Slides - Indico

The Italian network on detector
development
V. Bonvicini
INFN – Sezione di Trieste
Pisa – ERDIT Meeting, April 13-14, 2015
Contents
• INFN organization and role of the National
Scientific Board for Technological Research
(CSN5)
• CSN5 projects and financing mechanisms:
– “Standard projects”
– “Calls for proposals”
– “Grants for young researchers”
• A glimpse to the current scenario
• A glance to the future
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INFN mission and structure
INFN is an organization dedicated to the study of
the fundamental constituents of matter, and
conducts theoretical and experimental
research in the fields of subnuclear, nuclear,
and astroparticle physics.
20 Divisions
4 National Labs
3 National Centres/Schools
Several Consortia
Scientific policy  National Scientific Committees
CSN1: Subnuclear and Particle Physics
CSN2: Astroparticle Physics
CSN3: Nuclear Physics
CSN4: Theoretical Physics
CSN5: Technological and Applied Research
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CSN5
• Mission
– Coordinate, fund and monitor advanced technological research for INFN
“core” experimental activities.
– Promote the application of instruments, methods and techniques developed
for fundamental physics to other fields.
• Composition
– 24 Members (one for each INFN Division/National Lab) + 1 President
• Activity
–
–
–
–
Radiation detectors
Particle accelerators
Electronics and Software development
Interdisciplinary applications
• Meetings
– CSN 5 meets  5 times/year
– September meeting (1 week long) is dedicated to the budget for the next FY
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Financing mechanisms
• “Standard projects”:
– Duration 2-3 years
– Budget  60 k€/year
– 50 experiments in 2014
• “Calls for proposals ” (started in 2013):
– Duration 3 years,
– Budget up to 1 M€/project
• “Grants for young researchers ” (started in 2013):
–
–
–
–
4/14/2015
Duration 2 years,
Reasearch budget up to 75 k€/year
30 k€/year contract for the PI
3 Grants assigned in 2014 ( 30 applications), 6 (3 financed by
CSN5, 3 from CSN1/2/3) in 2015 (> 70 applications)
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Calls for proposals
• Favor both aggregation of the scientific community and
excellence of the projects (also in view of H2020)
• Give CSN5 an effective tool to address and program
resources on strategic items (scientific policy)
• Budget assigned to the “Call” projects O(1 M€/year)
• More stringent requirements: approved projects have
to apply for ERCs, more frequent status reports, etc.
• Mechanism is still being tuned:
– Up to now: “open calls”
– From 2015: “thematic calls”
• 1 call on “New detectors for next generation experiments devoted
to direct detection of Dark Matter”
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Detectors R&D in CSN5
• Advanced detectors based on “conventional”
materials/paradigms:
– HEP/Astroparticle/Rare events/Biosensors
– X-rays, Advanced Light Sources, PET/Medical imaging
• Exotic:
– Graphene
– SiC
• A glance to the future
–
–
–
–
4/14/2015
More Graphene and other 2D-materials
New cryogenic detectors
Organic
Nanotubes (also IC)
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 1
CHIPIX65: Phase 2 pixel challenges (call 2013)

ATLAS and CMS phase 2 pixel upgrades very challenging

Very high particle rates: 500MHz/cm2 : Hit rates: 1-2 GHz/cm2

Smaller pixels: ¼ - ½ (25 – 50 um x 100um): Increased resolution; Improved two track separation

Increased readout rates: 100kHz -> 1MHz

Low mass -> Low power: Very similar requirements (and uncertainties) for ATLAS & CMS

Unprecedented hostile radiation: 10MGy(1Grad), 1016 Neu/cm2

Hybrid pixel detector with separate readout chip and sensor.

Evaluating contribution to first/second level trigger ?
40MHz extracted clusters and shape (outer layers OR Region of interest readout for L2 trigger
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 2
• CALOCUBE: high granularity and homogenous
calorimetry for space based detectors (call 2013)



Calorimetric measurement of energy spectra of protons, nuclei and
electrons in space
 additional limitations of weight and dimensions of the instrument
w.r.t. standard particle detectors at accelerators
Large acceptance


Good energy resolution


active absorbing material (inorganic scintillating crystals)
Shower imaging capabilities


detector accepting particles from 5 sides (e.g. cubic shape)
high 3-D isotropic segmentation
Energy resolution limited by not-full containment of hadronic showers


Choice of the best compromise btw density and interaction length of absorber
Study of e/h compensation techniques


