Dalla sostenibilita dei territori alla certificazione ambientale

Massimiliano Mazzanti
DALLA SOSTENIBILITA DEI TERRITORI
ALLA CERTIFICAZIONE AMBIENTALE
INDICE
Sostenibilità: definizioni ed aspetti globali e
locali
 Sostenibilità ed Innovazione
 Innovazione tecnologica, organizzativa e
ambientale
 Eco certificazione Cambiamento climatico e
gestione dei rifiuti
 Performance ambientali del settore dei servizi
e PA

SOSTENIBILITA’
Most of the recent EU strategic policy documents contain
commitments or set objectives aimed at promoting a
“green economy”, without, however, defining the concept.
Europe 2020 strategy is generally seen as a milestone
with this regard. The European Union’s ten-year growth
strategy is about delivering growth that is: smart, through
more effective investments in education, research and
innovation; sustainable, thanks to a decisive move
towards a low-carbon economy; and inclusive, with a
strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction.
Concretely, the Union has established a set of ambitious objectives in
five key areas to be reached by 2020:
Employment: 75% of the population aged 20-64 should be
employed.
R&D: 3% of the EU's GDP should be invested in R&D.
Climate change and energy sustainability: the "20/20/20"
climate and energy targets should be met (including an increase to
30% of emissions reduction compared to 1990 level, if the conditions
are right).
Education: the share of early school leavers should be under
10% and at least 40% of the younger generation should have a
tertiary degree.
Fighting poverty and social exclusion: 20 million less people
should be at risk of poverty.
GERD total
2.75
2.55
2.35
2.15
EU (27 countries)
1.95
Germany
France
1.75
Italy
United Kingdom
1.55
1.35
1.15
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0.95
Sustainability I: Capital based economic
view
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY IS AN ‘INVESTING
SOCIETY’
HOLLAND VS KENYA CAPITAL STOCKS
SHARES OF WEALTH

Holland

78% Human capital + institutions




Of which 36% schooling; 57% institutions, property rights
3% natural capital (of which 57% land)
19% produced man made capital
Kenya



46% natural capital (1/2 crops)
13% man made
42% intangible including human capital
GHANA – DECOMPOSITION OF GENUINE
SAVING
Gross saving
Gross + education
minus depreciation
minus forest depletion
minus mineral depletion
minus CO2 = Adj Net Saving
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
% of GNI
SD  What matters is to accumulate an increasing stock of
total capital forms
Sustainability II: efficient growth
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY THAT ‘DECOUPLES’ ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
FROM GROWTH
CO2/GDP intensity - 42% over 1950-2000
• GDP per capita: three times higher over1950-2000
6.500
0,31
6.000
0,29
5.500
0,27
5.000
0,25
4.500
0,23
4.000
0,21
3.500
0,19
3.000
0,17
2.500
0,15
2.000
CO2 emission intensity of GDP
GDP per capita (1990 International Geary-Khamis dollars)
GDP per capita
0,33
19
5
19 0
5
19 2
5
19 4
5
19 6
5
19 8
6
19 0
6
19 2
6
19 4
6
19 6
6
19 8
7
19 0
7
19 2
7
19 4
7
19 6
7
19 8
8
19 0
8
19 2
8
19 4
8
19 6
8
19 8
9
19 0
9
19 2
9
19 4
9
19 6
9
20 8
00
000 metric tons of C per million $
CO2 emission per unit of GDP
CO2 emission intensity of GDP and GDP per capita: World, 1950-2000
100
80
40
60
20
High growth
1990
ITALY
1995
2000
Year
CO2
SOx
2005
NOx
2010
DELINKING AND KUZNETS CURVES
Turning point
Environ
mental
pressure
Policy
effect?
Absolute
delinking
Recoupling
possibility (?)
Relative
delinking
(if any)
Economic drivers
Ecological tax reforms
ECOLOGICAL TAX REFORMS AS POLICY SHOCKS TO
SPUR SUSTAINABILITY AND GROWTH BY INNOVATION
EU south
0
.5
1
Co2 trends and TIME RELATED EVENTS (OIL shocks, Policy)
-.5
lco2pc
fitted_ramp93
fitted_ramp97
1960
1970
1980
year
fitted_step93
fitted_step97
1990
2000
.8
1
1.2
1.4
North america and Oceania
.6
lco2pc
fitted_ramp93
fitted_ramp97
1960
1970
1980
year
Mazzanti & Musolesi FEEM paper 2010
fitted_step93
fitted_step97
1990
2000
1.2
Co2 trends, EU North
.8
.9
1
1.1
ETR? In
Scandinavia,
UK, Holland..
.7
lco2pc
fitted_ramp93
fitted_ramp97
1960
1970
1980
year
fitted_step93
fitted_step97
1990
2000
After 1995, env policy in the EU did not hamper exports, often there is a + correlation…
Costantini & Mazzanti, 2011, Research Policy
POLITICA ED INNOVAZIONE
Energy intensity
110
105
100
95
EU (27 countries)
Germany
90
France
85
Italy
80
United Kingdom
75
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
70
The case
for ETR in
Italy
GHG
110
105
100
EU (27 countries)
95
Germany
90
France
85
Italy
80
United Kingdom
75
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
70
GERD total
2.75
2.55
2.35
2.15
EU (27 countries)
1.95
Germany
France
1.75
Italy
United Kingdom
1.55
1.35
1.15
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0.95
TWO OPTIONS

