loanword

Ogni lingua è, ad ogni suo momento,il risultato
della convergenza di elementi, giunti da ogni
parte agli uomini che la creano…ogni unità
linguistica è il prodotto di un processo di
integrazione…parallela a quella dei parlanti è
l’integrazione tra sistemi linguistici.
V. Pisani
Attilia Lavagno
1
LOANWORDS & CALQUES
ATTILIA LAVAGNO
Nota: le slides con sfondo grigio
riguardano la gestione delle attività di
formazione, quelle con sfondo chiaro
sono da mostrare ai corsisti
Attilia Lavagno
2
FASE 1 MODULO PONTE
 DESTINATARI:insegnanti dei due ordini
in un momento di confronto
 OBIETTIVO : Elicitare conoscenze
pregresse e condividere terminologia
specifica di riferimento
 METODO : - brainstorming
- raccolta info (poster)
- presentazione ppt preparata
dal formatore
Attilia Lavagno
3
METODO : STEPS
 Brainstorming : Gli insegnanti (divisi in
gruppi plurilingue)
a)concordano una definizione di “prestito
linguistico” e “calco linguistico” e cercano
esempi nelle varie lingue
b)traducono i due termini nelle lingue
comunitarie presenti nel gruppo
 Raccolta info : Il formatore raccoglie le parole
chiave in un poster
 Input teorico per gli Insegnanti di Lingua
Inglese: il formatore (avvalendosi della
presentazione ppt) condivide con i corsisti
brevi cenni di storia della Lingua Inglese
Attilia Lavagno
4
INPUT TEORICO 1
 Il formatore presenta alcune
definizioni del termine LOANWORD
cercando collegamenti con i risultati
del brainstorming dei corsisti raccolti
nel poster
 Applica la stessa metodologia per il
termine CALQUE
Attilia Lavagno
5
DEFINITIONS of LOANWORD
 A word imported by borrowing
from another language
e.g English chamber is one of many
loanwords introduced from Old french in the
Middle ages
( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics)
Attilia Lavagno
6
 a word borrowed from another
language
e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed
into modern English
(http://www.princeton.edu
)
 A word taken from one language for
use, unchanged, in another
The word "exit" is a loanword from
Latin.
(http://www.allwords.com)
Attilia Lavagno
7
 A word adopted from another
language and completely or
partially naturalized
e.g hors d'oeuvre from French.
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com)
 a word taken into one language
from another (synonym borrowing)
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
Attilia Lavagno
8
DEFINITIONS OF CALQUE
 A word or expression which has been
formed by translation of a
corresponding word or expression
in another language.
e.g. French gratte-ciel is a calque on English
skyscraper (lit. “scratch sky”)
( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics)
Attilia Lavagno
9
 A word or phrase in one language
whose semantic components
(words or parts of words) are
translations from another language.
For example, the English phrase "blue blood"
is a calque of the Spanish phrase sangre azul
(sangre means "blood" and azul means "blue")
(http://spanish.about.com)
Attilia Lavagno
10
 In linguistics a calque or loan
translation is a word or phrase
borrowed from another language by
literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro
verbo") or root-for-root translation.
For example, the common English phrase “flea
market” is a phrase calque that literally
translates the french "marché aux puces".
(http://en.wikipedia.org)
Attilia Lavagno
11
 A word-for-word translation of a
saying or a morpheme-bymorpheme translation of a word
from one language to another.
e.g.The word watershed is a from German
Wasserscheide
(http://www.allwords.com)
Attilia Lavagno
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 CALQUE/LOAN TRANSLATION : A form of
borrowing from one language to another
whereby the semantic components of a
given term are literally translated into
their equivalents in the borrowing
language.
e.g. English superman is a loan translation from
German Übermensch.