4/14/2015
Software  imaging
Hardware detection of different components of the shower (scintillation light, Cherenkov light
and/or neutrons)
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 3
“Conventionals”
• Development of new sensors/electronics for the
next HE/HI challenges:
– HVR-CCPD: hybrid pixel detectors on HV/HR CMOS
substrate (evolution of the MAPS) capacitively
coupled to the FEE
• Collaboration with STMicroelectronics; NDA signed
– SEED: development of CMOS sensors with significant
depletion depth and a high degree of local signal
processing
• Collaboration with Lfoundry (Avezzano) and FBK/TIFPA
• Access to Lfoundry CMOS technologies for both sensors and
VLSI design and production
• Complementarity with FBK
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 4
“Conventionals”
• Development of new sensors/electronics for
the next HE/HI challenges:
– UFSD (Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors): thin Si
detectors with internal charge multiplication
• x  20 µm, t  20 ps
– Applications in:
•
•
•
•
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TOF@LHC (pile-up rejection)
TOF with particle ID
Electronic microscopy
Beam monitor for particle therapy
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ERC-Advanced 2014!
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 5
“Conventionals”
• Development of new sensors/electronics for
the next HE/HI challenges:
– SCALTECH28: study of basic analog blocks in 28
nm technology node:
• Look forward beyond CHIPIX65 (rad hardness  1 Grad)
• Challenge: scaled technology devices have reduced
analog characteristics:
– Smaller VDD – VTH “room”
– Lower DC-gain
– Gate leakage current  parallel noise
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 6
“Conventionals”
• REDSOX: Development of large area SDDs and low
noise front-end electronics for X-ray spectroscopy and
imaging
– LOFT X-ray space mission
– Applications at Advanced Light Sources
• PIXFEL : Enabling technologies, building blocks and
architectures for advanced X-ray pixel cameras at FELs
– active edge pixel sensors, low density TSVs
– 65 nm CMOS technology for front-end and readout
electronics
– in pixel data storage and readout architectures
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 7
“Exotic”
• R&D on graphene sensors:
– GBTD (2013), collaboration con TIFPA/FBK
– GARFIELD (2014, Grant for young researchers)
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Graphene
“Exotic”
• Applications of interest for INFN:
– Scintillating bolometers for DM and 0DBD
– CMB (if the 60-600 GHz range will be achieved)
– Near Infrared Fluorescence (UHECR)
– Charged particle detectors
– Microelectronics
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Current scenario in CSN5 - 8
“Exotic”
• CLASSIC (Grant per young researchers 2015): SiCbased Cherenkov light detectors with intrinsic
amplification
– SiC characteristics
• Eg  3Eg,Si (visible-blind, low leakage current)
• µ  3µSi (suited for applications requiring fast response)
• Suitable for harsh environments
– Applications
• Dual-readout hadronic calorimeters
• TOF-PET with Cherenkov light sensitivity (few ps resolution)
4/2/2015
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A glance to the future - 1
• New physics  New instruments
– Sectors of new physics:
•
•
•
•
4/14/2015
Dark Matter (WIMPs e Axion-like)
Neutrini
Dark Energy
CMB
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A glance to the future - 2
• Carbon/Metal nanotubes
– Coupled to “conventional” Si-detectors for
efficient light detection (up to soft X-rays?)
– CNT transistors/detectors
– CNT THz detectors
M. Shulaker et al., IEEE International Electron Devices
Meeting (IEDM), December 15 – 17, San Francisco,
2014
4/14/2015
H. Xiaowei et. al, Nano Lett., 2014, 14 (7), pp 3953–3958
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A glance to the future - 3
• Detectors for rare events experiments
– R&D on highly radio-pure scintillating materials, new scintillators
containing interesting isotopes
– Development of new and highly sensitive cryogenic particle
detectors (TES, MKIDs, magnetic,…)
• Organic-based photodetectors
• Organic-based charged particle detectors
• New (and still dream-like) 2-D materials (but progress is
being impressing…)
–
–
–
–
4/14/2015
Silicene
Germanene
Phosphorene
…
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Spare slides
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PI: L. Demaria (Torino)
Project Outline
Current scenario - 2
CHIPIX65: Phase 2 pixel challenges (call 2013)
The goal of this three years project is the development of an innovative CHIP for a PIXel detector, using a CMOS 65nm