Labour /social security
tax cuts



Increase labor demand of
unskilled, women and
young
Short run aggregate
demand impacts
Not a long run growth
fact

Innovation oriented
reycling.


Energy efficiency
stimulus
Through creation of
trusts and funds that
finance innovation

General technological
innovation (recyling on the
basis of energy use..) or ex
ante defining the type
(tender on specific issues)?
•Total environmental and energy taxes (% GDP); source: Eurostat
•Share of GDP, total Energy taxes
•Share of GDP, environmental & resource taxes
ETR: NATIONAL AND DECENTRALISED LEVELS


National levels of taxation (CO2)
Regional and local levels
 Landfill taxes, Sox, Nox, PM10 taxes, water
extraction charges, resource taxes on minerals,
aggregates…
 Es. They could abate IRAP, the ‘hated’ regional
tax on economic activity, around 30 billions
 Issue of ‘Resource taxation reform’ RTR
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES STILL AT THE HEART OF ETR
RATIONALE
 Muller, Mendelshon,
 Transport, energy,
Nordhaus (2011),
agriculture, much more
Environmental Accounting
pollution intensive than
for Pollution in the US
manufacturing (very
economy, AER, 1649-75.
low in E/VA: 0.01 vs
 Gross external damage of
0.1 transport)
US economy 182 billions $


Transport and
manufacturing both
account 10% of total
Intuitive figure for Italy:
20-25 Billions €.
EEA REPORT 2011 ON AIR POLLUTION COSTS IN THE
EU
 ‘Revealing
the costs of air pollution
from industrial facilities in Europe’
 10000 facilities generate between 102169 billions € of damages (health and
environment)
 50% caused by 191 sites out of 10000
(easier policy making)

www.eea.europa.eu
Applying ETR in local contexts
RESOURCE TAXATION
(WASTE, MINERALS, AGGREGATES)
A POLITICAL ECONOMY VIEW ON RESOURCE
TAXATION

The specificity of RT is that they deal with…
 Externalities
 Revenue
recycling
 (weak) sustainability objectives
 resource efficiency

.. In strict interrelation and complementarity with

Rents management + Regional planning
 (this
is the decentralised issue of environmental
federalism)
VERY SOON COMING OUT!
ETC/SCP (2012), Mineral /resource taxation
and resource efficiency, wp paper for the EEA
 http://scp.eionet.europa.eu

New waste tariff diffusion
Recycling per capita
Some risks of decentralised settings………………..
(unintended?) Induced effects of ETR: Porter
and beyond…
ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONS
MEI (MEASURING ECO-INNOVATION) RESEARCH PROJECT ECOINNOVATION IS DEFINED AS

