSBUP EJ QFOTJFSJ DPMNJ EJ
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
53
HJPJB P EJ EJTQFSB[JPOF 4BQFOEP PSB DIF QPUFUF DSFBSF RVBM
TJBTJ WFSTJPOF EJ WJUB EFTJEFSBUF TF TJFUF DIJBSJ SJTQFUUP B DJÛ
DIF WPMFUF QPUFUF DPOEJ[JPOBSF DPTDJFOUFNFOUF MFOFSHJB EFM
WPTUSP BNCJFOUF DPO MF WPTUSF JOUFO[JPOJ OVUSFOEP EJ QFOTJFSJ
BNPSFWPMJ MABSFB DIF WJ DJSDPOEB DIF TJB VO WJDPMP P VOBVUP
TUSBEB * WPTUSJ QFOTJFSJ QPTTPOP FTTFSF VTBUJ JO NPEJ JMMJNJUBUJ
F QJá FTFSDJUBUF MFRVJMJCSJP F MBSNPOJ[[B[JPOF EFMMBNCJFOUF
DIF GSFRVFOUBUF NBHHJPSF TBSË MFĊFUUP DIF BWSFUF TVM DBN
CJBNFOUP EFM NPOEP JO DVJ WJWFUF
"UUSBWFSTP JM QFOTJFSP J TFOUJNFOUJ JM EJSF JM GBSF JM
TPHOBSF JM EFTJEFSBSF MJOUFO[JPOF F MFTTFSF WPJ QSPEVDFUF
JO PHOJ NPNFOUP EFMMF GSFRVFO[F 2VBM Ò JM WPTUSP QFSTP
OBMF DPOUSJCVUP BM DBNQP EFMMBUUJWJUË VNBOB 'PSTF RVFMMJ
DIF TFNCSBOP BWFSF QJá QPUFSF EJ WPJ TUBOOP TFNQMJDFNFOUF
GPDBMJ[[BOEP MF MPSP GSFRVFO[F DPO VOJOUFO[JPOF QJá GPSUF
*M DBNQP EJ FOFSHJB OPO Ò SJDDP JO VOBSFB F QPWFSP JO VOBM
USB JM DBNQP Ò JM DBNQP o VOJGPSNF F PNOJQFSWBEFOUF *M
DBNQP EFMMFTJTUFO[B Ò DPMNP EFMM*OUFMMJHFO[B $PTNJDB DIF Ò
OFVUSBMF o OPO IB JOUFSFTTJ QFSTPOBMJ o EBUP DIF OFM EJTFHOP
QJá HSBOEF EFMMB SFBMUË TFNQMJDFNFOUF OPO FTJTUF VO VOJDP
TVQFSWJTPSF -B NFOUF DPTNJDB Ò VOFTQFSJFO[B DPMMFUUJWB
DIF NVUB F DSFTDF JODPSQPSBOEP JODFTTBOUFNFOUF PHOJ TGV
NBUVSB EFMMFTQFSJFO[B DIF PHOJ GPSNB EJ DPTDJFO[B FTQMPSB F
USBTNFUUF 6TBSF MB GPS[B EJ WPMPOUË QFS EBS WJUB B VO OVPWP
NPOEP QSPCBCJMF DPTB DIF GBUF DPO PHOJ TJOHPMP QFOTJFSP
QSPEVDFOEP MF GSFRVFO[F EJ QFOTJFSP F EJ FOFSHJB DIF EFTJEF
SBUF TJ DIJBNB HJPDP EFM MJCFSP BSCJUSJP -F WPTUSF JOUFO[JPOJ
EFUFSNJOBOP MF FTQFSJFO[F DIF DSFBUF F MB WPTUSB SFB[JPOF OF
EFUFSNJOB JM SJTVMUBUP 4F TDFHMJFUF EJ NFOUJSF F EJ NPEJmDBSF
JM QFSDPSTP EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB VTBOEP FOFSHJF PTDVSF F NBMFmDIF
QFS GBDJMJUBSWJ MB WJB BMMPSB TQFSJNFOUFSFUF J SJTVMUBUJ EJ RVFMMF
B[JPOJ -B TDFMUB EJ GBSF DJÛ DIF WPMFUF Ò TFNQSF WPTUSB 4JB
DIF BDDFUUJBUF P NFOP MB QFSTPOBMF SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EFMMF WPTUSF