technology for the first time in HEP community, for experiments with extreme particle rates and radiation at future High
Energy Physics colliders. New circuits will be built and characterized, a digital architecture will be developed and eventually a
final assembly of a first prototype will be made.
• CHIPIX65 a unique opportunity for an efficient propagation across INFN of CMOS 65nm technology and constitutes the
greatest collaboration on a microelectronics project ever made across INFN.
• Perfect Timing with R&D needs of CMS and ATLAS to build future pixel phase 2 detector.
Participant Research Units: Ba, Mi, Pd, Pv, Pg, Pi, To
35 members of which 20 are micro-electronics designers. 9.85 FTE. 6 units involved in CMS, 1 in ATLAS
Work Packages:
•
•
•
•
Radiation Hardness – A.Paccagnella (Pd)
Digital Electronics – R.Beccherle (Pi)
Analog Electronics - A.Rivetti (To)
Chip Integration - V.Re (Pv), V.Liberali (Mi)
Excellent presence of CHIPIX65 in RD53 collaboration:
• one third of the Collaboration (7 institutes out of 19)
• Management: CB chair (L.Demaria), Analog-convener (V.Re), I/O convener (R.Beccherle)
2015 Milestones
2014 Milestones well in line with project status
• Test of IP-blocks and SEU rate measurement
• First test of Analog Very Front End
• Realization and test of a small pixel array
• Results on radiation test structure
• Realization of all IP-block prototypes
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V. Bonvicini - ERDIT Meeting - Pisa• Definition of Very Front End architectures 21
CHIPIX65: Very Front End mini@sic
• 50x50 um2 pixel; analog part below 25x50 um2
• Architecture (A): asynch Discr + DAC (Pavia)
• Architecture (B) : synch Discr + hardware trimming + Fast ToT (Torino)
1. Test Structures
1. CSA, Disc (Pavia)
2. Pixel Matrix with analog readout
(Torino)
1. (8x8) px
1
3
2
4/14/2015
3. Pixel Matrix with simple digital
readout designed by Pisa
1. (12x8) px – Torino
2. (12x8) px – Pavia
-
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Dimensions below 25x50 um2
Noise below 100e- for 100 fF
Low power: 6 uW/pixel
Fast ToT : 5-8 bit measurement
in 250-400 nsec
22
Current scenario - 5
CALOCUBE (call 2013)
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Current scenario - 6
CALOCUBE (call 2013)
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 1
“Convenzionali”
• HVR-CCPD (A. Andreazza): rivelatori a pixel ibridi su substrato
HV/HR CMOS (evoluzione dei MAPS) accoppiati
capacitivamente al FE
– Monolithic Active Pixels Sensors (MAPS) are not suitable for high
radiation (10 MGy), high counting rate (1 GHz/cm2) applications, as
collection time is too slow, and available technologies do not fit
complexity (1 billion transistor/chip).
– Bump-bonding is a time-consuming production step: from past
experience, it takes many years.
Collaboration with STMicroelectronics
NDA signed
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 4
“Convenzionali”
• UFSD (N. Cartiglia) (Ultra Fast Silicon
Detectors):
Sottomesso progetto ERC-Advanced a settembre 2014
Gennaio 2015: superata prima fase
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 5
“Convenzionali”
• REDSOX (A. Vacchi): development of large
area SDDs and low noise front-end electronics
for X-ray spectroscopy and imaging
– LOFT X-ray space mission
– Applications at Advanced Light Sources
6000
PMC-ULNpre3
5000
TS-FBK SDD E10
55
Fe
Counts
T=-40°C
t
4000
Pulser
3000
35 eV
FWHM
(4 e- r.m.s.)
peak
=12.8s
5.9 keV
125 eV
FWHM
2000
1000
0
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6.49 keV
0
1
2
3
4
5
Energy (keV)
6
7
8
27
Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 6
“Convenzionali”
• PIXFEL (L. Ratti): Enabling technologies, building
blocks and architectures for advanced X-ray pixel
cameras at FELs
– active edge pixel sensors, low density TSVs
– 65 nm CMOS technology for front-end and readout electronics
– in pixel data storage and readout architectures
Develop a four-side buttable module for the assembly
of large-area detectors with no or minimum dead area
to be used at FEL experiments
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 7
“Convenzionali”
• DINAMO (F. Picollo, Grant giovani 2014):
development of ion-beam nanofabrication
techniques in diamond for applications in bio-sensing
A bio-compatible and transparent diamond active substrate for
interfacing with Cellular biosensor:
•chemical interfacing  fluidic structures
•electrical interfacing  electrodes for cells
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 9
“Esotici”
• GBTD: Graphene Based Thermal Detector
Rivelatore Termico
In generale, le prestazioni di un rivelatore termico
migliorano riducendo temperatura e capacità termica
Il gas di elettroni bidimensionale del grafene a T<1K
può essere un rivelatore termico quasi ideale di