“the production, assimilation or exploitation of
a product, production process, service or
management or business method that is novel
to the organisation (developing or adopting it)
and which results, throughout its life-cycle, in a
reduction of environmental risks, pollution and
other negative impacts of resources use
(including energy use) compared to relevant
alternatives”.
PRODUCT AND PROCESS EI ADOPTION
2006 2008 INDUSTRY IN ITALY (CIS)
Energy efficiency
Abatement of CO2
TOT Industry
18%
(9-32%)
14%
(9-25%)
NO
18%
14%
NE
19%
15%
CE
15%
13%
SUD
15%
15%
ISOLE
14%
16%
N=6483
Comparable data for Germany present 30-40% shares
Kyoto?
Glachant et al (2011), Review of environmental economics and policy
Table 3–CO2 and SOX emission intensity (kg x 1M€ of value added, increasing order)
Region
Trentino Alto Adige
Campania
Valle d’Aosta
Piedmonte
Lazio
Marche
Lombardy
Abruzzo
Veneto
Emilia Romagna
Tuscany
ITALY
Calabria
Umbria
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Basilicata
Liguria
Sicily
Molise
Sardinia
Puglia
CO2
136
141
153
185
204
206
209
258
267
270
278
301
307
342
353
430
472
547
689
824
971
Region
Trentino Alto Adige
Valle d’Aosta
Abruzzo
Campania
Lombardy
Lazio
Marche
Piedmonte
Calabria
Basilicata
Emilia Romagna
Molise
Veneto
ITALY
Tuscany
Umbria
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Puglia
Liguria
Sicily
Sardinia
SOX
39
45
69
78
99
101
108
108
123
224
226
276
300
315
349
373
539
859
886
1,347
1,530
39
V.Costantini, M.Mazzanti, A.Montini - Environmental Performance and Regional Innovation Spillovers
SHIFT-SHARE: PRODUCTIVE SPECIALIZATION
(INDUSTRY MIX)
COMPONENT
0.2
0.1
CO2
SOx
NOx
0.0
NMVOC
PM10
-0.1
-0.2
Note: Below zero values indicate positive performances
40
V.Costantini, M.Mazzanti, A.Montini - Environmental Performance and Regional Innovation Spillovers
SHIFT-SHARE: EFFICIENCY COMPONENT
1.1
0.9
0.7
CO2
0.5
SOx
0.3
NOx
0.1
NMVOC
-0.1
PM10
-0.3
Note: Below zero values indicate positive performances
41
V.Costantini, M.Mazzanti, A.Montini - Environmental Performance and Regional Innovation Spillovers
INNOVAZIONE E STRATEGIE
MdL
PRODUTTIVITÀ PER OCCUPATO, 1997-2008, EU27 = 100 (EUROSTAT, 2009)
Figure 1 - GHG trends (1990 =100), source
EUROSTAT
180
160
140
120
EU (27 countries)
Germany
100
Spain
80
Italy
United Kingdom
60
40
20
0
90
9
1
92
9
1
94
9
1
96
9
1
98
9
1
00
0
2
02
0
2
04
0
2
06
0
2
08
0
2
10
0
2
0
CO2
DA
DB
DC
DD
DE
DF
DG
1990
DH
DI
DJ
DK
DL
2007
Figure 9: CO2 emissions of manufacturing sectors
DM
DN
ECO-INNOVATION


Products, processes and systems that are more
environmentally benign than relevant alternatives (on a
life cycle basis)
The environmental benefit may be the primary goal or
an unintended side-effect
A market estimate
Source: Market studies, expert interviews, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 2006
ECO-INNOVATION EFFECTS





Less pollution
Costs of pollution abatement & prevention
Lower resource costs and waste mgt costs
Increased sales
Quality of life benefits
Environmental policy is not so bad
Eco innovation is a key factor to offset regulatory costs
THE PORTER PARADIGM
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE WEIGHT OF ECO
INNOVATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONS ADOPTION IN
INDUSTRIAL FIRMS
Organisational
change
Internationalisation
training
Techn.
innovation
Envir. Innov.
INNOVATION AND ECO CERTIFICATION
MICHAEL PORTER E ROBERT PUTNAM
Economic performances
EI are not separated elements,
economic effects are stronger when
jointness is considered
Eco innovations
Within municipality
sector independent
marshallian effect
Agglomeration economies (eco
inno) / spatial factors
Tech-org innovations
Environmental /innovation
policy
Accumulated local capital..
57
FURTHER STEPS

Constructing and using other measures of
agglomeration for sensitivity tests:
 geographical
distance (we know the location
differently from CIS)
 Local labour systems
 Economic

performance effects are even extended …
Extending the period over which accounting
variables are measured
 2011
– similar results….
58
PUTNAM AND MUNICIPALITIES
He comments on the 'roots of civic community' and civic legacies of medieval Italy. He
stresses that 'although regional governments were established in 1970 [...] the regions
themselves had far deeper historical roots. Italy had been since the fall of the Roman
world and especially after the dark ages a 'geographical expression, a congeries of
small city-states' (p. 121).
If on the one hand fragmentation leads to economic backwardness, Putnam argues
that this has not always been the case: innovative political structures also emerged over
those centuries.
In the towns of Northern Italy, unprecedented forms of self-government emerged over
1000-1500 a.c. The new form of political and social organisation of life even in
economic terms was the 'commune', that is the municipality.
In the words of Putnam (1993, p.124), 'by the twelfth century communes has been
established in Florence, Venice, Bologna, Genua, Milan and virtually all the other major
towns of northern and central Italy, rotted historically in these primordial social
contracts'. As communal life evolved, craftsmen and tradesmen were of key
importance for the development of those areas. Mostly relevant 'to provide self-help
and mutual assistance of social as well as for strictly occupational purposes' (p.125).
59
PERFORMANCE AMBIENTALI DEI SETTORI
DEI SERVIZI