DSFB[JPOJ DJÛ JO DVJ WJ JNCBUUFUF Ò TFNQSF PQFSB WPTUSB
-F GSFRVFO[F TPOP TFOTJCJMJ FE Ò NFHMJP SJDPSEBSF DIF OPO
QPTTPOP FTTFSF GBMTJmDBUF -B GSFRVFO[B Ò DJÛ DIF Ò 1FS BWFSF
VOB GSFRVFO[B FOFSHFUJDB TJODFSB F BVUFOUJDB Ò OFDFTTBSJP VO
BMMJOFBNFOUP DPO J WPTUSJ TFOUJNFOUJ 6O JNQPTUPSF USBWFTUJUP
54
$BQJUPMP %VF
EB CSBWB QFSTPOB QVÛ FTTFSF SJDPOPTDJVUP GBDJMNFOUF RVBOEP
SJMBTDJBUF MF WPTUSF BTQFUUBUJWF F BUUSBWFSTP JM WPTUSP TFOUJSF
WJ TJOUPOJ[[BUF DPO MB WFSB OBUVSB EFMMF JOUFO[JPOJ EJ RVFMMB
QFSTPOB 2VBOEP JNQBSBUF B MFHHFSF MF GSFRVFO[F BUUSBWFSTP JM
WPTUSP TFOUJSF OPO TBSË QJá VO QSPCMFNB HFTUJSF MF THSBEFWPMJ
FOFSHJF EJ JOHBOOP F CVHJF 6O CVPO MFUUPSF EJ GSFRVFO[F
Ò TFNQSF NPMUP POFTUP DPO TF TUFTTP F HMJ BMUSJ QFSDIÏ QFS
BDRVJTJSF RVFTUB BCJMJUË TPOP OFDFTTBSJF POFTUË F JOUFHSJUË 1Já
Ò HSBOEF MB WPTUSB JOUFHSJUË QJá BQFSUVSF WFSTP MB DPOPTDFO[B
F MB WFSJUË TVMMFTJTUFO[B WJ TBSBOOP SJWFMBUF /PO DJ TPOP DPSTJ
P TFNJOBSJ B DVJ SFHJTUSBSTJ UVUUP DJÛ SJHVBSEB TPMP WPJ F MB
WPTUSB DPTDJFO[B 7PJ JO PHOJ NPNFOUP EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB BWFUF
MPQQPSUVOJUË EJ JNCPDDBSF MB TUSBEB JO EJTDFTB RVFMMB JO
QJBOP P RVFMMB JO TBMJUB -POFTUË QSPEVDF VOB GSFRVFO[B DIF
EJDF JP IP JOUFHSJUË F POPSF F TPOP BUUFOEJCJMF BċEBCJMF F
MFBMF %JQFOEF UVUUP EB WPJ 1Já SFTQPOTBCJMJUË TJFUF EJTQP
TUJ BE BTTVNFSWJ DPNF DSFBUPSJ EFMMB WPTUSB WJUB QJá HSBOEJ
TBSBOOP MF WFSJUË DIF SJVTDJSFUF BE BĊSPOUBSF F BE BDDFUUBSF -B
SFTQPOTBCJMJUË WJ BQSF MF QPSUF BMMB QJFOB BVUPSFBMJ[[B[JPOF
*O WPJ TPOP JOOBUJ JM EJSJUUP F JM EPWFSF EJ QSPHFUUBSF F DSFBSF MB
WPTUSB WJUB
* UFNQJ JO DVJ WJWFUF TPOP DBSBUUFSJ[[BUJ EBM OPCJMF F DPSBH
HJPTP TGPS[P DPNQJVUP EB UBOUF WBMJEF NFOUJ EJ QPSUBSF BMMB
MVDF VOB NJSJBEF EJ DPTQJSB[JPOJ PTDVSF F NJOBDDJPTF DIF SJWF
MBOP VO QSPHSBNNB EJ DPOUSPMMP EB QBSUF EJ VOFMJUF HMPCBMF
mOBMJ[[BUP BMMB EPNJOB[JPOF EFM NPOEP %B VOB QSPTQFUUJWB
QJá HSBOEF TVMMB 5FSSB PHOJ QFSTPOB IB JM TVP SVPMP JO RVF
TUP HSBOEF HJPDP EFMMB DPTDJFO[B 7PJ TJFUF RVJ QFS DSFBSF VOB
HSBOEF EJOBNJDB EJ DBNCJBNFOUP QFS SJTWFHMJBSWJ B OVPWF
WFSJUË F JNQBSBSF BE BWFS mEVDJB OFMMF SJWFMB[JPOJ EFMMB NFOUF