(http://www.answers.com)
Attilia Lavagno
13
INPUT TEORICO 2
 Chiarito il significato dei termini
chiave di riferimento, il formatore
procede con una presentazione
sintetica relativa alla storia della
lingua Inglese con l’obiettivo di
sottolineare i nodi storici che hanno
prodotto prestiti da altre lingue, in
primo luogo dal Latino
Attilia Lavagno
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THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
 AD 450 Old English (OE) period
 arrival of West Germanic settlers
(Angles, Saxons and Jutes) in
southern Britain: they brought with
them dialects (which would produce
modern German, Dutch and Frisian).
Attilia Lavagno
15
A GERMANIC BASIS FOR ENGLISH
 This Germanic basis for English can be seen
in much of our everyday vocabulary –
compare heart (OE heorte), come (OE
cuman) and old (OE eald) with German
Herz, kommen and alt.
 Many grammatical features also date
back to this time: irregular verbs such as
drink ~ drank ~ drunk (OE drincan ~
dranc ~ (ge)druncen) parallel German
trinken ~ trank ~ getrunken.
Attilia Lavagno
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TRADING WITH THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
 The GERMANIC TRIBES traded and
fought with the Latin speaking Roman
Empire.
 Many words (some originally from Greek)
for common objects therefore entered
their vocabulary via Latin even before the
tribes reached Britain.
 Some examples are: anchor, butter,
camp, cheese, chest, cook, devil, dish,
fork, gem, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen,
mile, mill, noon, pillow, pin, pound,,
sack, street, wall, wine.
Attilia Lavagno
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Christianity
 6th and 7th century: Christian
missionaries introduced Latin
religious terms providing both
vocabulary (e.g. abbot, altar,
apostle, bishop, church, clerk,
disciple, mass, minister, monk,
nun, pope, priest, school) and the
basis for the writing system.
Attilia Lavagno
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MIDDLE ENGLISH
 between the 11th and 14th centuries:
transition to Middle English (ME)
(conventionally dated c.1100-1500)
 Historical facts : Norman conquest,
French dominance
Attilia Lavagno
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THE NORMAN CONQUEST
 1066 : The Norman Conquest
 The aristocracy spoke Anglo –
Norman (which became Gallicised
through contact with French).
 The Norman rulers made no attempt
to suppress the English language,
apart from not using it at all in their
court.
Attilia Lavagno
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FRENCH DOMINANCE
 French dominance and prestige in the royal
court, law, the church and education
encouraged extensive borrowing of
vocabulary
 e.g. French words for farmed animals
pork, beef and mutton (modern French
porc, bœuf and mouton) were adopted
The borrowed words came to signify only
the meat of these animals, eaten by
wealthier French speakers.
 the words inherited from OE (swine, cow
and sheep) came to refer only to the
living animals.
Attilia Lavagno
21
MODERN ENGLISH
 (ModE) started with the introduction of
printing.
 15th century: Caxton’s selection of an
East Midlands/London variety of English for
the first printed books : development of
a standardised variety of the language,
with fixed spelling and punctuation
conventions and accepted vocabulary and
grammatical forms.
 attempts at codification, notably
Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and many
prescriptive grammars of the 18th
century.
Attilia Lavagno
22
Bibliography / sitography
 P. Tornaghi “Tra lessico e semantica. Il ruolo
del Latino nella soria della Lingua Inglese”
in DUE CODICI A CONFRONTO , La Scuola
2002
 Marisa Lohr “How English has changed over
time” BBC OPEN UNIVERSITY
http://www.open2.net
 G. Boeree “The Evolution of English”
http://webspace.ship.edu
 N.S.Gill “Etymology - English Words with
Latin Prefixes”
http://ancienthistory.about.com
Attilia Lavagno
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ATTIVAZIONE
 I corsisti (in gruppi plurilingue)
discutono circa le modalità di
insegnamento/presentazione dei
prestiti linguistici.
 La discussione si avvale delle
seguenti domande/stimolo
Attilia Lavagno
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DOMANDE PER DISCUSSIONE IN
GRUPPO
 Nella tua esperienza hai già affrontato
una riflessione in classe sui
prestiti/calchi linguistici? Se sì, indica
quando e per quali ragioni.
 In quale misura una ricognizione in
questo senso può favorire un
approccio plurilingue ed
interculturale?
