grammar 1 - ic san ginesio

PRESENT SIMPLE VERB TO BE (essere)
AFFIRMATIVE
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
I AM
I'M
YOU ARE
YOU'RE
HE IS
HE'S
SHE IS
SHE'S
IT IS
IT'S
WE ARE
WE'RE
YOU ARE
YOU'RE
THEY ARE
THEY'RE
NEGATIVE
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
I AM NOT
I'M NOT
YOU ARE NOT
YOU AREN'T
HE IS NOT
HE ISN'T
SHE IS NOT
SHE ISN'T
IT IS NOT
IT ISN'T
WE ARE NOT
WE AREN'T
YOU ARE NOT
YOU AREN'T
THEY ARE NOT
THEY AREN'T
INTERROGATIVE
VERBO + SOGG. + …?
SHORT ANSWERS
Affirmative
Negative
AM I...?
YES, I AM
NO, I'M NOT
ARE YOU...?
YES, YOU ARE
NO, YOU AREN'T
IS HE...?
YES, HE IS
NO, HE ISN'T
IS SHE...?
YES, SHE IS
NO, SHE ISN'T
IS IT...?
YES, IT IS
NO, IT ISN'T
ARE WE...?
YES, WE ARE
NO, WE AREN'T
ARE YOU...?
YES, YOU ARE
NO, YOU AREN'T
ARE THEY...?
YES, THEY ARE
NO, THEY AREN'T
PRESENT SIMPLE VERB TO HAVE (avere)
AFFIRMATIVE
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
I HAVE GOT
I'VE GOT
YOU HAVE GOT
YOU' VE GOT
HE HAS GOT
HE'S GOT
SHE HAS GOT
SHE' S GOT
IT HAS GOT
IT' S GOT
WE HAVE GOT
WE' VE GOT
YOU HAVE GOT
YOU' VE GOT
THEY HAVE GOT
THEY' VE GOT
NEGATIVE
FULL FORMS
SHORT FORMS
I HAVE NOT GOT
I HAVEN'T GOT
YOU HAVE NOT GOT
YOU HAVEN'T GOT
HE HAS NOT GOT
HE HASN'T GOT
SHE HAS NOT GOT
SHE HASN'T GOT
IT HAS NOT GOT
IT HASN'T GOT
WE HAVE NOT GOT
WE HAVEN'T GOT
YOU HAVE NOT GOT
YOU HAVEN'T GOT
THEY HAVE NOT GOT
THEY HAVEN'T GOT
INTERROGATIVE
Verbo + soggetto + …?
SHORT ANSWERS
Affirmative
Negative
HAVE I GOT...?
YES, I HAVE
NO, I HAVEN'T
HAVE YOU GOT...?
YES, YOU HAVE
NO, YOU HAVEN'T
HAS HE GOT...?
YES, HE HAS
NO, HE HASN'T
HAS SHE GOT...?
YES, SHE HAS
NO, SHE HASN'T
HAS IT GOT...?
YES, IT HAS
NO, IT HASN'T
HAVE WE GOT...?
YES, WE HAVE
NO, WE HAVEN'T
HAVE YOU GOT...?
YES, YOU HAVE
NO, YOU HAVEN'T
HAVE THEY GOT...?
YES, THEY HAVE
NO, THEY HAVEN'T
EXPRESSIONS WITH HAVE
Ci sono alcune espressioni in cui have non indica possesso, ma viene usato come i
verbi non ausiliari (have breakfast, have lunch, have dinner, have a shower...).
Esso non è accompagnato dal got e usa l'ausiliare do/does e don't/doesn't per la
forma negativa, interrogativa e le risposte brevi
She doesn't have breakfast
Do they have dinner at the restaurant? Yes, they do/No they don't
PRESENT SIMPLE USE
Il present simple si usa per descrivere:
1.
Azioni abituali: She goes to bed at ten o'clock = Va a letto alle 10
2.
Situazioni permanenti: She lives with her family = vive con la sua famiglia
3.
Orari (scolastici, dei treni...): It leaves at 11.00 a.m.
4.
Gusti e sentimenti: He doesn't like basketball
N.B. Non si usa
mai per descrivere ciò che si sta facendo in questo momento
3rd PERSON
La terza persona singolare (he, she, it) del present simple affermativo si forma
secondo le seguenti regole ortografiche:
1. aggiungendo -s alla forma base per la maggior parte dei verbi:
Forma base
3a persona
Start
Starts
Live
Lives
Play
Plays
2. aggiungendo -es se il verbo termina in -o. -ch, -:sh, -s, -x
Forma base
3a persona
Go
Goes
Watch
Watches
Finish
Finshes
Pass
Passes
Mix
Mixes
3. sostituendo la -y con la “i” e aggiungendo -es se il verbo termina con la
y preceduta da una consonante
Study
Studies
Fly
Flies
PRESENT SIMPLE all forms
AFFIRMATIVE: SOGGETTO + FORMA BASE
I LIKE
YOU LIKE
HE LIKES
SHE LIKES
IT LIKES
WE LIKE
YOU LIKE
THEY LIKE
NEGATIVE
FULL FORMS:
SOGG. + DO/DOES + NOT + FORMA BASE
SHORT FORMS:
SOGG. + DON'T/DOESN'T + FORMA BASE
I DO NOT LIKE
I DON'T LIKE
YOU DO NOT LIKE
YOU DON'T LIKE
HE DOES NOT LIKE
HE DOESN'T LIKE
SHE DOES NOT LIKE
SHE DOESN'T LIKE
IT DOES NOT LIKE
IT DOESN'T LIKE
WE DO NOT LIKE
WE DON'T LIKE
YOU DO NOT LIKE
YOU DON'T LIKE
THEY DO NOT LIKE
THEY DON'T LIKE
INTERROGATIVE
DO/DOES + SOGG. + FORMA BASE
SHORT ANSWERS
Affirmative
Negative
DO I LIKE...?