DPTNJDB DIF TJ NBOJGFTUBOP 2VBOEP TNFUUFUF EJ BMJNFOUBSF
MB GPSNBQFOTJFSP DPMMFUUJWB DPO MB QBVSB EFMMB WPTUSB JNQP
UFO[B F EJTQFSB[JPOF F WJ BDDFUUBUF DPNF DSFBUPSJ EFMMB WPTUSB
GSFRVFO[B QFSTPOBMF QPUFUF VUJMJ[[BSF DPNF WPMFUF HMJ JMMJNJ
UBUJ QPUFO[JBMJ EFM DBNQP EFMMF FOFSHJF DSFBUJWF *O WPJ TPOP
JOOBUJ JM EJSJUUP F JM EPWFSF EJ QSPHFUUBSF F DSFBSF MB WPTUSB
&OFSHJB F GSFRVFO[B VO OVPWP TQB[JP SJDSFBUJWP EFMMB NFOUF
55
WJUB 'PDBMJ[[BOEP MB WPTUSB BUUFO[JPOF F NBOEBOEP J WPTUSJ
QFOTJFSJ BNPSFWPMJ OFMMFUFSF QPUFUF DSFBSF VO NPOEP QFS WPJ
TJDVSP EPWF SFHOB VOB DPFTJTUFO[B QBDJmDB GSB UVUUF MF GPSNF
EJ DPTDJFO[B 4F TJFUF EJTQPOJCJMJ QFS RVFTUB WFSTJPOF QBDJmDB
EFMMB SFBMUË BMMPSB TJ DSFFSBOOP EFMMF JOUFSB[JPOJ FRVJMJCSBUF
OVPWF FE FDDJUBOUJ BWWFOUVSF HSBOEJPTF TJODSPOJDJUË F GBOUB
TUJDIF SFMB[JPOJ $Ò VO TFOTP F VOP TDPQP OFMMFTTFSF RVJ F
UVUUF MF TUSBEF EFMMFTQFSJFO[B DIF TDFHMJFUF EJ FTQMPSBSF TPOP
FTTFO[JBMJ F JNQPSUBOUJ QFS MB WPTUSB BVUPSFBMJ[[B[JPOF JO
RVFTUP UFNQP
*O EFmOJUJWB TJFUF WPJ SFTQPOTBCJMJ EJ DVSBSF F EBSF WBMPSF
BMMB WPTUSB WJUB QFSÛ EPWFUF JNQBSBSF BODPSB RVBMDPTB TV
DIJ TJFUF QSJNB EJ SJVTDJSF B QSPHFUUBSF WFSBNFOUF VOB SFBMUË
NJHMJPSF DPO MF GSFRVFO[F DIF TDFHMJFUF $POPTDFSF EJ QJá TF
TUFTTJ OPO Ò TFNQSF GBDJMF NB QSPQSJP DPNF QFS MJOUFHSJUË
RVFTUB Ò VOB TDFMUB DIF EPWFUF FTTFSF EJTQPTUJ B GBSF -P SJQF
UJBNP BODPSB BDDFUUBSF MB SFTQPOTBCJMJUË EFMMB QSPQSJB WJUB
BCCBOEPOBOEP MBUUFHHJBNFOUP WJUUJNJTUJDP MJCFSFSË J WPTUSJ
TDIFNJ NFOUBMJ F TDJPHMJFSË J OPEJ EFJ QFOTJFSJ EJ JNQP
UFO[B 1Já DPOPTDFSFUF DIJ TJFUF QJá TBSFUF EJTQPTUJ B WFEFSF
MB WPTUSB WJUB DPNF VOJNQPSUBOUF F TJHOJmDBUJWB FTQSFTTJPOF
EFMMB DPTDJFO[B F NBHHJPSF TBSË MP TWJMVQQP 6UJMJ[[BUF MB
WPTUSB FOFSHJB DSFBUJWB QFS EFmOJSF MB NFMPEJB EFMMB WPTUSB
HJPSOBUB WJTVBMJ[[BOEP WJCSBOUJ POEF EJ FOFSHJB JNNBHJ
OBOEPMF DPMNF EFMMF JOUFO[JPOJ USBTNFTTF EBM WPTUSP DVPSF
/FM SJDFSDBSF MB WFSJUË EPWFUF FTTFSF EJTQPTUJ BE FTQMPSBSF
FTBNJOBSF EPNBOEBSF EJTDVUFSF SJnFUUFSF BTDPMUBSF HVBS
EBSF JNQBSBSF F WFEFSF WPJ TUFTTJ F UVUUB MB DSFB[JPOF JO VOB
MVDF OVPWB FE BĊBTDJOBOUF