Attilia Lavagno
25
 Per lavorare in chiave interculturale con la
lingua (soprattutto in presenza di alunni
stranieri in classe), credi sia importante
spiegare i prestiti ripercorrendo da dove
vengono e perché sono usati nell’altra
lingua?
 Pensi che analizzare in modo scientifico e
rigoroso i prestiti, possa contrastare un
atteggiamento di superficiale esterofilia
presente nei giovani?
Attilia Lavagno
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PROPOSTE DI ATTIVITA’
 Raccolti gli esiti della discussione,
il formatore propone alcune attività
sui prestiti linguistici da svolgere in
classe
Attilia Lavagno
27
ACTIVITY 1
Target : 3rd year Scuola Media
students
 Objectives
- making students aware of common
loanwords from Italian
- identifying loanwords semantic
fields

Attilia Lavagno
28
RUBRIC *
1.
LEGGI ATTENTAMENTE IL SEGUENTE BRANO E SOTTOLINEA
IN ROSSO LE PAROLE SCRITTE IN ITALIANO E IN BLU
QUELLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALL’ITALIANO
2.
RAGGRUPPA IN UNA TABELLA LE PAROLE SOTTOLINEATE IN
BLU E AFFIANCALE AL TERMINE ITALIANO SIMILE
3.
COSA HANNO IN COMUNE TUTTE LE PAROLE IN ROSSO?
4.
CI SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE STESSE
CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE IN ROSSO?
*
A rubric is a word or section of text which is written or printed in red ink to
highlight it. The term derives from the Latin : rubrica, meaning red chalk and
originates in Medieval manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier.
Attilia Lavagno
29
WHAT IS OPERA?
Opera is a story told through music. The music is accompanied by an
orchestra. Opera singers have a special timbre (colour or quality) to their
voices that makes them able to project their voices over an orchestra. They
do not use microphones!
Opera began in Italy when a group of artists formed a group called the
Florentine Camerata. Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved
throughout the world. It is probably so popular and exciting because it is an
art form that combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the story, acting),
dance (sometimes even a full ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing).
Opera stories are based on myths, folktales, great works of literature, biblical
stories, fantasy, and real-life stories. Operas are written in many languages;
the most popular are Italian, German and French. Operas are also written in
English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese.
Singers who perform in operas have different voice types. For women, these
types are Soprano (high), Mezzo-soprano (medium), and Contralto (low). For
men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium), and Bass (low) are the names of
voice types.
Opera is special because it takes so many people to make it work. All of
these elements put together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND ears.
Now that you know what opera is, let’s find out more about Così fan tutte!
Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDES
http://www.sdopera.com
Attilia Lavagno
30
KEYS
 Il formatore mostra come gli studenti
potrebbero svolgere l’attività e
discute con i corsisti delle modalità
per ricercare l’origine delle parole in
blu.
 Di seguitole keys alle domande 1-23-4
Attilia Lavagno
31
WHAT IS OPERA?
Opera is a story told through music. The music is accompanied by an
orchestra. Opera singers have a special timbre (colour or quality) to
their voices that makes them able to project their voices over an
orchestra. They do not use microphones!
Opera began in Italy when a group of artists formed a group called the
Florentine Camerata. Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved
throughout the world. It is probably so popular and exciting because it
is an art form that combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the
story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full ballet) and music (the
orchestra, the singing). Opera stories are based on myths, folktales,
great works of literature, biblical stories, fantasy, and real-life stories.
Operas are written in many languages; the most popular are Italian,
German and French. Operas are also written in English, Czech,
Russian, and Mandarin Chinese.
Singers who perform in operas have different voice types. For women,
these types are Soprano (high), Mezzo-soprano (medium), and
Contralto (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium), and Bass
(low) are the names of voice types.
Opera is special because it takes so many people to make it work. All
of these elements put together make opera a spectacle for your eyes
AND ears. Now that you know what opera is, let’s find out more about
Così fan tutte!
Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDES
http://www.sdopera.com
Attilia Lavagno
32
PAROLE IN ITALIANO
 OPERA
 ORCHESTRA
 CAMERATA
 SOPARANO
 MEZZOSOPRANO
 CONTRALTO
 “COSI’ FAN TUTTE”
SONO TUTTI TERMINI CHE
APPARTENGONO AL CAMPO MUSICALE
Attilia Lavagno
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PAROLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO
ALL’ITALIANO










MUSIC
TIMBRE
COLOUR
QUALITY
PROJECT
ITALY
ARTISTS
POPULAR
ART
…………










Attilia Lavagno
MUSICA
TIMBRO
COLORE
QUALITA’
PROIETTARE
ITALIA
ARTISTI
POPOLARE
ARTE
………
34
 MUSIC, TIMBRE, BARITONE, TENOR
SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO
LE CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE
IN ROSSO
(appartengono cioè al campo semantico della musica)
Attilia Lavagno
35
ACTIVITY 1 : DISCUSSION
 Brainstorming e discussione sulle
attività proposte e intorno a questi
nodi:
 WORD FORMATION e
CAPACITA’ DI LETTURA
 VOCABULARY ACQUISITION &
CULTURAL STUDIES
Attilia Lavagno
36
MORE ACTIVITIES
 Il formatore mostra altri possibili
stimoli per attività volte a
sensibilizzare gli studenti sui
fenomeni di prestito linguistico
Attilia Lavagno
37
RUBRIC
 LEGGI I SEGUENTI TITOLI DI
ARTICOLI TRATTI DALL’ECONOMIST
E DAL TIMES E SOTTOLINEA LE
PAROLE CHE L’ITALIANO HA
PRESTATO ALL’INGLESE
 CERCA QUESTI TERMINI SUL
DIZIONARIO MONOLINGUA INGLESE,
ESISTE UNA TRADUZIONE POSSIBILE
IN INGLESE?
Attilia Lavagno
38
 Italian Police Arrest Key Camorra Chief
 THE DEADLY CAMORRA: Naples Sinks
into Mafia Violence
 Italy and the Mafia : Sicilian vespers
A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia
 The Mafia in Naples : Gangsters go
global
 The Sicilian Mafia: a state within the
state.
 Lazio legend denies having links with
Camorra
Attilia Lavagno
39
FOLLOW UP
 Il formatore sottolinea come questa
stessa attività possa essere rivolta
agli studenti della quarta ginnasio
(fase accoglienza) facendo seguire ai
titoli anche parte degli articoli
 Di seguito un breve esempio
Attilia Lavagno
40
The Sicilian Mafia: a state
within the state. From: The
Economist (US)
The mafia exists much like a separate state within Italy,
and its deeply rooted influence will make the government
crusade a formidable task. The new anti-mafia laws
passed by the Parliament are strong beginning for
uprooting the mafia.
Italian magistrates and police have at last dealt the
Mafia some hard blows. But this syndicate of men of
dishonour is deep-rooted and far from beaten
THE trouble with the Sicilian Mafia is that it is not like
the movies. It is worse. Unlike the characters in "The
Godfather", Sicily's real mafiosi are not just gangsters,
even murderous gangsters, ...
Attilia Lavagno
41
Italy and the Mafia Sicilian vespers
From The Economist
A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia
Lo Presti under arrest
HE WAS found dead, hanging by his belt in Palermo’s
Pagliarelli jail. The apparent suicide of a 52-year-old
Sicilian, Gaetano Lo Presti, on December 16th put a grisly
end to what investigators claimed was a drive by the
Sicilian Mafia to give itself a new leadership. Mr Lo
Presti was among 89 alleged mobsters detained in one of
the biggest-ever police operations in Sicily. Around 1,200
semi-militarised Carabinieri were deployed in raids
there and (as an indication of Cosa Nostra’s long reach)
in placid Tuscany. Only five of those wanted by the police
eluded capture. “Cosa Nostra is in evident crisis,”
exulted Italy’s chief anti-Mafia prosecutor, Piero Grasso.
“It cannot manage to reorganise itself.”
Attilia Lavagno
42