radiazione elettromagnetica (>400nm)
Problema:
Non
ci
sono
caratteristiche del
grafene
facilmente
misurabili
che
dipendono dalla temperatura
(in particolare a T<1K). Come si
misura la T del grafeneassorbitore?
4/14/2015
Soluzione: Stimo la T dal
rumore termico (Johnson)
prodotto dalla resistenza di
un foglio di grafene usando
un
amplificatore
SQUID
(Noise Thermometry)
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 10
“Esotici”
• GARFIELD: Graphene Active Films for Electronic
Devices and Radiation Detection
– 2 units: INFN (LNF) and CNR (IFN & IMM)
– Graphene CVD facility@LNF
– Objectives:
• Implementation of a full-capability GR platform @ LNF-INFN (Material
Science Lab)
• Development of GR-based detectors for application of interest to the INFN
• Synergy with GBTD: Si/SiO2 6” wafers (FBK standard) are fully compatible
with the GARFIELD CVD facility.
1) Synthesis of monolayer graphene via CVD on Cu films
4/14/2015
2) Development of g-based detectors
31
(prototypes/proof‐of‐concepts)
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 10
“Esotici”
• GARFIELD
• G-FET detectors:
– Usually graphene as active layer;
– GARFIELD approach: graphene as “field sensor” device (i.e. used
as the gate of the FET)
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Panorama attuale in CSN5 - 11
“Esotici”
• CLASSIC (P. Lenzi, Grant per giovani 2015): SiCbased Cherenkov light detectors with intrinsic
amplification
• SiC characteristics
– Eg  3Eg,Si (visible-blind, low leakage current)
– µ  3µSi (suited for applications requiring fast
response)
• Applications
– Dual-readout hadronic calorimeters
– TOF-PET with Cherenkov light sensitivity (few ps
resolution)
4/14/2015
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Uno sguardo al futuro - 1
• Possibili settori di applicazione di nuovi rivelatori/tecniche
di rivelazione (disclaimer: visione strettamente personale!)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4/14/2015
Detectors for ALS (XFEL and SRS), X-rays
Detectors for Spallation Sources (ESS), neutrons
Particle therapy
Advanced medical imaging
Detectors with Ultra-high radiation resistance
Deep submicron front-end and event-processing electronics
Bio-sensors “Lab-on-a-chip”
Cultural heritage
Dark Matter, neutrinos, CMB
Space
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Uno sguardo al futuro - 2
• Possibili R&D di interesse per nuova fisica
– Rivelatori a bassa soglia (eV) (fisica di riferimento:
Assioni , Neutrini , Materia Oscura)
• Quantum counters
• Maser Amplifiers (lavorano al limite quantistico  sensibili a
energie di frazioni di meV)
– Amplificatori parametrici nelle microonde (fisica di
riferimento: Assioni, CMB, amplificatori alternativi a
HEMT)
• Basati su giunzioni Josephson
• Nuove tecnologie litografiche  regione delle decine di GHz
• Uso di varicaps  frequency tunability
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Uno sguardo al futuro - 3
• Possibili R&D di interesse per nuova fisica
– Laser di alta potenza e alti campi magnetici (fisica
di riferimento: Interazioni deboli con decadimento
beta inverso e diretto e proprieta’ neutrino)
• Laser con  1012 W/cm2  campi e.m. nel beam waist 
campo coulombiano
• Interazioni atomi-laser
– Frequency comb (fisica di riferimento: Dark
Energy, Orologi Nucleari su transizioni X)
• Per DE necessaria una sensibilita’  cm/s  yr
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Uno sguardo al futuro - 2
• More Graphene…
– Necessary to further promote the synergy of the
efforts
– A dedicated call towards a future H2020 leap?
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Uno sguardo al futuro - 3
• Carbon/Metal nanotubes
– Coupled to “conventional” Si-detectors for
efficient light detection (up to soft X-rays?)
– CNT transistors/detectors
– CNT THz detectors
M. Shulaker et al., IEEE International Electron Devices
Meeting (IEDM), December 15 – 17, San Francisco,
2014
4/14/2015
H. Xiaowei et. al, Nano Lett., 2014, 14 (7), pp 3953–3958
V. Bonvicini - ERDIT Meeting - Pisa
38
Uno sguardo al futuro - 4
• Detectors for rare events experiments
– R&D on highly radio-pure scintillating materials,
new scintillators containing interesting isotopes
• Detectors for DM search with anisotropic
response (directionality of DM candidates
inducing nuclear recoil). Different strategies:
– Anisotropic scintillators such as ZnWO4
– (Again): CNT (1-D device!)
4/14/2015
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Uno sguardo al futuro - 5
• Organic-based photodetectors
• Organic-based charged particle detectors
• New (and still dream-like) 2-D materials (but
progress is being impressing…)
– Silicene
– Germanene
– Phosphorene
–…
4/14/2015
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