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LESSON 20 (29 April 2016)
b) a) c) «Some of the ads on TV are really funny.» addition links contrast links passive forms 1 To define the term advertising To state the purpose of the essay by saying which points it will deal with 2 • what we buy • the economy 3 «It makes people spend money on things they don’t really need.» «A lot of people work in advertising companies.» 4 • the economy 5 addition links contrast links 6 passive forms 7 THE PASSIVE THE PASSIVE Millions of people speak Spanish. Forma attiva Simple present Spanish is spoken BY millions of people. Verbo essere allo STESSO TEMPO della frase attiva + Participio passato Forma passiva Simple present THE PASSIVE Columbus discovered America. America was discovered BY Columbus. The bricklayers have built a new gym. A new gym has been built BY the bricklayers. The bricklayers are building a new gym. A new gym is being built BY the bricklayers. The bricklayers will build a new gym. A new gym will be built BY the bricklayers. The bricklayers should have built a new gym. A new gym should have been built BY the bricklayers. THE PASSIVE Spesso si usa quando non si specifica chi compie l’azione. Parmesan is produced in Italy. English is spoken here. The thief was arrested two days ago. The Berlin Wall was demolished in 1989. Two banks were robbed last week. Some mistakes were made in the test. A lot of bikes are stolen in Padua every day. ‘Often’ can be pronounced in two ways. THE PASSIVE Verbs with DOUBLE OBJECTS THE PASSIVE Alcuni verbi che in italiano sono seguiti dal complemento oggetto e dal complemento di termine..... Ho mandato un’ e-mail a Tim ieri. ... In inglese di solito sono seguiti da un doppio complemento oggetto (persona + cosa) senza alcuna preposizione. I sent Tim an e-mail yesterday. SEND ASK OFFER GIVE SHOW TELL LEND THE PASSIVE Questi verbi alla forma passiva hanno spesso la persona (e non la cosa) come soggetto della frase. An e-mail was sent to Tim yesterday. Tim was sent an email yesterday. They offered me a drink. I was offered a drink. Forma più usata They told us a lie. We were told a lie. Mark gave her a kiss. They will lend us a lot of money. She was given a kiss. We will be lent a lot of money. They asked Mary a question. Mary was asked a question. IMPERSONAL PASSIVES IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER FIND CLAIM People think that Bill Gates is the richest man in the world. It is thought that Bill Gates is the richest man in the world. Bill Gates is thought to be the richest man in the world. IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER FIND CLAIM They say that language emerged 50,000 years ago. It is said that language emerged 50,000 years ago. Language is said to have emerged 50,000 years ago. IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER FIND CLAIM They claim that prices rose sharply in August. It is claimed that prices rose sharply in August. Prices are claimed to have risen sharply in August. IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER FIND CLAIM They know that pollution is causing considerable damage. It is known that pollution is causing considerable damage. Pollution is known to be causing considerable damage. IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER FIND CLAIM They report that ten people were injured yesterday. It is reported that ten people were injured yesterday. Ten people are reported to have been injured yesterday. IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER CLAIM They have found that the building is unsafe. It has been found that the building is unsafe. The building has been found to be unsafe. FIND IMPERSONAL PASSIVES con verbi come: THINK SAY KNOW EXPECT REPORT BELIEVE CONSIDER FIND CLAIM They think that there are too many obstacles to peace. It is thought that there are too many obstacles to peace. There are thought to be too many obstacles to peace. HAVE / GET / WANT something DONE L’espressione italiana ‘farsi fare qualcosa (da qualcuno)’ si rende con la costruzione di tipo passivo: HAVE + something + DONE GET + something + DONE più informale She HAD her hair CUT. She GOT her hair CUT. All my neighbours HAD a burglar alarm FITTED last year. All my neighbours GOT a burglar alarm FITTED last year. Quando vogliamo che qualcuno faccia qualcosa o che qualcosa accada, possiamo usare: WANT + something + DONE I WANT the report FINISHED by tomorrow. Put your car in the garage. We don’t WANT it DAMAGED in the street.