YES, I DO
NO, I DON'T
DO YOU LIKE...?
YES, YOU DO
NO, YOU DON'T
DOES HE LIKE...?
YES, HE DOES
NO, HE DOESN'T
DOES SHE LIKE...?
YES, SHE DOES
NO, SHE DOESN'T
DOES IT LIKE...?
YES, IT DOES
NO, IT DOESN'T
DO WE LIKE...?
YES, WE DO
NO, WE DON'T
DO YOU LIKE...?
YES, YOU DO
NO, YOU DON'T
DO THEY LIKE...?
YES, THEY DO
NO, THEY DON'T '
MODAL VERB: CAN (permission/ability)
•
•
•
•
•
Il verbo modale è sempre seguito dalla forma base del verbo principale
è uguale per tutte le persone
alla forma negativa aggiunte solo not, n't (come i verbi ausiliari be e have)
alla forma interrogativa precede il soggetto (come i verbi ausiliari be e have)
non usa mai gli ausiliari do/does, don't/doesn't
AFFIRMATIVE: SOGG. + CAN+ FORMA BASE
I CAN GO
I CAN SPEAK... (io so parlare...)
(io posso andare)
YOU CAN GO
YOU CAN SPEAK...
HE CAN GO
HE CAN SPEAK...
SHE CAN GO
SHE CAN SPEAK...
IT CAN GO
IT CAN SPEAK...
WE CAN GO
WE CAN SPEAK...
YOU CAN GO
YOU CAN SPEAK...
THEY CAN GO
THEY CAN SPEAK...
NEGATIVE
FULL FORMS:
SOGG. + CAN+ NOT + FORMA BASE
SHORT FORMS:
SOGG. + CAN’T+ FORMA BASE
I CANNOT GO
I CAN’T GO
YOU CANNOT GO
YOU CAN’T GO
HE/SHE/IT CANNOT GO
HE/SHE/IT CAN’T GO
WE CANNOT GO
WE CAN’T GO
YOU CANNOT GO
YOU CAN’T GO
THEY CANNOT GO
THEY CAN’T GO
INTERROGATIVE
CAN+ SOGG. + FORMA BASE
SHORT ANSWERS
Affirmative
Negative
CAN I GO...?
YES, I CAN
NO, I CAN’T
CAN YOU GO...?
YES, YOU CAN
NO, YOU CAN’T
CAN HE GO...?
YES, HE CAN
NO, HE CAN’T
CAN SHE GO...?
YES, SHE CAN
NO, SHE CAN’T
CAN IT GO...?
YES, IT CAN
NO, IT CAN’T
CAN WE GO...?
YES, WE CAN
NO, WE CAN’T
CAN YOU GO...?
YES, YOU CAN
NO, YOU CAN’T
CAN THEY GO...?
YES, THEY CAN
NO, THEY CAN’T
IMPERATIVES
L'imperativo è formato da due persone la seconda singolare e la seconda
plurale, che sono uguali. Nell'imperativo le persone non sono mai espresse.
AFFIRMATIVE
L'imperativo affermativo si usa per dare comandi, consigli e istruzioni, esso è
uguale alla FORMA BASE DEL VERBO
BE (essere)
Be quiet!
Stai zitto!
Be quiet!
State zitti!
GO (andare)
Go!
Va'!
Go!
Andate!
NEGATIVE
L'imperativo negativo si usa per esprimere proibizioni, esso si ottiene con
DON'T + FORMA BASE.
Don't be stupid!
Non essere sciocco
Don't be stupid!
Non siate sciocchi
Don't copy!
Non copiare!
Don't copy!
Non copiate!
SHALL WE...?/LET'S...
SHALL + WE+ FORMA BASE +....
Si usa per proporre a qualcuno di fare qualcosa insieme. Questa struttura
corrisponde in italiano alla forma interrogativa noi del presente indicativo.
Shall we do our Maths homework
Facciamo i compiti di matematica?
LET'S + FORMA BASE + ...
Si usa per proporre a qualcuno di fare qualcosa insieme. Questa struttura
corrisponde in italiano alla forma noi dell'imperativo.
Let's listen to music
Ascoltiamo della musica.